Davies–Bouldin index

The Davies–Bouldin index (DBI), introduced by David L. Davies and Donald W. Bouldin in 1979, is a metric for evaluating clustering algorithms.^[1] This is an internal evaluation scheme, where the validation of how well the clustering has been done is made using quantities and features inherent to the dataset. This has a drawback that a good value reported by this method does not imply the best information retrieval.^{[citation needed]}

Preliminaries

Given n dimensional points, let C_i be a cluster of data points. Let X_j be an n-dimensional feature vector assigned to cluster C_i.

${\displaystyle S_{i}=\left({\frac {1}{T_{i}}}\sum _{j=1}^{T_{i}}{\left|\left|X_{j}-A_{i}\right|\right|_{p}^{q}}\right)^{1/q}}$ 

Here ${\displaystyle A_{i}}$  is the centroid of C_i and T_i is the size of the cluster i. ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$  is the qth root of the qth moment of the points in cluster i about the mean. If ${\displaystyle q=1}$  then ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$  is the average distance between the feature vectors in cluster i and the centroid of the cluster. Usually the value of p is 2, which makes the distance a Euclidean distance function. Many other distance metrics can be used, in the case of manifolds and higher dimensional data, where the euclidean distance may not be the best measure for determining the clusters. It is important to note that this distance metric has to match with the metric used in the clustering scheme itself for meaningful results.

${\displaystyle M_{i,j}=\left|\left|A_{i}-A_{j}\right|\right|_{p}={\Bigl (}\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}\left|a_{k,i}-a_{k,j}\right|^{p}{\Bigr )}^{\frac {1}{p}}}$ 

${\displaystyle M_{i,j}}$  is a measure of separation between cluster ${\displaystyle C_{i}}$  and cluster ${\displaystyle C_{j}}$ .

${\displaystyle a_{k,i}}$  is the kth element of ${\displaystyle A_{i}}$ , and there are n such elements in A for it is an n dimensional centroid.^{[inconsistent]}

Here k indexes the features of the data, and this is essentially the Euclidean distance between the centers of clusters i and j when p equals 2.

Definition

Let R_i,j be a measure of how good the clustering scheme is. This measure, by definition has to account for M_i,j the separation between the i^th and the j^th cluster, which ideally has to be as large as possible, and S_i, the within cluster scatter for cluster i, which has to be as low as possible. Hence the Davies–Bouldin index is defined as the ratio of S_i and M_i,j such that these properties are conserved:

1. ${\displaystyle R_{i,j}\geqslant 0}$ .
2. ${\displaystyle R_{i,j}=R_{j,i}}$ .
3. When ${\displaystyle S_{j}\geqslant S_{k}}$  and ${\displaystyle M_{i,j}=M_{i,k}}$  then ${\displaystyle R_{i,j}>R_{i,k}}$ .
4. When ${\displaystyle S_{j}=S_{k}}$  and ${\displaystyle M_{i,j}\leqslant M_{i,k}}$  then ${\displaystyle R_{i,j}>R_{i,k}}$ .

With this formulation, the lower the value, the better the separation of the clusters and the 'tightness' inside the clusters.

A solution that satisfies these properties is:

${\displaystyle R_{i,j}={\frac {S_{i}+S_{j}}{M_{i,j}}}}$ 

This is used to define D_i:

${\displaystyle D_{i}\equiv \max _{j\neq i}R_{i,j}}$ 

If N is the number of clusters:

${\displaystyle {\mathit {DB}}\equiv {\frac {1}{N}}\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}D_{i}}$ 

DB is called the Davies–Bouldin index. This is dependent both on the data as well as the algorithm. D_i chooses the worst-case scenario, and this value is equal to R_i,j for the most similar cluster to cluster i. There could be many variations to this formulation, like choosing the average of the cluster similarity, weighted average and so on.

Explanation

These conditions constrain the index so defined to be symmetric and non-negative. Due to the way it is defined, as a function of the ratio of the within cluster scatter, to the between cluster separation, a lower value will mean that the clustering is better. It happens to be the average similarity between each cluster and its most similar one, averaged over all the clusters, where the similarity is defined as S_i above. This affirms the idea that no cluster has to be similar to another, and hence the best clustering scheme essentially minimizes the Davies–Bouldin index. This index thus defined is an average over all the i clusters, and hence a good measure of deciding how many clusters actually exists in the data is to plot it against the number of clusters it is calculated over. The number i for which this value is the lowest is a good measure of the number of clusters the data could be ideally classified into. This has applications in deciding the value of k in the kmeans algorithm, where the value of k is not known apriori.

Implementations

The SOM toolbox contains a MATLAB implementation.^[2] A MATLAB implementation is also available via the MATLAB Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, using the "evalclusters" command.^[3]

A Java implementation is found in ELKI, and can be compared to many other clustering quality indexes.

See also

• Silhouette (clustering)
• Dunn index

Notes and references

1. Davies, David L.; Bouldin, Donald W. (1979). "A Cluster Separation Measure". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. PAMI-1 (2): 224–227. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909. S2CID 13254783.
2. "Matlab implementation". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
3. "Evaluate clustering solutions - MATLAB evalclusters".