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Taoist sexual practices

April 25, 2023

Taoist sexual practices (traditional Chinese: 房中術; simplified Chinese: 房中术; pinyin: fángzhōngshù; lit. 'arts of the bedchamber') are the ways Taoists may practice sexual activity. These practices are also known as "joining energy" or "the joining of the essences". Practitioners believe that by performing these sexual arts, one can stay in good health, and attain longevity or spiritual advancement.[1][2][3]

A Chinese print depicting "The Joining of the Essences", based on Tang Dynasty art

History

Some Taoist sects during the Han dynasty performed sexual intercourse as a spiritual practice, called héqì (合氣, lit. "joining energy").[citation needed] The first sexual texts that survive today are those found at Mawangdui[citation needed]. While Taoism had not yet fully evolved as a philosophy at this time, these texts shared some remarkable similarities with later Tang dynasty texts, such as the Ishinpō (醫心方). The sexual arts arguably reached their climax between the end of the Han dynasty and the end of the Tang dynasty[citation needed].

After AD 1000, Confucian restraining attitudes towards sexuality became stronger, so that by the beginning of the Qing dynasty in 1644, sex was a taboo topic in public life[citation needed]. These Confucians alleged that the separation of genders in most social activities existed 2,000 years ago and suppressed the sexual arts. Because of the taboo surrounding sex, there was much censoring done during the Qing in literature, and the sexual arts disappeared in public life[citation needed]. As a result, some of the texts survived only in Japan, and most scholars had no idea that such a different concept of sex existed in early China.[4]

Ancient and medieval practices

Qi (lifeforce) and jing (essence)

The basis of all Taoist thinking is that qi (氣) is part of everything in existence.[5] Qi is related to another energetic substance contained in the human body known as jing (精), and once all this has been expended the body dies. Jing can be lost in many ways, but most notably through the loss of body fluids. Taoists may use practices to stimulate/increase and conserve their bodily fluids to great extents. The fluid believed to contain the most jing is semen. Therefore, Taoists believe in decreasing the frequency of, or totally avoiding, ejaculation in order to conserve life essence.[6]

Male control of ejaculation

Many Taoist practitioners link the loss of ejaculatory fluids to the loss of vital life force: where excessive fluid loss results in premature aging, disease, and general fatigue. While some Taoists contend that one should never ejaculate, others provide a specific formula to determine the maximum number of regular ejaculations in order to maintain health.[7][8]

The general idea is to limit the loss of fluids as much as possible to the level of your desired practice. As these sexual practices were passed down over the centuries, some practitioners have given less importance to the limiting of ejaculation. This variety has been described as "...while some declare non-ejaculation injurious, others condemn ejaculating too fast in too much haste."[8] Nevertheless, the "retention of the semen" is one of the foundational tenets of Taoist sexual practice.[9]

There are different methods to control ejaculation prescribed by the Taoists. In order to avoid ejaculation, the man could do one of several things. He could pull out immediately before orgasm, a method also more recently termed as "coitus conservatus."[10] A second method involved the man applying pressure on the perineum, thus retaining the sperm. While if done incorrectly this can cause retrograde ejaculation, the Taoists believed that the jing traveled up into the head and "nourished the brain."[11] Cunnilingus was believed to be ideal by preventing the loss of semen and vaginal liquids.

Practice control

Another important concept of "the joining of the essences" was that the union of a man and a woman would result in the creation of jing, a type of sexual energy. When in the act of lovemaking, jing would form, and the man could transform some of this jing into qi, and replenish his lifeforce. By having as much sex as possible, men had the opportunity to transform more and more jing, and as a result would see many health benefits.[6]

Yin and yang

The concept of yin and yang is important in Taoism and consequently also holds special importance in sex. Yang usually referred to the male sex, whereas yin could refer to the female sex. Man and woman were the equivalent of heaven and earth, but became disconnected. Therefore, while heaven and earth are eternal, man and woman suffer a premature death.[12] Every interaction between yin and yang had significance. Because of this significance, every position and action in lovemaking had importance. Taoist texts described a large number of special sexual positions that served to cure or prevent illness, similar to the Kama Sutra.[13]

There was the notion that men released yang during orgasm, while women shed yin during theirs. Every orgasm from the user would nourish the partner's energy.[14]

Women

For Taoists, sex was not just about pleasing a man.[15] The woman also had to be stimulated and pleased in order to benefit from the act of sex. Sunü (素女), female advisor to the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), noted ten important indications of female satisfaction.[16] If sex were performed in this manner, the woman would create more jing, and the man could more easily absorb the jing to increase his own qi.[17]

According to Jolan Chang, in early Chinese history, women played a significant role in the Tao (道) of loving, and that the degeneration into subordinate roles came much later in Chinese history.[18] Women were also given a prominent place in the Ishinpō, with the tutor being a woman. One of the reasons women had a great deal of strength in the act of sex was that they walked away undiminished from the act. The woman had the power to bring forth life, and did not have to worry about ejaculation or refractory period. To quote Laozi from the Tao Te Ching: "The Spirit of the Valley is inexhaustible... Draw on it as you will, it never runs dry."[19]

Women also helped men extend their lives. Many of the ancient texts were dedicated explanations of how a man could use sex to extend his own life but, his life was extended only through the absorption of the woman's vital energies (jing and qi). Some Taoists came to call the act of sex "the battle of stealing and strengthening".[20] These sexual methods could be correlated with Taoist military methods. Instead of storming the gates, the battle was a series of feints and maneuvers that would sap the enemy's resistance.[21] Fang described this battle as "the ideal was for a man to 'defeat' the 'enemy' in the sexual 'battle' by keeping himself under complete control so as not to emit semen, while at the same time exciting the woman until she reached orgasm and shed her Yin essence, which was then absorbed by the man."[22]

Jolan Chang points out that it was after the Tang dynasty (AD 618–906) that "the Tao of Loving" was "steadily corrupted", and that it was these later corruptions that reflected battle imagery and elements of a "vampire" mindset.[23] Other research into early Taoism found more harmonious attitudes of yin-yang communion.[24]

Multiple partners

This practice was not limited to male on female, however, as it was possible to women to do the same in turn with the male yang. The deity known as the Queen Mother of the West was described to have no husband, instead having intercourse with young virgin males to nourish her female element.[25]

Age of partners

Some Ming dynasty Taoist sects believed that one way for men to achieve longevity or 'towards immortality' is by having intercourse with virgins, particularly young virgins. Taoist sexual books by Liangpi[26] and Sanfeng[27] call the female partner ding (鼎) and recommend sex with premenarche virgins.

Liangpi concludes that the ideal ding is a pre-menarche virgin just under 14 years of age and women older than 18 should be avoided.[28] Sanfeng went further and divided ding partners into three ranks of descending importance: premenarche virgins aged 14-16, menstruating virgins aged 16-20 and women aged 21-25.[29][30]

According to Ge Hong, a 4th-century Taoist alchemist, "those seeking 'immortality' must perfect the absolute essentials. These consist of treasuring the jing, circulating the qi, and consuming the great medicine."[31] The sexual arts concerned the first precept, treasuring the jing. This is partially because treasuring the jing involved sending it up into the brain. In order to send the jing into the brain, the male had to refrain from ejaculation during sex. According to some Taoists, if this was done, the jing would travel up the spine and nourish the brain instead of leaving the body. Ge Hong also states, however, that it is folly to believe that performing the sexual arts only can achieve immortality and some of the ancient myths on sexual arts had been misinterpreted and exaggerated. Indeed, the sexual arts had to be practiced alongside alchemy to attain longevity. Ge Hong also warned it could be dangerous if practiced incorrectly.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Tantric and Taoist Practices to Improve Sex". Psychology Today.
  2. ^ Dr STEVEN LIU and JONATHAN BLANK SECRETS OF DRAGON GATE 2001
  3. ^ "Tao of Sexology: Sexual Wisdom and Methods". www.thegreattao.com.
  4. ^ Van Gulik (1961), preface
  5. ^ Robinet (1997), p. 7
  6. ^ a b Wile (1992), p. 6.
  7. ^ Wile (1992), p. 92.
  8. ^ a b North, Kris Deva. "Taoist Ejaculation Formulas". Healing Tao. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  9. ^ Wile (1992), p. 46.
  10. ^ van Gulik (1961)
  11. ^ Wile (1993), p. 20.
  12. ^ Wile (1992), p. 85.
  13. ^ Wile (1992), p. 28.
  14. ^ Fang (1993), p. 56
  15. ^ Chang (1977), p. 29
  16. ^ Chang (1977), p. 32
  17. ^ Reid (1989), p. 272
  18. ^ Chang, (1977) p. 30
  19. ^ Reid (1989), p. 273
  20. ^ Wile (1992), p. 11.
  21. ^ Wile (1992), p. 14.
  22. ^ Fang (1993), p. 56
  23. ^ Chang (1977), p. 76
  24. ^ Needham (1983)
  25. ^ Fang (1993), p. 60.
  26. ^ Liang Pi, Zhao. Hsuan wei Hsin [Mental Images of the Mysteries and Subtleties of Sexual Techniques] (in Chinese).
  27. ^ San Feng, Zhang. Tan Chueh 三峯丹訣 [Instructions in the Physiological Alchemy] (in Chinese).
  28. ^ "Archive for Sexology". sexarchive.info. from the original on 24 June 2013.
  29. ^ Ruan, Fang Fu (31 October 1991). "The Value of Virgins as Sex Partners". In Matsumura, Molleen (ed.). Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 56. ISBN 9781489906090. Almost all Taoist sex handbooks recommend that the "ding" should be a girl of 14 to 16, just before or after menarche. In Zhang Sanfeng's Instructions in Physiological Alchemy, "ding" were classified into three ranks. The lowest rank comprised women between the ages of 21 and 25. The middle rank compromised 16- to 20-year-old virgins after menarche. The highest rank comprised 14-year-old virgins before menarche. ("The Role of Sexual Lore in Taoism" begins on page 50, this is a 2013 edition of a 1991 book)
  30. ^ "Taoism and Sex". . Archived from the original on 16 December 2002. The Taoist sexual books, such as the Hsuan wei Hshin (Mental Images of the Mysteries and Subtleties of Sexual Techniques') and San Feng Tan Cheueh (Zhang Sanfeng's Instructions in the Physiological Alchemy), written, respectively, by Zhao Liang Pi and Zhang San Feng, state that the most desirable ding is a girl about 14, 15, or 16 years old just before or after menarche. Zhang Sanfeng went further and divided ding into three ranks: the lowest rank, 21- to 25-year-old women; the middle rank, 16- to 20-year-old menstruating virgin girls; and the highest rank, 14-year-old pre-menarche virgin girls.
  31. ^ a b Wile (1992), p. 24.

References

Contemporary texts

  • David Deida. The Superior Lover. 2001.
  • Chang, Jolan. The Tao of Love and Sex. Plume, 1977.
  • Chang, Stephen T.. The Tao of Sexology: The Book of Infinite Wisdom. Tao Longevity LLC, 1986.
  • Chia, Mantak and Maneewan. Healing Love Through the Tao: Cultivating Female Sexual Energy. Healing Tao, 1986.
  • Chia, Mantak and Michael Winn. Taoist Secrets of Love: Cultivating Male Sexual Energy. Aurora, 1984.
  • Chia, Mantak and Douglas Abrams Arava. The Multi-Orgasmic Man. HarperCollins, 1996.
  • Chia, Mantak and Maneewan. The Multi-Orgasmic Couple. HarperOne, 2002.
  • Chia, Mantak and Rachel Carlton Abrams. The Multi-Orgasmic Woman. Rodale, 2005.
  • Frantzis, Bruce. Taoist Sexual Meditation. North Atlantic Books, 2012.
  • Holden, Lee and Rachel Carlton Abrams. Taoist Sexual Secrets: Harness Your Qi Energy for Ecstasy, Vitality, and Transformation - Audio CD set. Sounds True, 2010.
  • Hsi Lai. The Sexual Teachings of the White Tigress: Secrets of the Female Taoist Masters. Destiny Books, 2001.
  • Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, 5:2. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1983.
  • Reid, Daniel P. The Tao of Health, Sex & Longevity. Simon & Schuster, 1989.
  • Robinet, Isabelle. Taoism: Growth of a Religion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997 [original French 1992]). ISBN 0-8047-2839-9
  • Van Gulik, Robert. The Sexual Life of Ancient China: A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D. Leiden: Brill, 1961. OL 13350221W
  • Ruan Fang Fu. Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture Plenum Press, 1991. OL 13567038W
  • Wik, Mieke and Stephan. Beyond Tantra: Healing through Taoist Sacred Sex. Findhorn Press, 2005.OL 16989994W
  • Wile, Douglas. The Art of the Bedchamber: The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics including Women's Solo Meditation Texts. Albany: State University of New York, 1992.
  • Zettnersan, Chian. Taoist Bedroom Secrets, Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 2002.OL 8676171W

Classical texts

External links

  • Chinese Sexology "Seizing Immortality from the Jaws of Impermanence"
  • The Great Tao Answers to Everyday Problems.
  • History of Taoist Sexual Development in China 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • Sample of the Taoist Manuals

April 25, 2023
taoist, sexual, practices, traditional, chinese, 房中術, simplified, chinese, 房中术, pinyin, fángzhōngshù, arts, bedchamber, ways, taoists, practice, sexual, activity, these, practices, also, known, joining, energy, joining, essences, practitioners, believe, that, . Taoist sexual practices traditional Chinese 房中術 simplified Chinese 房中术 pinyin fangzhōngshu lit arts of the bedchamber are the ways Taoists may practice sexual activity These practices are also known as joining energy or the joining of the essences Practitioners believe that by performing these sexual arts one can stay in good health and attain longevity or spiritual advancement 1 2 3 A Chinese print depicting The Joining of the Essences based on Tang Dynasty art Contents 1 History 2 Ancient and medieval practices 2 1 Qi lifeforce and jing essence 2 2 Male control of ejaculation 2 3 Practice control 2 4 Yin and yang 2 5 Women 2 6 Multiple partners 2 7 Age of partners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Contemporary texts 5 2 Classical texts 6 External linksHistory EditSome Taoist sects during the Han dynasty performed sexual intercourse as a spiritual practice called heqi 合氣 lit joining energy citation needed The first sexual texts that survive today are those found at Mawangdui citation needed While Taoism had not yet fully evolved as a philosophy at this time these texts shared some remarkable similarities with later Tang dynasty texts such as the Ishinpō 醫心方 The sexual arts arguably reached their climax between the end of the Han dynasty and the end of the Tang dynasty citation needed After AD 1000 Confucian restraining attitudes towards sexuality became stronger so that by the beginning of the Qing dynasty in 1644 sex was a taboo topic in public life citation needed These Confucians alleged that the separation of genders in most social activities existed 2 000 years ago and suppressed the sexual arts Because of the taboo surrounding sex there was much censoring done during the Qing in literature and the sexual arts disappeared in public life citation needed As a result some of the texts survived only in Japan and most scholars had no idea that such a different concept of sex existed in early China 4 Ancient and medieval practices EditQi lifeforce and jing essence Edit The basis of all Taoist thinking is that qi 氣 is part of everything in existence 5 Qi is related to another energetic substance contained in the human body known as jing 精 and once all this has been expended the body dies Jing can be lost in many ways but most notably through the loss of body fluids Taoists may use practices to stimulate increase and conserve their bodily fluids to great extents The fluid believed to contain the most jing is semen Therefore Taoists believe in decreasing the frequency of or totally avoiding ejaculation in order to conserve life essence 6 Male control of ejaculation Edit Many Taoist practitioners link the loss of ejaculatory fluids to the loss of vital life force where excessive fluid loss results in premature aging disease and general fatigue While some Taoists contend that one should never ejaculate others provide a specific formula to determine the maximum number of regular ejaculations in order to maintain health 7 8 The general idea is to limit the loss of fluids as much as possible to the level of your desired practice As these sexual practices were passed down over the centuries some practitioners have given less importance to the limiting of ejaculation This variety has been described as while some declare non ejaculation injurious others condemn ejaculating too fast in too much haste 8 Nevertheless the retention of the semen is one of the foundational tenets of Taoist sexual practice 9 There are different methods to control ejaculation prescribed by the Taoists In order to avoid ejaculation the man could do one of several things He could pull out immediately before orgasm a method also more recently termed as coitus conservatus 10 A second method involved the man applying pressure on the perineum thus retaining the sperm While if done incorrectly this can cause retrograde ejaculation the Taoists believed that the jing traveled up into the head and nourished the brain 11 Cunnilingus was believed to be ideal by preventing the loss of semen and vaginal liquids Practice control Edit Another important concept of the joining of the essences was that the union of a man and a woman would result in the creation of jing a type of sexual energy When in the act of lovemaking jing would form and the man could transform some of this jing into qi and replenish his lifeforce By having as much sex as possible men had the opportunity to transform more and more jing and as a result would see many health benefits 6 Yin and yang Edit The concept of yin and yang is important in Taoism and consequently also holds special importance in sex Yang usually referred to the male sex whereas yin could refer to the female sex Man and woman were the equivalent of heaven and earth but became disconnected Therefore while heaven and earth are eternal man and woman suffer a premature death 12 Every interaction between yin and yang had significance Because of this significance every position and action in lovemaking had importance Taoist texts described a large number of special sexual positions that served to cure or prevent illness similar to the Kama Sutra 13 There was the notion that men released yang during orgasm while women shed yin during theirs Every orgasm from the user would nourish the partner s energy 14 Women Edit For Taoists sex was not just about pleasing a man 15 The woman also had to be stimulated and pleased in order to benefit from the act of sex Sunu 素女 female advisor to the Yellow Emperor Huangdi noted ten important indications of female satisfaction 16 If sex were performed in this manner the woman would create more jing and the man could more easily absorb the jing to increase his own qi 17 According to Jolan Chang in early Chinese history women played a significant role in the Tao 道 of loving and that the degeneration into subordinate roles came much later in Chinese history 18 Women were also given a prominent place in the Ishinpō with the tutor being a woman One of the reasons women had a great deal of strength in the act of sex was that they walked away undiminished from the act The woman had the power to bring forth life and did not have to worry about ejaculation or refractory period To quote Laozi from the Tao Te Ching The Spirit of the Valley is inexhaustible Draw on it as you will it never runs dry 19 Women also helped men extend their lives Many of the ancient texts were dedicated explanations of how a man could use sex to extend his own life but his life was extended only through the absorption of the woman s vital energies jing and qi Some Taoists came to call the act of sex the battle of stealing and strengthening 20 These sexual methods could be correlated with Taoist military methods Instead of storming the gates the battle was a series of feints and maneuvers that would sap the enemy s resistance 21 Fang described this battle as the ideal was for a man to defeat the enemy in the sexual battle by keeping himself under complete control so as not to emit semen while at the same time exciting the woman until she reached orgasm and shed her Yin essence which was then absorbed by the man 22 Jolan Chang points out that it was after the Tang dynasty AD 618 906 that the Tao of Loving was steadily corrupted and that it was these later corruptions that reflected battle imagery and elements of a vampire mindset 23 Other research into early Taoism found more harmonious attitudes of yin yang communion 24 Multiple partners Edit This practice was not limited to male on female however as it was possible to women to do the same in turn with the male yang The deity known as the Queen Mother of the West was described to have no husband instead having intercourse with young virgin males to nourish her female element 25 Age of partners Edit Some Ming dynasty Taoist sects believed that one way for men to achieve longevity or towards immortality is by having intercourse with virgins particularly young virgins Taoist sexual books by Liangpi 26 and Sanfeng 27 call the female partner ding 鼎 and recommend sex with premenarche virgins Liangpi concludes that the ideal ding is a pre menarche virgin just under 14 years of age and women older than 18 should be avoided 28 Sanfeng went further and divided ding partners into three ranks of descending importance premenarche virgins aged 14 16 menstruating virgins aged 16 20 and women aged 21 25 29 30 According to Ge Hong a 4th century Taoist alchemist those seeking immortality must perfect the absolute essentials These consist of treasuring the jing circulating the qi and consuming the great medicine 31 The sexual arts concerned the first precept treasuring the jing This is partially because treasuring the jing involved sending it up into the brain In order to send the jing into the brain the male had to refrain from ejaculation during sex According to some Taoists if this was done the jing would travel up the spine and nourish the brain instead of leaving the body Ge Hong also states however that it is folly to believe that performing the sexual arts only can achieve immortality and some of the ancient myths on sexual arts had been misinterpreted and exaggerated Indeed the sexual arts had to be practiced alongside alchemy to attain longevity Ge Hong also warned it could be dangerous if practiced incorrectly 31 See also EditJiutian Xuannu goddess of sexuality as well as warfare and longevity Tantric sex Sex magic Aiki Japanese Yangsheng Daoism Notes Edit Tantric and Taoist Practices to Improve Sex Psychology Today Dr STEVEN LIU and JONATHAN BLANK SECRETS OF DRAGON GATE 2001 Tao of Sexology Sexual Wisdom and Methods www thegreattao com Van Gulik 1961 preface Robinet 1997 p 7 a b Wile 1992 p 6 Wile 1992 p 92 a b North Kris Deva Taoist Ejaculation Formulas Healing Tao Retrieved 2020 09 19 Wile 1992 p 46 van Gulik 1961 Wile 1993 p 20 Wile 1992 p 85 Wile 1992 p 28 Fang 1993 p 56 Chang 1977 p 29 Chang 1977 p 32 Reid 1989 p 272 Chang 1977 p 30 Reid 1989 p 273 Wile 1992 p 11 Wile 1992 p 14 Fang 1993 p 56 Chang 1977 p 76 Needham 1983 Fang 1993 p 60 Liang Pi Zhao Hsuan wei Hsin Mental Images of the Mysteries and Subtleties of Sexual Techniques in Chinese San Feng Zhang Tan Chueh 三峯丹訣 Instructions in the Physiological Alchemy in Chinese Archive for Sexology sexarchive info Archived from the original on 24 June 2013 Ruan Fang Fu 31 October 1991 The Value of Virgins as Sex Partners In Matsumura Molleen ed Sex in China Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture Springer Science amp Business Media p 56 ISBN 9781489906090 Almost all Taoist sex handbooks recommend that the ding should be a girl of 14 to 16 just before or after menarche In Zhang Sanfeng s Instructions in Physiological Alchemy ding were classified into three ranks The lowest rank comprised women between the ages of 21 and 25 The middle rank compromised 16 to 20 year old virgins after menarche The highest rank comprised 14 year old virgins before menarche The Role of Sexual Lore in Taoism begins on page 50 this is a 2013 edition of a 1991 book Taoism and Sex Human Sexuality An Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 16 December 2002 The Taoist sexual books such as the Hsuan wei Hshin Mental Images of the Mysteries and Subtleties of Sexual Techniques and San Feng Tan Cheueh Zhang Sanfeng s Instructions in the Physiological Alchemy written respectively by Zhao Liang Pi and Zhang San Feng state that the most desirable ding is a girl about 14 15 or 16 years old just before or after menarche Zhang Sanfeng went further and divided ding into three ranks the lowest rank 21 to 25 year old women the middle rank 16 to 20 year old menstruating virgin girls and the highest rank 14 year old pre menarche virgin girls a b Wile 1992 p 24 References EditContemporary texts Edit David Deida The Superior Lover 2001 Chang Jolan The Tao of Love and Sex Plume 1977 Chang Stephen T The Tao of Sexology The Book of Infinite Wisdom Tao Longevity LLC 1986 Chia Mantak and Maneewan Healing Love Through the Tao Cultivating Female Sexual Energy Healing Tao 1986 Chia Mantak and Michael Winn Taoist Secrets of Love Cultivating Male Sexual Energy Aurora 1984 Chia Mantak and Douglas Abrams Arava The Multi Orgasmic Man HarperCollins 1996 Chia Mantak and Maneewan The Multi Orgasmic Couple HarperOne 2002 Chia Mantak and Rachel Carlton Abrams The Multi Orgasmic Woman Rodale 2005 Frantzis Bruce Taoist Sexual Meditation North Atlantic Books 2012 Holden Lee and Rachel Carlton Abrams Taoist Sexual Secrets Harness Your Qi Energy for Ecstasy Vitality and Transformation Audio CD set Sounds True 2010 Hsi Lai The Sexual Teachings of the White Tigress Secrets of the Female Taoist Masters Destiny Books 2001 Needham Joseph Science and Civilization in China 5 2 Cambridge Cambridge University 1983 Reid Daniel P The Tao of Health Sex amp Longevity Simon amp Schuster 1989 Robinet Isabelle Taoism Growth of a Religion Stanford Stanford University Press 1997 original French 1992 ISBN 0 8047 2839 9 Van Gulik Robert The Sexual Life of Ancient China A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca 1500 B C till 1644 A D Leiden Brill 1961 OL 13350221W Ruan Fang Fu Sex in China Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture Plenum Press 1991 OL 13567038W Wik Mieke and Stephan Beyond Tantra Healing through Taoist Sacred Sex Findhorn Press 2005 OL 16989994W Wile Douglas The Art of the Bedchamber The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics including Women s Solo Meditation Texts Albany State University of New York 1992 Zettnersan Chian Taoist Bedroom Secrets Twin Lakes WI Lotus Press 2002 OL 8676171WClassical texts Edit Su Nu Jing Health Benefits of the Bedchamber Ishinpō 醫心方 Priceless Recipe by Sun S su Mo Tang Hsiu Chen Yen I by Wu Hsien Han External links EditChinese Sexology Seizing Immortality from the Jaws of Impermanence The Great Tao Answers to Everyday Problems History of Taoist Sexual Development in China Archived 2008 12 18 at the Wayback Machine Sample of the Taoist Manuals Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Taoist sexual practices amp oldid 1121725881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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