fbpx
Wikipedia

Dall's porpoise

December 27, 2022

Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) is a species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific. It is the largest of porpoises and the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The species is named after American naturalist W. H. Dall.

Dall's porpoise[1]
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Phocoenidae
Genus: Phocoenoides
(Andrews, 1911)
Species:
P. dalli
Binomial name
Phocoenoides dalli
(True, 1885)
  Dall's porpoise range
William Healey Dall's 1873 field notes on Phocoenoides from the Smithsonian Institution's Field Books collection

Taxonomy

Dall’s porpoise is the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The dalli- and truei-types were initially described as separate species in 1911, but later studies determined that the available evidence only supported the existence of one species.[4][5] Currently, these two color morphs are recognized as distinct subspecies, Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli dalli) and True's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli truei).[2]

Description

 
Dorsal view of a Dall's porpoise

Dall's porpoises can be easily distinguished from other porpoises and cetacean species within their range. They have a wide, robust body, a comparatively tiny head, and no distinguished beak. Their flippers are positioned at the front of the body and a triangular dorsal fin sits mid-body. Patterns of coloration are highly variable, but Dall’s porpoises are mostly black, have white to grey patches on the flank and belly, and frosting on the dorsal fin and trailing-edge of the fluke.[6][7]

They are the largest porpoise species, growing up to 7.5 ft (2.3 m) in length and weighing between 370 and 490 lbs (130 and 220 kg).[7] Sexual dimorphism is apparent in body size and shape, with mature males being larger, developing a deeper caudal peduncle, and having a dorsal fin that’s significantly angled forward in comparison to a female’s.[6] Dall’s porpoise calves have a greyish coloration with no frosting on flippers and flukes. Calves measure about 100 cm at birth.[8] Growth rates are similar at first, but at about 2 years old males begin to grow faster than females.[8] Externally, maturity is measured by length which is usually attained at 3 – 5 years old.[9] Sizes vary between populations, but on average females reach a maximum size of 210 cm and males grow to about 220 cm, except in the southern Okhotsk Sea where males can grow as long as 239 cm.[8]

Two colormorphs have been identified: the dalli-type and truei-type. The truei-type, found only in the western Pacific, has a white belly patch that extends farther forward across the body than that of the dalli-type.[6][4][10]

Distribution and habitat

 
A Dall's porpoise on a calm day in the Shelikof Strait

Dall’s porpoises are limited to the North Pacific: in the east from California to the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea, and in the west down to the Sea of Japan.[11] They have been sighted as far south as Scammon’s Lagoon in Baja California when water temperature was unseasonably cold.[11]

Dall’s porpoises generally prefer cold waters less than 64 °F (18 °C).[7] Although mostly an offshore species, they do occur in deeper coastal waters, near submarine canyons or in fjords.[7][11]

Behavior

 
A group of Dall's porpoises near Point Reyes

Foraging

Dall’s porpoises are opportunistic, hunting a variety of surface and mid-water species. Common prey are mesopelgic fish, such as myctophids, and gonatid squid.[6][11][2] Stomach content analyses have also found cases of crustacean consumption, including krill and shrimp, but this is abnormal and likely not an important part of their diet.[11] A previous study revealed that tagged Dall’s porpoises spent most of their time within 10 m of the surface,[12] but have been recorded diving to depths of up to 94 m.[13]

Social

Dall's porpoises live in small, fluid groups of 2 – 10 individuals,[7] but aggregations of hundreds have been reported.[11] They have a polygynous mating system in which males compete for females.[14] During the mating season, a male will select a fertile female and guard her to ensure paternity.[14] While guarding, males may sacrifice opportunities to forage on deep dives.[14] Births usually take place in the summer after a gestation period of 11 – 12 months.[11] Females generally give birth every 3 years, depending on their condition.[7] Life expectancy is about 15 – 20 years, but a lot about their mortality is unknown.[15]

Dall’s porpoises are prey to transient killer whales.[16] They have, however, been observed in association with resident killer whales, engaging in apparent play behaviors with their calves, and swimming with them.[17] One recognizable Dall’s porpoise was observed travelling with the AB pod of resident orca from May through October 1984.[17] Great White Sharks are also a known predator, with at least one documented case on the eastern North Pacific Ocean.[18]

Movement

 
Dall's porpoise in Prince William Sound causing a "rooster tail"

Dall’s porpoises are highly active swimmers. Rapid swimming at the surface creates a characteristic spray called a "rooster tail". They are commonly seen approaching boats to bowride, and they will also ride on the waves formed at the heads of larger swimming whales.[7][11]

Population status

Abundance throughout their range and is estimated to be over 1 million, but current population trends are unknown.[2]

Surveys along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington between 2008 and 2014 estimated a population abundance of 25,800.[19][20] Alaska’s population is estimated to be 83,400.[21][22] Abundance in coastal British Columbia is nearly 5,000 individuals.[23]

Populations in the western North Pacific are divided by both subspecies and migratory patterns. Abundance of the offshore dalli-type is about 162,000.[24] It is estimated that there are about 173,000 dalli-type that travel between Japan and the southern Okhotsk Sea.[24][25] The dalli-type that migrates to the Okhotsk Sea in the summer is estimated at 111,000.[25] The population of truei-type porpoises migrating between Japan and the central Okhotsk Sea number about 178,000.[24]

Threats

Fisheries bycatch

Dall’s porpoises are vulnerable to fisheries bycatch. Thousands were killed in commercial driftnet fisheries until the United Nations issued a moratorium in the 1990s.[2][26] Before the moratorium went into effect, 8,000 Dall’s porpoises are estimated to have been bycaught in one year alone (1989-1990).[27] Smaller numbers, from several hundred to a few thousand, are estimated to have been bycaught in Japanese salmon fisheries in US waters and in the Bering Sea from 1981 to 1987.[28] Driftnet and trawl fisheries still operate in some areas throughout their range,[2] with particularly high levels of bycatch in Russian waters.[29]

Hunting

 
Dall's porpoises at market in Japan

The Dall's porpoise is still harvested for meat in Japan. The number of individuals taken each year increased following the 1980s moratorium on whaling of larger cetacean species.[30] In 1988, more than 45,000 Dall’s porpoises were harpooned.[30] In 1990, after international attention was drawn to the issue, the Japanese government introduced a reduction on take. A quota of over 17,000 a year is in effect today (9,000 dalli-type in the Japan-southern Okhotsk Sea population; 8,700 from the truei-type population that migrates into the central Okhotsk Sea)[2] making it the largest direct hunt of any cetacean species in the world.[31] The hunt of Dall’s porpoises has been criticized by scientific committees which question the sustainability of large quotas on regional populations.[32][33] Assessments are outdated for these targeted populations, and given the level of annual reported take, there may be regional declines in abundance.[30][24]

Pollution

Environmental contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are another threat to Dall’s porpoises. Pollutants accumulate in the blubber layer, and in high concentrations can reduce hormone levels, affect the reproductive system,[34] and result in calf death.[35]

Conservation status

Dall’s porpoise is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[2] Levels of both bycatch and commercial hunting are likely underestimates because they account only for reported data; however, there is no evidence for a range-wide decline of the species.[2]

The species is also listed on Appendix II[36] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and, like all other marine mammal species, is protected in the United States under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).[37]

References

  1. ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jefferson, TA; Braulik, G. "Phocoenoides dalli". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b Morejohn, GV (1979). The Natural History of Dall's Porpoise in the North Pacific Ocean. In: Winn HE, Olla BL (eds) Behavior of Marine Animals. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 45–83. ISBN 978-1-4684-2985-5.
  5. ^ Benson, SB; Groody, TC (1942). "Notes on the Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)". Journal of Mammalogy. 23 (1): 41–51. doi:10.2307/1374854. JSTOR 1374854.
  6. ^ a b c d Jefferson, TA (1989). "Sexual dimorphism and development of external features in Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)". Master's Theses. 3149. doi:10.31979/etd.9b8a-t74q.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Stewart, BS; Clapham, PJ; Powell, JA; Reeves, RR (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. p. 470–473. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0.
  8. ^ a b c Houck, WJ; Jefferson, TA (1999). Dall's Porpoise (Poceonoides dalli). In: Ridgeway SH, Harrison R (eds) Handbook of Marine Mammals Volume 9 (1st ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 443–473. ISBN 9780125885065.
  9. ^ Ferrero, RC; Walker, WA (1999). "Age, growth, and reproductive patterns of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) in the central North Pacific Ocean". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (2): 273–313. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00803.x.
  10. ^ Amano, M; Miyazaki, N (1996). "Geographic variation in external morphology of Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli". Aquatic Mammals. 22 (3): 167–174.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Jefferson, TA (2008). Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli. In: Würsig B, Perrin W, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 296–298. ISBN 9780080919935.
  12. ^ Baird, RW; Hanson, MB (1998). "A preliminary analysis of the diving behavior of Dall's porpoise in the transboundary waters of British Columbia and Washington. In: Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act Implementation Program 1997". Alaska Fisheries Science Center Processed Report No. 98-10, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA: 99–110.
  13. ^ Hanson, MB; Baird, RW (1998). "Dall's porpoise reactions to tagging attempts using a remotely-deployed suction-cup attached tag" (PDF). Marine Technology Society Journal. 32 (2): 18–23.
  14. ^ a b c Willis, PM; Dill, LM (2007). "Mate guarding in male Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli)". Ethology. 113 (6): 587–597. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01347.x.
  15. ^ "Dall's Porpoise". NOAA Fisheries. 27 June 2019.
  16. ^ Deecke, VB; Ford, JKB; Slater, PJB (2005). "The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: communicating with costly calls". Animal Behaviour. 69 (2): 395–405. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.014. S2CID 16899659.
  17. ^ a b Saulitis, E; Matkin, C; Barrett-Lennard, L; Heise, K; Ellis, G (2000). "Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whales (Orcinus orca) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska". Marine Mammal Science. 16 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00906.x.
  18. ^ Peter Klimley, A.; Ainley, David G. (3 April 1998). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. ISBN 9780080532608.
  19. ^ Caretta, JV; Forney, KA; Muto, MM; Barlow, J; Baker, J; Hanson, J; Lowry, MS (2006). "U.S.Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2005". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-388.
  20. ^ Barlow, J (2016). "Cetacean abundance in the California current estimated from ship-based line transect surveys in 1991-2014". NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ-2016-01.
  21. ^ Angliss, RP; Outlaw, RB (2005). "Alaska marine mammal stock assessments". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC.
  22. ^ Muto, M; Helker, VT; Angliss, RP; Allen, BA; Boveng, PL; Breiwick, JM; Cameron, MF; Clapham, P; Dahle, SP; Dahlheim, ME; Fadley, BS (2017). "Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2016". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-355.
  23. ^ Williams, R; Thomas, L (2007). "Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 9: 15–28.
  24. ^ a b c d Kasuya, T (2017). Small Cetaceans of Japan: Exploitation and Biology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781498779005.
  25. ^ a b International Whaling Commission (1998). "Report of the scientific committee". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 48: 53–302.
  26. ^ Reeves, RR; Smith, BD; Crespo, EA; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G (2003). "Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans". IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  27. ^ Hobbs, RC; Jones, LL (1993). "Impacts of high seas driftnet fisheries on marine mammal populations in the North Pacific". International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin. 53 (3): 409–434.
  28. ^ International Whaling Commission (1991). "Report of the scientific committee". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 41: 51–219.
  29. ^ Burkanov, VN; Nikulin, VS (2001). "By-catch of the marine mammals at the Japanese fishing in the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone of the Bering Sea". Rybnoye Khozioaystvo-Moskva (Partnership LTD. Journal). 5: 32.
  30. ^ a b c Kasuya, T (2007). "Japanese whaling and other cetacean fisheries" (PDF). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 14 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1065/espr2006.09.346. PMID 17352127. S2CID 93253645.
  31. ^ "Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's porpoise, Dall porpoise)". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
  32. ^ "Report of the Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans". International Whaling Commission. 2008.
  33. ^ Wells, RS. "Letter to Japanese Government Regarding Dolphin and Small Whale Hunts". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
  34. ^ Subramanian, A; Tatsukawa, R; Saito, S; Miyazaki, N (1987). "Reduction on the testosterone levels by PCBs and DDE in Dall's porpoises of northwestern North Pacific". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 18 (12): 643–646. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(87)90397-3.
  35. ^ Vos, JG; Bossart, GD; Fournier, M; O'Shea, TJ (2003). Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-203-26010-4.
  36. ^ "Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009" (PDF). CMS.
  37. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Marine Mammal Protection Act". International Affairs.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phocoenoides dalli.

To learn more about the Dall's porpoise and other cetacean species visit:

  • IUCN Red List
  • Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)
  • NOAA Fisheries
  • Porpoise Conservation Society
  • Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Dall's Porpoise 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  • American Cetacean Society
  • Society for Marine Mammalogy

December 27, 2022
dall, porpoise, phocoenoides, dalli, species, porpoise, endemic, north, pacific, largest, porpoises, only, member, genus, phocoenoides, species, named, after, american, naturalist, dall, size, compared, average, humanconservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, c. Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli is a species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific It is the largest of porpoises and the only member of the genus Phocoenoides The species is named after American naturalist W H Dall Dall s porpoise 1 Size compared to an average humanConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix II CITES 3 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaInfraorder CetaceaFamily PhocoenidaeGenus Phocoenoides Andrews 1911 Species P dalliBinomial namePhocoenoides dalli True 1885 Dall s porpoise range William Healey Dall s 1873 field notes on Phocoenoides from the Smithsonian Institution s Field Books collection Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Foraging 4 2 Social 4 3 Movement 5 Population status 6 Threats 6 1 Fisheries bycatch 6 2 Hunting 6 3 Pollution 7 Conservation status 8 References 9 External linksTaxonomy EditDall s porpoise is the only member of the genus Phocoenoides The dalli and truei types were initially described as separate species in 1911 but later studies determined that the available evidence only supported the existence of one species 4 5 Currently these two color morphs are recognized as distinct subspecies Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli dalli and True s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli truei 2 Description Edit Dorsal view of a Dall s porpoise Dall s porpoises can be easily distinguished from other porpoises and cetacean species within their range They have a wide robust body a comparatively tiny head and no distinguished beak Their flippers are positioned at the front of the body and a triangular dorsal fin sits mid body Patterns of coloration are highly variable but Dall s porpoises are mostly black have white to grey patches on the flank and belly and frosting on the dorsal fin and trailing edge of the fluke 6 7 They are the largest porpoise species growing up to 7 5 ft 2 3 m in length and weighing between 370 and 490 lbs 130 and 220 kg 7 Sexual dimorphism is apparent in body size and shape with mature males being larger developing a deeper caudal peduncle and having a dorsal fin that s significantly angled forward in comparison to a female s 6 Dall s porpoise calves have a greyish coloration with no frosting on flippers and flukes Calves measure about 100 cm at birth 8 Growth rates are similar at first but at about 2 years old males begin to grow faster than females 8 Externally maturity is measured by length which is usually attained at 3 5 years old 9 Sizes vary between populations but on average females reach a maximum size of 210 cm and males grow to about 220 cm except in the southern Okhotsk Sea where males can grow as long as 239 cm 8 Two colormorphs have been identified the dalli type and truei type The truei type found only in the western Pacific has a white belly patch that extends farther forward across the body than that of the dalli type 6 4 10 Distribution and habitat Edit A Dall s porpoise on a calm day in the Shelikof Strait Dall s porpoises are limited to the North Pacific in the east from California to the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea and in the west down to the Sea of Japan 11 They have been sighted as far south as Scammon s Lagoon in Baja California when water temperature was unseasonably cold 11 Dall s porpoises generally prefer cold waters less than 64 F 18 C 7 Although mostly an offshore species they do occur in deeper coastal waters near submarine canyons or in fjords 7 11 Behavior Edit A group of Dall s porpoises near Point Reyes Foraging Edit Dall s porpoises are opportunistic hunting a variety of surface and mid water species Common prey are mesopelgic fish such as myctophids and gonatid squid 6 11 2 Stomach content analyses have also found cases of crustacean consumption including krill and shrimp but this is abnormal and likely not an important part of their diet 11 A previous study revealed that tagged Dall s porpoises spent most of their time within 10 m of the surface 12 but have been recorded diving to depths of up to 94 m 13 Social Edit Dall s porpoises live in small fluid groups of 2 10 individuals 7 but aggregations of hundreds have been reported 11 They have a polygynous mating system in which males compete for females 14 During the mating season a male will select a fertile female and guard her to ensure paternity 14 While guarding males may sacrifice opportunities to forage on deep dives 14 Births usually take place in the summer after a gestation period of 11 12 months 11 Females generally give birth every 3 years depending on their condition 7 Life expectancy is about 15 20 years but a lot about their mortality is unknown 15 Dall s porpoises are prey to transient killer whales 16 They have however been observed in association with resident killer whales engaging in apparent play behaviors with their calves and swimming with them 17 One recognizable Dall s porpoise was observed travelling with the AB pod of resident orca from May through October 1984 17 Great White Sharks are also a known predator with at least one documented case on the eastern North Pacific Ocean 18 Movement Edit Dall s porpoise in Prince William Sound causing a rooster tail Dall s porpoises are highly active swimmers Rapid swimming at the surface creates a characteristic spray called a rooster tail They are commonly seen approaching boats to bowride and they will also ride on the waves formed at the heads of larger swimming whales 7 11 Population status EditAbundance throughout their range and is estimated to be over 1 million but current population trends are unknown 2 Surveys along the coasts of California Oregon and Washington between 2008 and 2014 estimated a population abundance of 25 800 19 20 Alaska s population is estimated to be 83 400 21 22 Abundance in coastal British Columbia is nearly 5 000 individuals 23 Populations in the western North Pacific are divided by both subspecies and migratory patterns Abundance of the offshore dalli type is about 162 000 24 It is estimated that there are about 173 000 dalli type that travel between Japan and the southern Okhotsk Sea 24 25 The dalli type that migrates to the Okhotsk Sea in the summer is estimated at 111 000 25 The population of truei type porpoises migrating between Japan and the central Okhotsk Sea number about 178 000 24 Threats EditFisheries bycatch Edit Dall s porpoises are vulnerable to fisheries bycatch Thousands were killed in commercial driftnet fisheries until the United Nations issued a moratorium in the 1990s 2 26 Before the moratorium went into effect 8 000 Dall s porpoises are estimated to have been bycaught in one year alone 1989 1990 27 Smaller numbers from several hundred to a few thousand are estimated to have been bycaught in Japanese salmon fisheries in US waters and in the Bering Sea from 1981 to 1987 28 Driftnet and trawl fisheries still operate in some areas throughout their range 2 with particularly high levels of bycatch in Russian waters 29 Hunting Edit Dall s porpoises at market in Japan The Dall s porpoise is still harvested for meat in Japan The number of individuals taken each year increased following the 1980s moratorium on whaling of larger cetacean species 30 In 1988 more than 45 000 Dall s porpoises were harpooned 30 In 1990 after international attention was drawn to the issue the Japanese government introduced a reduction on take A quota of over 17 000 a year is in effect today 9 000 dalli type in the Japan southern Okhotsk Sea population 8 700 from the truei type population that migrates into the central Okhotsk Sea 2 making it the largest direct hunt of any cetacean species in the world 31 The hunt of Dall s porpoises has been criticized by scientific committees which question the sustainability of large quotas on regional populations 32 33 Assessments are outdated for these targeted populations and given the level of annual reported take there may be regional declines in abundance 30 24 Pollution Edit Environmental contaminants including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs are another threat to Dall s porpoises Pollutants accumulate in the blubber layer and in high concentrations can reduce hormone levels affect the reproductive system 34 and result in calf death 35 Conservation status EditDall s porpoise is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List 2 Levels of both bycatch and commercial hunting are likely underestimates because they account only for reported data however there is no evidence for a range wide decline of the species 2 The species is also listed on Appendix II 36 of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CMS and like all other marine mammal species is protected in the United States under the Marine Mammal Protection Act MMPA 37 References Edit Mead J G Brownell R L Jr 2005 Order Cetacea In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 723 743 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b c d e f g h i Jefferson TA Braulik G Phocoenoides dalli The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 a b Morejohn GV 1979 The Natural History of Dall s Porpoise in the North Pacific Ocean In Winn HE Olla BL eds Behavior of Marine Animals Boston MA Springer pp 45 83 ISBN 978 1 4684 2985 5 Benson SB Groody TC 1942 Notes on the Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli Journal of Mammalogy 23 1 41 51 doi 10 2307 1374854 JSTOR 1374854 a b c d Jefferson TA 1989 Sexual dimorphism and development of external features in Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli Master s Theses 3149 doi 10 31979 etd 9b8a t74q a b c d e f g Stewart BS Clapham PJ Powell JA Reeves RR 2002 National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World 2nd ed Alfred A Knopf p 470 473 ISBN 978 0 375 41141 0 a b c Houck WJ Jefferson TA 1999 Dall s Porpoise Poceonoides dalli In Ridgeway SH Harrison R eds Handbook of Marine Mammals Volume 9 1st ed San Diego CA Academic Press pp 443 473 ISBN 9780125885065 Ferrero RC Walker WA 1999 Age growth and reproductive patterns of Dall s porpoises Phocoenoides dalli in the central North Pacific Ocean Marine Mammal Science 15 2 273 313 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 1999 tb00803 x Amano M Miyazaki N 1996 Geographic variation in external morphology of Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli Aquatic Mammals 22 3 167 174 a b c d e f g h Jefferson TA 2008 Dall s porpoisePhocoenoides dalli In Wursig B Perrin W Thewissen JGM eds Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 2nd ed Academic Press pp 296 298 ISBN 9780080919935 Baird RW Hanson MB 1998 A preliminary analysis of the diving behavior of Dall s porpoise in the transboundary waters of British Columbia and Washington In Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act Implementation Program 1997 Alaska Fisheries Science Center Processed Report No 98 10 Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Seattle WA 99 110 Hanson MB Baird RW 1998 Dall s porpoise reactions to tagging attempts using a remotely deployed suction cup attached tag PDF Marine Technology Society Journal 32 2 18 23 a b c Willis PM Dill LM 2007 Mate guarding in male Dall s porpoises Phocoenoides dalli Ethology 113 6 587 597 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 2007 01347 x Dall s Porpoise NOAA Fisheries 27 June 2019 Deecke VB Ford JKB Slater PJB 2005 The vocal behaviour of mammal eating killer whales communicating with costly calls Animal Behaviour 69 2 395 405 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2004 04 014 S2CID 16899659 a b Saulitis E Matkin C Barrett Lennard L Heise K Ellis G 2000 Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whales Orcinus orca populations in Prince William Sound Alaska Marine Mammal Science 16 1 94 109 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 2000 tb00906 x Peter Klimley A Ainley David G 3 April 1998 Great White Sharks The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias ISBN 9780080532608 Caretta JV Forney KA Muto MM Barlow J Baker J Hanson J Lowry MS 2006 U S Pacific marine mammal stock assessments 2005 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SWFSC 388 Barlow J 2016 Cetacean abundance in the California current estimated from ship based line transect surveys in 1991 2014 NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ 2016 01 Angliss RP Outlaw RB 2005 Alaska marine mammal stock assessments NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS AFSC Muto M Helker VT Angliss RP Allen BA Boveng PL Breiwick JM Cameron MF Clapham P Dahle SP Dahlheim ME Fadley BS 2017 Alaska marine mammal stock assessments 2016 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS AFSC 355 Williams R Thomas L 2007 Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia Canada Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 9 15 28 a b c d Kasuya T 2017 Small Cetaceans of Japan Exploitation and Biology CRC Press ISBN 9781498779005 a b International Whaling Commission 1998 Report of the scientific committee Report of the International Whaling Commission 48 53 302 Reeves RR Smith BD Crespo EA Notarbartolo di Sciara G 2003 Dolphins Whales and Porpoises 2002 2010 2002 2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World s Cetaceans IUCN Gland Switzerland and Cambridge UK Hobbs RC Jones LL 1993 Impacts of high seas driftnet fisheries on marine mammal populations in the North Pacific International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin 53 3 409 434 International Whaling Commission 1991 Report of the scientific committee Report of the International Whaling Commission 41 51 219 Burkanov VN Nikulin VS 2001 By catch of the marine mammals at the Japanese fishing in the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone of the Bering Sea Rybnoye Khozioaystvo Moskva Partnership LTD Journal 5 32 a b c Kasuya T 2007 Japanese whaling and other cetacean fisheries PDF Environmental Science and Pollution Research 14 1 39 48 doi 10 1065 espr2006 09 346 PMID 17352127 S2CID 93253645 Phocoenoides dalli Dall s porpoise Dall porpoise The Society for Marine Mammalogy Report of the Sub Committee on Small Cetaceans International Whaling Commission 2008 Wells RS Letter to Japanese Government Regarding Dolphin and Small Whale Hunts The Society for Marine Mammalogy Subramanian A Tatsukawa R Saito S Miyazaki N 1987 Reduction on the testosterone levels by PCBs and DDE in Dall s porpoises of northwestern North Pacific Marine Pollution Bulletin 18 12 643 646 doi 10 1016 0025 326X 87 90397 3 Vos JG Bossart GD Fournier M O Shea TJ 2003 Toxicology of Marine Mammals New York NY Taylor and Francis ISBN 0 203 26010 4 Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CMS As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 1999 2002 2005 and 2008 Effective 5 March 2009 PDF CMS U S Fish and Wildlife Service Marine Mammal Protection Act International Affairs External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phocoenoides dalli To learn more about the Dall s porpoise and other cetacean species visit IUCN Red List Whale amp Dolphin Conservation Society WDCS NOAA Fisheries Porpoise Conservation Society Voices in the Sea Sounds of the Dall s Porpoise Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine American Cetacean Society Society for Marine Mammalogy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dall 27s porpoise amp oldid 1111803505, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.