The orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the largest sea cucumber in New England, United States.[2] It is one of the most abundant and widespread species of holothurians within the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea (Russia),[3] being most abundant along the eastern coast of North America.[4][5]
These sea cucumbers reach around 20 cm (8 in) in length and have ten branched oral tentacles ranging in colour from orange to black.[6] This species has a football shape with a leathery skin ranging in colour from yellowish white to dark brownish-black and is covered with five rows of retractile tube feet.[6][7] The young are about 1 mm to 6 mm long and are translucent orange and pink.[6] Three of these bands of tube feet are found on bottom whereas the top rows are often reduced. Adults of C. frondosa have a reduced numbers of spicules (skeletal structures) shaped like rounded plates with many holes.[8] The sexes can be identified by the conspicuous tube-shaped (female) or heart-shaped (male) gonopore located under the crown of oral tentacles.[9]
Habitatedit
Their habitat is rocks, crevices or low-tide Arctic water.[10] They are known to cover vast areas of the substrate at depths of less than 30 meters (100 ft).[5][11]
Feedingedit
The sea cucumber has modified its oral tube feet to form tentacles surrounding its mouth which are retracted when disturbed or bringing food into its mouth.[12] The tentacles are displayed in a ring form with ten individual tentacles that are each highly branched looking treelike. Most sea cucumbers are deposit feeders but Cucumaria frondosa are a suspension feeding[13] organism where they catch available particles in the ocean on their tentacles.
Sea cucumbers were tested in the Atlantic Ocean to see if there was seasonality to the feeding of cucumbers. Specifically C. frondosa were shown to have this feeding adaptation, and feed only in the spring (March to April) when the day length, water temperature, and chlorophyll concentration began to increase.[14] A combination of these environmental cues is accountable for the feeding of C. frondosa because just one of them is not enough to trigger the animal to start eating. The chlorophyll concentration increases during this time due to a phytoplankton bloom season and larger amount of primary production. The cucumber does not eat through the colder seasons and will start back up again in the spring.
^Leland W. Pollock 1998 - A Practical Guide to the Marine Animals of Northeastern North America -Rutgers University Press Page 276
^Gudimova, E.N., Gudimov, A., and Colline, P. 2004. A study of the biology for fishery in two populations of Cucumaria frondosa: In the Barents Sea (Russia) and in the Gulf of Maine (USA). In Echinoderms: München. Edited by T. Heinzeller and J.H. Nebelsick. CRC Press, London.
^Hyman, L.H. 1955. The invertebrates: Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
^ abJordan, A.J. 1972. On the ecology and behavior of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biology, The University of Maine, Orono, M.E. 74 pp.
^ abcGosner, K.L. 1978. This species of Sea Cucumber can move about two feet per day. It is able to accomplish this task by the movement of its stomach wall muscles. Peterson field guides: Atlantic seashore. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
^Jordan, A. J. 1972. On the ecology and behaviour of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine and Orono, Orono. United States.
^Levin, V. S., and Gudimova, E. N. 2000. Taxonomic interrelations of holothurians Cucumaria frondosa and C. japonica (Dendrochirotida, Cucumariidae). S.P.C. Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull. 13: 22-29.
^Hamel, Jean-Francois; Mercier, Annie (1996). "Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53 (2): 253–271. doi:10.1139/f95-186.
^Andrew J. Martinez - 2003 - Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England - Aqua Quest Publications Page 178
^Singh, Rabindra; MacDonald, Bruce A.; Lawton, Peter; Thomas, Martin L.H. (1998). "Feeding response of the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) to changing food concentrations in the laboratory". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 76 (10): 1842–1849. doi:10.1139/z98-133.
^Pechenik, Jan A. 2010. Biology of the Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Boston, Massachusetts.
^Tim Wijgerde (2008–2009). . Coral Publications. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010.
^Singh, Rabindra; MacDonald, Bruce A.; Thomas, Martin L. H.; Lawton, Peter (1999). "Patterns of seasonal and tidal feeding activity in the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 187: 133–145. JSTOR 24853361.
January 01, 1970
orange, footed, cucumber, orange, footed, cucumber, cucumaria, frondosa, largest, cucumber, england, united, states, most, abundant, widespread, species, holothurians, within, north, atlantic, ocean, barents, russia, being, most, abundant, along, eastern, coas. The orange footed sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa is the largest sea cucumber in New England United States 2 It is one of the most abundant and widespread species of holothurians within the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea Russia 3 being most abundant along the eastern coast of North America 4 5 Orange footed sea cucumber Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata Class Holothuroidea Order Dendrochirotida Family Cucumariidae Genus Cucumaria Species C frondosa Binomial name Cucumaria frondosa Gunnerus 1767 1 Synonyms ListBotryodactyla affinis Ayres 1851 Botryodactyla grandis Ayres 1851 Cucumaria assimilis Duben amp Koren 1846 Holothuria frondosa Gunnerus 1767 Holothuria fucicola Forbes amp Goodsir 1839 Holothuria grandis Forbes amp Goodsir 1839 Holothuria pentacta Gmelin 1791 Holothuria pentactes Linnaeus 1767 Holothuria pentactes O F Muller 1776 Hydra corallifera Gaertner 1762 Pentacta frondosa Gunnerus 1767 Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Feeding 4 ReferencesDescription editThese sea cucumbers reach around 20 cm 8 in in length and have ten branched oral tentacles ranging in colour from orange to black 6 This species has a football shape with a leathery skin ranging in colour from yellowish white to dark brownish black and is covered with five rows of retractile tube feet 6 7 The young are about 1 mm to 6 mm long and are translucent orange and pink 6 Three of these bands of tube feet are found on bottom whereas the top rows are often reduced Adults of C frondosa have a reduced numbers of spicules skeletal structures shaped like rounded plates with many holes 8 The sexes can be identified by the conspicuous tube shaped female or heart shaped male gonopore located under the crown of oral tentacles 9 Habitat editTheir habitat is rocks crevices or low tide Arctic water 10 They are known to cover vast areas of the substrate at depths of less than 30 meters 100 ft 5 11 Feeding editThe sea cucumber has modified its oral tube feet to form tentacles surrounding its mouth which are retracted when disturbed or bringing food into its mouth 12 The tentacles are displayed in a ring form with ten individual tentacles that are each highly branched looking treelike Most sea cucumbers are deposit feeders but Cucumaria frondosa are a suspension feeding 13 organism where they catch available particles in the ocean on their tentacles Sea cucumbers were tested in the Atlantic Ocean to see if there was seasonality to the feeding of cucumbers Specifically C frondosa were shown to have this feeding adaptation and feed only in the spring March to April when the day length water temperature and chlorophyll concentration began to increase 14 A combination of these environmental cues is accountable for the feeding of C frondosa because just one of them is not enough to trigger the animal to start eating The chlorophyll concentration increases during this time due to a phytoplankton bloom season and larger amount of primary production The cucumber does not eat through the colder seasons and will start back up again in the spring References edit Hansson Hans 2010 Cucumaria frondosa Gunnerus 1767 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 2012 02 01 Leland W Pollock 1998 A Practical Guide to the Marine Animals of Northeastern North America Rutgers University Press Page 276 Gudimova E N Gudimov A and Colline P 2004 A study of the biology for fishery in two populations of Cucumaria frondosa In the Barents Sea Russia and in the Gulf of Maine USA In Echinoderms Munchen Edited by T Heinzeller and J H Nebelsick CRC Press London Hyman L H 1955 The invertebrates Echinodermata McGraw Hill Book Company Inc New York a b Jordan A J 1972 On the ecology and behavior of Cucumaria frondosa Echinodermata Holothuroidea at Lamoine Beach Maine Ph D thesis Department of Biology The University of Maine Orono M E 74 pp a b c Gosner K L 1978 This species of Sea Cucumber can move about two feet per day It is able to accomplish this task by the movement of its stomach wall muscles Peterson field guides Atlantic seashore Boston Houghton Mifflin Company Jordan A J 1972 On the ecology and behaviour of Cucumaria frondosa Echinodermata Holothuroidea at Lamoine Beach Maine Ph D thesis University of Maine and Orono Orono United States Levin V S and Gudimova E N 2000 Taxonomic interrelations of holothurians Cucumaria frondosa and C japonica Dendrochirotida Cucumariidae S P C Beche de mer Inf Bull 13 22 29 Hamel Jean Francois Mercier Annie 1996 Early development settlement growth and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa Echinodermata Holothuroidea Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53 2 253 271 doi 10 1139 f95 186 Andrew J Martinez 2003 Marine Life of the North Atlantic Canada to New England Aqua Quest Publications Page 178 Singh Rabindra MacDonald Bruce A Lawton Peter Thomas Martin L H 1998 Feeding response of the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa Echinodermata Holothuroidea to changing food concentrations in the laboratory Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 10 1842 1849 doi 10 1139 z98 133 Pechenik Jan A 2010 Biology of the Invertebrates McGraw Hill Higher Education Boston Massachusetts Tim Wijgerde 2008 2009 Filter and suspension feeders Coral Publications Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 Singh Rabindra MacDonald Bruce A Thomas Martin L H Lawton Peter 1999 Patterns of seasonal and tidal feeding activity in the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa Echinodermata Holothuroidea in the Bay of Fundy Canada PDF Marine Ecology Progress Series 187 133 145 JSTOR 24853361 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orange footed sea cucumber amp oldid 1106251879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
