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Cryptobiosis

January 01, 1970

For the Doctor Who audio play, see Cryptobiosis (Doctor Who audio). For the fish disease, see Cryptobia.
"Anabiosis" redirects here. For the journal, see Anabiosis (journal).

Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state in extremophilic organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. When environmental conditions return to being hospitable, the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to cryptobiosis.

Forms edit

Anhydrobiosis edit

Anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer

Anhydrobiosis is the most studied form of cryptobiosis and occurs in situations of extreme desiccation. The term anhydrobiosis derives from the Greek for "life without water" and is most commonly used for the desiccation tolerance observed in certain invertebrate animals such as bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimp, nematodes, and at least one insect, a species of chironomid (Polypedilum vanderplanki). However, other life forms exhibit desiccation tolerance. These include the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum,[1] the majority of plant seeds, and many microorganisms such as bakers' yeast.[2] Studies have shown that some anhydrobiotic organisms can survive for decades, even centuries, in the dry state.[3]

Invertebrates undergoing anhydrobiosis often contract into a smaller shape and some proceed to form a sugar called trehalose. Desiccation tolerance in plants is associated with the production of another sugar, sucrose. These sugars are thought to protect the organism from desiccation damage.[4] In some creatures, such as bdelloid rotifers, no trehalose has been found, which has led scientists to propose other mechanisms of anhydrobiosis, possibly involving intrinsically disordered proteins.[5]

In 2011, Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode that is also one of the best-studied model organisms, was shown to undergo anhydrobiosis in the dauer larva stage.[6] Further research taking advantage of genetic and biochemical tools available for this organism revealed that in addition to trehalose biosynthesis, a set of other functional pathways is involved in anhydrobiosis at the molecular level.[7] These are mainly defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics, expression of heat shock proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins as well as biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyamines. Some of them are conserved among anhydrobiotic plants and animals, suggesting that anhydrobiotic ability may depend on a set of common mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms in detail might enable modification of non-anhydrobiotic cells, tissues, organs or even organisms so that they can be preserved in a dried state of suspended animation over long time periods.

As of 2004, such an application of anhydrobiosis is being applied to vaccines. In vaccines, the process can produce a dry vaccine that reactivates once it is injected into the body. In theory, dry-vaccine technology could be used on any vaccine, including live vaccines such as the one for measles. It could also potentially be adapted to allow a vaccine's slow release, eliminating the need for boosters. This proposes to eliminate the need for refrigerating vaccines, thus making dry vaccines more widely available throughout the developing world where refrigeration, electricity, and proper storage are less accessible.[8]

Based on similar principles, lyopreservation has been developed as a technique for preservation of biological samples at ambient temperatures.[9][10] Lyopreservation is a biomimetic strategy based on anhydrobiosis to preserve cells at ambient temperatures. It has been explored as an alternative technique for cryopreservation. The technique has the advantages of being able to preserve biological samples at ambient temperatures, without the need for refrigeration or use of cryogenic temperatures.[11][12]

Anoxybiosis edit

 
SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in tun (suspended) state
 
SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state

In situations lacking oxygen (a.k.a., anoxia), many cryptobionts (such as M. tardigradum) take in water and become turgid and immobile, but can survive for prolonged periods of time. Some ectothermic vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as brine shrimps,[13] copepods,[14] nematodes,[15] and sponge gemmules,[16] are capable of surviving in a seemingly inactive state during anoxic conditions for months to decades.

Studies of the metabolic activity of these idling organisms during anoxia have been mostly inconclusive. This is because it is difficult to measure very small degrees of metabolic activity reliably enough to prove a cryptobiotic state rather than ordinary metabolic rate depression (MRD). Many experts are skeptical of the biological feasibility of anoxybiosis, as the organism is managing to prevent damage to its cellular structures from the environmental negative free energy, despite being both surrounded by plenty of water and thermal energy and without using any free energy of its own. However, there is evidence that the stress-induced protein p26 may act as a protein chaperone that requires no energy in cystic Artemia franciscana (sea monkey) embryos, and most likely an extremely specialized and slow guanine polynucleotide pathway continues to provide metabolic free energy to the A. franciscana embryos during anoxic conditions. It seems that A. franciscana approaches but does not reach true anoxybiosis.[17]

Chemobiosis edit

Chemobiosis is the cryptobiotic response to high levels of environmental toxins. It has been observed in tardigrades.[18]

Cryobiosis edit

Cryobiosis is a form of cryptobiosis that takes place in reaction to decreased temperature. Cryobiosis begins when the water surrounding the organism's cells has been frozen. Stopping molecule mobility allows the organism to endure the freezing temperatures until more hospitable conditions return. Organisms capable of enduring these conditions typically feature molecules that facilitate freezing of water in preferential locations while also prohibiting the growth of large ice crystals that could otherwise damage cells.[citation needed] One such organism is the lobster.[19]

Osmobiosis edit

Osmobiosis is the least studied of all types of cryptobiosis. Osmobiosis occurs in response to increased solute concentration in the solution the organism lives in. Little is known for certain, other than that osmobiosis appears to involve a cessation of metabolism.[18]

Examples edit

The brine shrimp Artemia salina, which can be found in the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana,[20] survives over the dry season when the water of the pans evaporates, leaving a virtually desiccated lake bed.

The tardigrade, or water bear, can undergo all five types of cryptobiosis. While in a cryptobiotic state, its metabolism reduces to less than 0.01% of what is normal, and its water content can drop to 1% of normal.[21] It can withstand extreme temperature, radiation, and pressure while in a cryptobiotic state.[22]

Some nematodes and rotifers can also undergo cryptobiosis.[23]

See also edit

  • Biostasis – Coping with environmental changes without adapting
  • Cryobiology – Branch of biology
  • Cryonics – Freezing of a human corpse
  • Cryptobiotic soil – Communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems
  • Hibernation – Physiological state of dormant inactivity in order to pass the winter season
  • Lyopreservation – Metabolic state of life

References edit

  1. ^ Bartels, Dorothea; Salamini, Francesco (December 2001). "Desiccation Tolerance in the Resurrection Plant Craterostigma plantagineum. A Contribution to the Study of Drought Tolerance at the Molecular Level". Plant Physiology. 127 (4): 1346–1353. doi:10.1104/pp.010765. PMC 1540161. PMID 11743072.
  2. ^ Calahan, Dean; Dunham, Maitreya; DeSevo, Chris; Koshland, Douglas E (October 2011). "Genetic analysis of desiccation tolerance in Sachharomyces cerevisiae". Genetics. 189 (2): 507–519. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.130369. PMC 3189811. PMID 21840858.
  3. ^ Shen-Miller, J; Mudgett, Mary Beth; Schopf, J William; Clarke, Steven; Berger, Rainer (November 1995). "Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China". American Journal of Botany. 82 (11): 1367–1380. doi:10.2307/2445863. JSTOR 2445863.
  4. ^ Erkut, Cihan; Penkov, Sider; Fahmy, Karim; Kurzchalia, Teymuras V (January 2012). "How worms survive desiccation: Trehalose pro water". Worm. 1 (1): 61–65. doi:10.4161/worm.19040. PMC 3670174. PMID 24058825.
  5. ^ Tunnacliffe, Alan; Lapinski, Jens; McGee, Brian (September 2005). "A putative LEA protein, but no trehalose, is present in anhydrobiotic bdelloid rotifers". Hydrobiologia. 546 (1): 315–321. doi:10.1007/s10750-005-4239-6. S2CID 13072689.
  6. ^ Erkut, Cihan; Penkov, Sider; Khesbak, Hassan; Vorkel, Daniela; Verbavatz, Jean-Marc; Fahmy, Karim; Kurzchalia, Teymuras V (August 2011). "Trehalose renders the dauer larva of Caenorhabditis elegans resistant to extreme desiccation". Current Biology. 21 (15): 1331–1336. Bibcode:2011CBio...21.1331E. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.064. PMID 21782434. S2CID 18145344.
  7. ^ Erkut, Cihan; Vasilj, Andrej; Boland, Sebastian; Habermann, Bianca; Shevchenko, Andrej; Kurzchalia, Teymuras V (December 2013). "Molecular strategies of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva to survive extreme desiccation". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82473. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882473E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082473. PMC 3853187. PMID 24324795.
  8. ^ "High hopes for fridge-free jabs". BBC News. 2004-10-19.
  9. ^ Yang, Geer; Gilstrap, Kyle; Zhang, Aili; Xu, Lisa X.; He, Xiaoming (1 June 2010). "Collapse temperature of solutions important for lyopreservation of living cells at ambient temperature". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 106 (2): 247–259. doi:10.1002/bit.22690. PMID 20148402. S2CID 20748794.
  10. ^ Chakraborty, Nilay; Chang, Anthony; Elmoazzen, Heidi; Menze, Michael A.; Hand, Steven C.; Toner, Mehmet (2011). "A Spin-Drying Technique for Lyopreservation of Mammalian Cells". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 39 (5): 1582–1591. doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0253-1. PMID 21293974. S2CID 11204697.
  11. ^ Yang G, Gilstrap K, Zhang A, Xu LX, He X. "Collapse temperature of solutions important for lyopreservation of living cells at ambient temperatures." Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010 Jun 1;106(2):247–259.
  12. ^ Chakraborty N, Chang A, Elmoazzen H, Menze MA, Hand SC, Toner M. "A spin-drying technique for lyopreservation of mammalian cells". Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 May;39(5):1582–1591.
  13. ^ Clegg et al. 1999
  14. ^ Marcus et al., 1994
  15. ^ Crowe and Cooper, 1971
  16. ^ Reiswig and Miller, 1998
  17. ^ Clegg, James S. (2001). "Cryptobiosis – a peculiar state of biological organization". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 128 (4): 613–624. doi:10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00300-1. PMID 11290443.  
  18. ^ a b Møbjerg, N.; Halberg, K. A.; Jørgensen, A.; Persson, D.; Bjørn, M.; Ramløv, H.; Kristensen, R. M. (2011). "Survival in extreme environments – on the current knowledge of adaptations in tardigrades". Acta Physiologica. 202 (3): 409–420. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02252.x. PMID 21251237. S2CID 20894284.
  19. ^ "Frozen Lobsters Brought Back to Life". 18 March 2004.
  20. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
  21. ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
  22. ^ Illinois Wesleyan University Tardigrade Facts
  23. ^ Watanabe, Masahiko (2006). "Anhydrobiosis in invertebrates". Appl. Entomol. Zool. 41 (1): 15–31. Bibcode:2006AppEZ..41...15W. doi:10.1303/aez.2006.15.

Further reading edit

  • David A. Wharton, Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments, Cambridge University Press, 2002, hardcover, ISBN 0-521-78212-0

January 01, 1970
cryptobiosis, doctor, audio, play, doctor, audio, fish, disease, cryptobia, anabiosis, redirects, here, journal, anabiosis, journal, anabiosis, metabolic, state, extremophilic, organisms, response, adverse, environmental, conditions, such, desiccation, freezin. For the Doctor Who audio play see Cryptobiosis Doctor Who audio For the fish disease see Cryptobia Anabiosis redirects here For the journal see Anabiosis journal Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state in extremophilic organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation freezing and oxygen deficiency In the cryptobiotic state all measurable metabolic processes stop preventing reproduction development and repair When environmental conditions return to being hospitable the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to cryptobiosis Contents 1 Forms 1 1 Anhydrobiosis 1 2 Anoxybiosis 1 3 Chemobiosis 1 4 Cryobiosis 1 5 Osmobiosis 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingForms editAnhydrobiosis edit source source source source source source Anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer Anhydrobiosis is the most studied form of cryptobiosis and occurs in situations of extreme desiccation The term anhydrobiosis derives from the Greek for life without water and is most commonly used for the desiccation tolerance observed in certain invertebrate animals such as bdelloid rotifers tardigrades brine shrimp nematodes and at least one insect a species of chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki However other life forms exhibit desiccation tolerance These include the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum 1 the majority of plant seeds and many microorganisms such as bakers yeast 2 Studies have shown that some anhydrobiotic organisms can survive for decades even centuries in the dry state 3 Invertebrates undergoing anhydrobiosis often contract into a smaller shape and some proceed to form a sugar called trehalose Desiccation tolerance in plants is associated with the production of another sugar sucrose These sugars are thought to protect the organism from desiccation damage 4 In some creatures such as bdelloid rotifers no trehalose has been found which has led scientists to propose other mechanisms of anhydrobiosis possibly involving intrinsically disordered proteins 5 In 2011 Caenorhabditis elegans a nematode that is also one of the best studied model organisms was shown to undergo anhydrobiosis in the dauer larva stage 6 Further research taking advantage of genetic and biochemical tools available for this organism revealed that in addition to trehalose biosynthesis a set of other functional pathways is involved in anhydrobiosis at the molecular level 7 These are mainly defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics expression of heat shock proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins as well as biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyamines Some of them are conserved among anhydrobiotic plants and animals suggesting that anhydrobiotic ability may depend on a set of common mechanisms Understanding these mechanisms in detail might enable modification of non anhydrobiotic cells tissues organs or even organisms so that they can be preserved in a dried state of suspended animation over long time periods As of 2004 such an application of anhydrobiosis is being applied to vaccines In vaccines the process can produce a dry vaccine that reactivates once it is injected into the body In theory dry vaccine technology could be used on any vaccine including live vaccines such as the one for measles It could also potentially be adapted to allow a vaccine s slow release eliminating the need for boosters This proposes to eliminate the need for refrigerating vaccines thus making dry vaccines more widely available throughout the developing world where refrigeration electricity and proper storage are less accessible 8 Based on similar principles lyopreservation has been developed as a technique for preservation of biological samples at ambient temperatures 9 10 Lyopreservation is a biomimetic strategy based on anhydrobiosis to preserve cells at ambient temperatures It has been explored as an alternative technique for cryopreservation The technique has the advantages of being able to preserve biological samples at ambient temperatures without the need for refrigeration or use of cryogenic temperatures 11 12 Anoxybiosis edit nbsp SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in tun suspended state nbsp SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state In situations lacking oxygen a k a anoxia many cryptobionts such as M tardigradum take in water and become turgid and immobile but can survive for prolonged periods of time Some ectothermic vertebrates and some invertebrates such as brine shrimps 13 copepods 14 nematodes 15 and sponge gemmules 16 are capable of surviving in a seemingly inactive state during anoxic conditions for months to decades Studies of the metabolic activity of these idling organisms during anoxia have been mostly inconclusive This is because it is difficult to measure very small degrees of metabolic activity reliably enough to prove a cryptobiotic state rather than ordinary metabolic rate depression MRD Many experts are skeptical of the biological feasibility of anoxybiosis as the organism is managing to prevent damage to its cellular structures from the environmental negative free energy despite being both surrounded by plenty of water and thermal energy and without using any free energy of its own However there is evidence that the stress induced protein p26 may act as a protein chaperone that requires no energy in cystic Artemia franciscana sea monkey embryos and most likely an extremely specialized and slow guanine polynucleotide pathway continues to provide metabolic free energy to the A franciscana embryos during anoxic conditions It seems that A franciscana approaches but does not reach true anoxybiosis 17 Chemobiosis edit Chemobiosis is the cryptobiotic response to high levels of environmental toxins It has been observed in tardigrades 18 Cryobiosis edit Cryobiosis is a form of cryptobiosis that takes place in reaction to decreased temperature Cryobiosis begins when the water surrounding the organism s cells has been frozen Stopping molecule mobility allows the organism to endure the freezing temperatures until more hospitable conditions return Organisms capable of enduring these conditions typically feature molecules that facilitate freezing of water in preferential locations while also prohibiting the growth of large ice crystals that could otherwise damage cells citation needed One such organism is the lobster 19 Osmobiosis edit Osmobiosis is the least studied of all types of cryptobiosis Osmobiosis occurs in response to increased solute concentration in the solution the organism lives in Little is known for certain other than that osmobiosis appears to involve a cessation of metabolism 18 Examples editThe brine shrimp Artemia salina which can be found in the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana 20 survives over the dry season when the water of the pans evaporates leaving a virtually desiccated lake bed The tardigrade or water bear can undergo all five types of cryptobiosis While in a cryptobiotic state its metabolism reduces to less than 0 01 of what is normal and its water content can drop to 1 of normal 21 It can withstand extreme temperature radiation and pressure while in a cryptobiotic state 22 Some nematodes and rotifers can also undergo cryptobiosis 23 See also editBiostasis Coping with environmental changes without adapting Cryobiology Branch of biology Cryonics Freezing of a human corpse Cryptobiotic soil Communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi arid ecosystemsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Hibernation Physiological state of dormant inactivity in order to pass the winter season Lyopreservation Metabolic state of lifePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targetsReferences edit Bartels Dorothea Salamini Francesco December 2001 Desiccation Tolerance in the Resurrection Plant Craterostigma plantagineum A Contribution to the Study of Drought Tolerance at the Molecular Level Plant Physiology 127 4 1346 1353 doi 10 1104 pp 010765 PMC 1540161 PMID 11743072 Calahan Dean Dunham Maitreya DeSevo Chris Koshland Douglas E October 2011 Genetic analysis of desiccation tolerance in Sachharomyces cerevisiae Genetics 189 2 507 519 doi 10 1534 genetics 111 130369 PMC 3189811 PMID 21840858 Shen Miller J Mudgett Mary Beth Schopf J William Clarke Steven Berger Rainer November 1995 Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth Ancient sacred lotus from China American Journal of Botany 82 11 1367 1380 doi 10 2307 2445863 JSTOR 2445863 Erkut Cihan Penkov Sider Fahmy Karim Kurzchalia Teymuras V January 2012 How worms survive desiccation Trehalose pro water Worm 1 1 61 65 doi 10 4161 worm 19040 PMC 3670174 PMID 24058825 Tunnacliffe Alan Lapinski Jens McGee Brian September 2005 A putative LEA protein but no trehalose is present in anhydrobiotic bdelloid rotifers Hydrobiologia 546 1 315 321 doi 10 1007 s10750 005 4239 6 S2CID 13072689 Erkut Cihan Penkov Sider Khesbak Hassan Vorkel Daniela Verbavatz Jean Marc Fahmy Karim Kurzchalia Teymuras V August 2011 Trehalose renders the dauer larva of Caenorhabditis elegans resistant to extreme desiccation Current Biology 21 15 1331 1336 Bibcode 2011CBio 21 1331E doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 06 064 PMID 21782434 S2CID 18145344 Erkut Cihan Vasilj Andrej Boland Sebastian Habermann Bianca Shevchenko Andrej Kurzchalia Teymuras V December 2013 Molecular strategies of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva to survive extreme desiccation PLOS ONE 8 12 e82473 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 882473E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0082473 PMC 3853187 PMID 24324795 High hopes for fridge free jabs BBC News 2004 10 19 Yang Geer Gilstrap Kyle Zhang Aili Xu Lisa X He Xiaoming 1 June 2010 Collapse temperature of solutions important for lyopreservation of living cells at ambient temperature Biotechnology and Bioengineering 106 2 247 259 doi 10 1002 bit 22690 PMID 20148402 S2CID 20748794 Chakraborty Nilay Chang Anthony Elmoazzen Heidi Menze Michael A Hand Steven C Toner Mehmet 2011 A Spin Drying Technique for Lyopreservation of Mammalian Cells Annals of Biomedical Engineering 39 5 1582 1591 doi 10 1007 s10439 011 0253 1 PMID 21293974 S2CID 11204697 Yang G Gilstrap K Zhang A Xu LX He X Collapse temperature of solutions important for lyopreservation of living cells at ambient temperatures Biotechnol Bioeng 2010 Jun 1 106 2 247 259 Chakraborty N Chang A Elmoazzen H Menze MA Hand SC Toner M A spin drying technique for lyopreservation of mammalian cells Ann Biomed Eng 2011 May 39 5 1582 1591 Clegg et al 1999 Marcus et al 1994 Crowe and Cooper 1971 Reiswig and Miller 1998 Clegg James S 2001 Cryptobiosis a peculiar state of biological organization Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 128 4 613 624 doi 10 1016 S1096 4959 01 00300 1 PMID 11290443 nbsp a b Mobjerg N Halberg K A Jorgensen A Persson D Bjorn M Ramlov H Kristensen R M 2011 Survival in extreme environments on the current knowledge of adaptations in tardigrades Acta Physiologica 202 3 409 420 doi 10 1111 j 1748 1716 2011 02252 x PMID 21251237 S2CID 20894284 Frozen Lobsters Brought Back to Life 18 March 2004 C Michael Hogan 2008 Makgadikgadi The Megalithic Portal ed A Burnham Piper Ross 2007 Extraordinary Animals An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals Greenwood Press Illinois Wesleyan University Tardigrade Facts Watanabe Masahiko 2006 Anhydrobiosis in invertebrates Appl Entomol Zool 41 1 15 31 Bibcode 2006AppEZ 41 15W doi 10 1303 aez 2006 15 Further reading editDavid A Wharton Life at the Limits Organisms in Extreme Environments Cambridge University Press 2002 hardcover ISBN 0 521 78212 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cryptobiosis amp oldid 1216829120, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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