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Crotalus catalinensis

April 19, 2023

The Santa Catalina rattlesnake (Crotalus catalinensis) is a species of pit viper endemic to Isla Santa Catalina in the Gulf of California just off the east coast of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Like all other pit vipers, it is venomous. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3] A relatively small and slender species, its most distinctive characteristic is that it lacks a rattle.[4] They are also a generally nocturnal species.[5] Though the species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, there few efforts for the snake's conservation.[6]

Crotalus catalinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Crotalus
Species:
C. catalinensis
Binomial name
Crotalus catalinensis
Cliff, 1954[2]

Description

This species is relatively slender and stunted, growing to a maximum of 73.1 cm (2 ft 4.8 in) in length.[4]

Its most distinctive feature is its lack of a rattle. The base of the tail, the "button", has degenerated to such an extent that the rattle immediately falls off with each shed instead of forming a new segment, as it does in other species of rattlesnakes. This is widely believed to be a localized adaptation for hunting mice as well as occasionally birds.[7][8]

Of the two distinct color variations, the predominant variant has a light cream-colored base, with reddish-brown blotching down the back, and black and white banding around the tail. The other variant has a much lighter, ash gray color, with darker gray blotching. The banding around the tail is still present. The banding tapers off and becomes more obscure. The two different colors were originally thought to be due to natural selection and therefore match different habitat backgrounds, but that has not been supported. There is no difference between the brown and grey within the habitat, as well as no difference in the frequency of color between males and females.[5] However, evidence suggests that the darker coloration on the snakes make them more easily adaptable because of their ability to bask and absorb more heat. This causes their metabolism to speed up which provides them with faster digestion that helps increase strength and physical conditions. Due to these factors, the darker colored snakes have greater reproductive success than the lighter colored snakes. Though the dark snakes have these advantages, their coloration comes at a cost because they are more easily spotted by predators than the sand colored snakes.[9]

Geographic range

This snake is found only on Isla Santa Catalina in the Gulf of California off the coast of southern Baja California. This island is also the type locality for the species.[2] The island is fairly small, being only 43 square kilometers (17 square miles).[10]

Conservation status

This species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List with the following criteria: B1ab(v) (v3.1, 2001).[6] This means that the best available evidence indicates it is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild because its geographic range is estimated to be less than 100 km2, it exists at only a single location, and a continuing decline has been observed, inferred, or projected in the number of mature individuals. It was assessed in 2007.[11]

It is threatened due to collecting and the introduction of alien predator species, such as domestic cats.[7] This population of cats formerly invaded the island and have since been eradicated in 2002.[12] There is no guarantee that the cats will not be reintroduced into the area, which could cause problems for the snake, whether that be from being preyed on themselves or through the population decline of their main food sources.[13] The presence of these cats have negatively affected many populations of several other island reptile species.[14]

Because the rattlesnake has such limited options for prey on the island, it is vital to maintain the populations of prey for the conservation of C. catalinensis, especially because the main species of prey for the snake, Peromyscus slevini, is endemic to the island.[15]

Other threats include human influence such as killing out of fear and capturing for the illegal collection of rare wildlife. Because the Santa Catalina rattlesnake is an endemic species, and is without a rattle, the snake is more valued and therefore more threatened.[14] Climate also impacts the Santa Catalina by influencing plant productivity which is mostly related to the vast differences in the quantity of rainfall.[5] Environmental temperature fluctuations due to climate change affects the snakes because they are ectotherms- the outside temperature directly influences the snake's body temperature.[9]

There are currently no movements towards the conservation of this species. Bahía de Loreto National Park considered the rattlesnake as "very difficult to observe" which adds to the lack of conservation efforts. Because this species is endemic to the island and the territory is fairly small, the area being 40.99 km2, the snakes are faced with possible inbreeding, demographic and environmental stochasticity, and more. However, there are no studies, as of 2005, to support these speculations.[14]

Each of these threats, along with the species' biological characteristics of late maturation, slow growth, few offspring and long periods of time between each breeding period, contributes to the vulnerability of the species.[14] Conservation efforts for the habitats of Santa Catalina Island as well as the prey of C. catalinensis would improve the rattlesnake's risk of extinction.[15]

Habitat

The habitat on Santa Catalina Island consists of Gulf Coast desert plants. This snake is often found on the western side of the island within the many arroyos.[7] The Santa Catalina rattlesnake is also found in plains, bottoms of ravines, and riverbeds of streams. They are found on summits of rocky hills where they often find shelter in the rock crevices. One of the main shelter options is dense vegetation which can also be used as an efficient way to find prey.[5] It is believed that the snakes find shelter in the vegetation to help maintain a constant body temperature as well as use the density to hide from predators.[9]

Behavior

While most members of this genus, Crotalus, are almost entirely terrestrial due to their heavy body structure, this species' small size makes it a swift and skillful climber. Previous researchers hypothesized that the ability of the Santa Catalina rattlesnake to climb, combined with its lack of a rattle allowed it to hunt roosting birds,[7] but detailed research into the species’ diet has revealed that the Santa Catalina rattlesnake maintains a mammal-based diet like most rattlesnakes.[8] Further inquiry into the arboreal behavior of this island species has shown individuals actually spend the majority of their time on the ground.[16] Individuals were most likely to be found in low branches of bushes during July, the hottest month on the island. The Santa Catalina rattlesnake is thought to climb off of the hot ground and into bushes to thermoregulate.[16] The snake expresses thermo-conformist behavior which means that its body temperature correlates with soil temperature. This is a common trait among other rattlesnakes.[9]

Unlike most species of rattlesnakes, the Santa Catalina rattlesnake is often observed exposed; it does not tend to hide. Currently, the greater evidence supports the theory that the Santa Catalina rattlesnake has evolved away from having a rattle because it has no need for a warning mechanism against predators.[16]

Though it was previously thought that the snakes presented diurnal and nocturnal habits, more evidence suggests that they are completely nocturnal, even during winter months. The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake does not hibernate.

Feeding

Previous theories [7] suggested the tendency for this rattlesnake to climb into low bushes was connected to a dietary shift toward consuming birds. However, studies conducted from 2002 to 2004 revealed that stomach and fecal contents were 70% mammal (Santa Catalina deer mouse, Peromyscus slevini) and 30% lizard species (Santa Catalina desert iguana, Dipsosaurus catalinensis; Santa Catalina side-blotched lizard, Uta squamata; and Sceloporus lineatulus.) “We found no bird remains in scats or stomach contents of C. catalinensis in any year or season.”[8]

 
The main prey of C. catalinensis is Slevin's mouse (Peromyscus slevini).

The diet of this rattlesnake is a fraction of the diet of its closest relative, the Red diamond rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber. C. ruber, like most rattlesnakes, frequently prey on lizards and small mammals such as mice, rats, and squirrels. C. ruber also is known to eat frogs, toads, birds, and other snakes. The restricted diet of the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake compared to its sister species is likely due to the limited prey diversity on the island.[15] Small body size in the Santa Catalina rattlesnake may be an evolutionary response to their reliance on small-sized prey.[17] For example, the main prey is the endemic Santa Catalina Deer Mouse, Peromyscus slevini, which are measured to 21 cm (8.3 in) in total length including the tail, which is 10 centimeters (3.9 in).[18]

Like other rattlesnake species from central and northern Mexico, the Santa Catalina rattlesnake has greater foraging activity during the summer and rainy season (July–October).[19]

Taxonomy

Laurence Klauber (1972) suggested this species is closely related to C. scutulatus. However, a later study by Murphy and Crabtree (1985) used allozyme data to conclude the Santa Catalina rattlesnake shares its most recent ancestor with C. ruber. Most of the morphological, biogeographic, and biochemical data suggest the same.[4]

References

  1. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Crotalus catalinensis". March 2007.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ "Crotalus catalinensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  4. ^ a b c Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  5. ^ a b c d Islands and Snakes: Isolation and Adaptive Evolution. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, Oxford. 2019. pp. 241–257. ISBN 9780190676414.
  6. ^ a b Crotalus catalinensis at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 September 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e Crotalus catalinensis at San Diego Natural History Museum. Accessed 11 February 2007.
  8. ^ a b c Avila-Villegas H, Martins M, Arnaud G. 2007. Feeding Ecology of the Endemic Rattless Rattlesnake, Crotalus catalinenis, of Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (1):80-84 2007. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236897092_Feeding_Ecology_of_the_Endemic_Rattleless_Rattlesnake_Crotalus_catalinensis_of_Santa_Catalina_Island_Gulf_of_California_Mexico?ev=prf_pub http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1643/0045-8511%282007%297%5B80%3AFEOTER%5D2.0.CO%B2
  9. ^ a b c d Arnaud, Gustavo; Sandoval, Sarahi; Escobar, Jonothan; Gómez-Muñoz, Victor (18 October 2022). "Thermal ecology of the Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis from Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California". ResearchGate. Retrieved 18 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Case, Ted J.; Cody, Martin L. (1 January 1983). Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortéz. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04799-0.
  11. ^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 September 2007.
  12. ^ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64314/12764544. March 2007.
  13. ^ Martins, Marcio; Arnaud, Gustavo; Ávila-Villegas, Héctor (31 December 2012). "Juvenile Recruitment, Early Growth, and Morphological Variation in the Endangered Santa Catalina Rattlesnake, Crotalus Catalinensis". ResearchGate.
  14. ^ a b c d Ávila Villegas, Héctor (2005). "Aspectos ecológicos de la serpiente de cascabel de la Isla Santa Catalina Crotalus catalinensis, Golfo de California, México". Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, s.c. Retrieved 20 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ a b c Avila-Villegas, Héctor; Martins, Marcio; Arnaud, Gustavo (February 2007). "Feeding Ecology of the Endemic Rattleless Rattlesnake, Crotalus catalinensis, of Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico". Copeia. 2007 (1): 80–84. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[80:FEOTER]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 56217314.
  16. ^ a b c Martins M, Arnaud G, Murillo-Quero R. 2008. Exploring Hyptheses about the Loss Of The Rattle In Rattlesnakes: How Arboreal Is the Isla Santa Catalina Rattleless Rattlesnake, Crotalus catalinensis? South American Journal of Herpetology, 3(2),2008,162-167
  17. ^ Boback, Scott M. (February 2003). "Body Size Evolution in Snakes: Evidence from Island Populations". Copeia. 2003 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0081:BSEISE]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 34472225.
  18. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, Sergio Ticul; Arnaud, Gustavo; Cortés-Calva, Patricia; Méndez, Lia (1 March 2010). "Invasive migration of a mainland rodent to santa catalina island and its effect on the endemic species Peromyscus slevini". Biological Invasions. 12 (3): 437–439. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9466-8. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 19525266.
  19. ^ Ávila-Villegas, Héctor; Arnaud, Gustavo; Martins, Marcio (June 2014). "Diet and activity pattern of the Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis". ResearchGate. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

Further reading

  • Murphy RW, Crabtree B. 1985. Genetic relationships of the Santa Catalina Island rattleless rattlesnake. Acta Zool. Mex. (ns) 9. 16 pp.
  • Ávila-Villegas, H. 2005. Aspectos ecologicos de la serpiente de cascabel de la Isla Santa Catalina, Crotalis catalinensis. Golfo de California, México.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295919115_Aspectos_ecologicos_de_la_serpiente_de_cascabel_de_la_Isla_Santa_Catalina_Crotalus_catalinensis_Ecological_Aspects_of_the_Santa_Catalina_Island_Rattlesnake_Crotalus_catalinensis?ev=prf_pub

External links

  • Crotalus catalinensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 12 December 2007.

April 19, 2023
crotalus, catalinensis, santa, catalina, rattlesnake, species, viper, endemic, isla, santa, catalina, gulf, california, just, east, coast, state, baja, california, mexico, like, other, vipers, venomous, subspecies, currently, recognized, relatively, small, sle. The Santa Catalina rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis is a species of pit viper endemic to Isla Santa Catalina in the Gulf of California just off the east coast of the state of Baja California Sur Mexico Like all other pit vipers it is venomous No subspecies are currently recognized 3 A relatively small and slender species its most distinctive characteristic is that it lacks a rattle 4 They are also a generally nocturnal species 5 Though the species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List there few efforts for the snake s conservation 6 Crotalus catalinensisConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataSuborder SerpentesFamily ViperidaeGenus CrotalusSpecies C catalinensisBinomial nameCrotalus catalinensisCliff 1954 2 Contents 1 Description 2 Geographic range 3 Conservation status 4 Habitat 5 Behavior 6 Feeding 7 Taxonomy 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription EditThis species is relatively slender and stunted growing to a maximum of 73 1 cm 2 ft 4 8 in in length 4 Its most distinctive feature is its lack of a rattle The base of the tail the button has degenerated to such an extent that the rattle immediately falls off with each shed instead of forming a new segment as it does in other species of rattlesnakes This is widely believed to be a localized adaptation for hunting mice as well as occasionally birds 7 8 Of the two distinct color variations the predominant variant has a light cream colored base with reddish brown blotching down the back and black and white banding around the tail The other variant has a much lighter ash gray color with darker gray blotching The banding around the tail is still present The banding tapers off and becomes more obscure The two different colors were originally thought to be due to natural selection and therefore match different habitat backgrounds but that has not been supported There is no difference between the brown and grey within the habitat as well as no difference in the frequency of color between males and females 5 However evidence suggests that the darker coloration on the snakes make them more easily adaptable because of their ability to bask and absorb more heat This causes their metabolism to speed up which provides them with faster digestion that helps increase strength and physical conditions Due to these factors the darker colored snakes have greater reproductive success than the lighter colored snakes Though the dark snakes have these advantages their coloration comes at a cost because they are more easily spotted by predators than the sand colored snakes 9 Geographic range EditThis snake is found only on Isla Santa Catalina in the Gulf of California off the coast of southern Baja California This island is also the type locality for the species 2 The island is fairly small being only 43 square kilometers 17 square miles 10 Conservation status EditThis species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List with the following criteria B1ab v v3 1 2001 6 This means that the best available evidence indicates it is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild because its geographic range is estimated to be less than 100 km2 it exists at only a single location and a continuing decline has been observed inferred or projected in the number of mature individuals It was assessed in 2007 11 It is threatened due to collecting and the introduction of alien predator species such as domestic cats 7 This population of cats formerly invaded the island and have since been eradicated in 2002 12 There is no guarantee that the cats will not be reintroduced into the area which could cause problems for the snake whether that be from being preyed on themselves or through the population decline of their main food sources 13 The presence of these cats have negatively affected many populations of several other island reptile species 14 Because the rattlesnake has such limited options for prey on the island it is vital to maintain the populations of prey for the conservation of C catalinensis especially because the main species of prey for the snake Peromyscus slevini is endemic to the island 15 Other threats include human influence such as killing out of fear and capturing for the illegal collection of rare wildlife Because the Santa Catalina rattlesnake is an endemic species and is without a rattle the snake is more valued and therefore more threatened 14 Climate also impacts the Santa Catalina by influencing plant productivity which is mostly related to the vast differences in the quantity of rainfall 5 Environmental temperature fluctuations due to climate change affects the snakes because they are ectotherms the outside temperature directly influences the snake s body temperature 9 There are currently no movements towards the conservation of this species Bahia de Loreto National Park considered the rattlesnake as very difficult to observe which adds to the lack of conservation efforts Because this species is endemic to the island and the territory is fairly small the area being 40 99 km2 the snakes are faced with possible inbreeding demographic and environmental stochasticity and more However there are no studies as of 2005 to support these speculations 14 Each of these threats along with the species biological characteristics of late maturation slow growth few offspring and long periods of time between each breeding period contributes to the vulnerability of the species 14 Conservation efforts for the habitats of Santa Catalina Island as well as the prey of C catalinensis would improve the rattlesnake s risk of extinction 15 Habitat EditThe habitat on Santa Catalina Island consists of Gulf Coast desert plants This snake is often found on the western side of the island within the many arroyos 7 The Santa Catalina rattlesnake is also found in plains bottoms of ravines and riverbeds of streams They are found on summits of rocky hills where they often find shelter in the rock crevices One of the main shelter options is dense vegetation which can also be used as an efficient way to find prey 5 It is believed that the snakes find shelter in the vegetation to help maintain a constant body temperature as well as use the density to hide from predators 9 Behavior EditWhile most members of this genus Crotalus are almost entirely terrestrial due to their heavy body structure this species small size makes it a swift and skillful climber Previous researchers hypothesized that the ability of the Santa Catalina rattlesnake to climb combined with its lack of a rattle allowed it to hunt roosting birds 7 but detailed research into the species diet has revealed that the Santa Catalina rattlesnake maintains a mammal based diet like most rattlesnakes 8 Further inquiry into the arboreal behavior of this island species has shown individuals actually spend the majority of their time on the ground 16 Individuals were most likely to be found in low branches of bushes during July the hottest month on the island The Santa Catalina rattlesnake is thought to climb off of the hot ground and into bushes to thermoregulate 16 The snake expresses thermo conformist behavior which means that its body temperature correlates with soil temperature This is a common trait among other rattlesnakes 9 Unlike most species of rattlesnakes the Santa Catalina rattlesnake is often observed exposed it does not tend to hide Currently the greater evidence supports the theory that the Santa Catalina rattlesnake has evolved away from having a rattle because it has no need for a warning mechanism against predators 16 Though it was previously thought that the snakes presented diurnal and nocturnal habits more evidence suggests that they are completely nocturnal even during winter months The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake does not hibernate Feeding EditPrevious theories 7 suggested the tendency for this rattlesnake to climb into low bushes was connected to a dietary shift toward consuming birds However studies conducted from 2002 to 2004 revealed that stomach and fecal contents were 70 mammal Santa Catalina deer mouse Peromyscus slevini and 30 lizard species Santa Catalina desert iguana Dipsosaurus catalinensis Santa Catalina side blotched lizard Uta squamata and Sceloporus lineatulus We found no bird remains in scats or stomach contents of C catalinensis in any year or season 8 The main prey of C catalinensis is Slevin s mouse Peromyscus slevini The diet of this rattlesnake is a fraction of the diet of its closest relative the Red diamond rattlesnake Crotalus ruber C ruber like most rattlesnakes frequently prey on lizards and small mammals such as mice rats and squirrels C ruber also is known to eat frogs toads birds and other snakes The restricted diet of the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake compared to its sister species is likely due to the limited prey diversity on the island 15 Small body size in the Santa Catalina rattlesnake may be an evolutionary response to their reliance on small sized prey 17 For example the main prey is the endemic Santa Catalina Deer Mouse Peromyscus slevini which are measured to 21 cm 8 3 in in total length including the tail which is 10 centimeters 3 9 in 18 Like other rattlesnake species from central and northern Mexico the Santa Catalina rattlesnake has greater foraging activity during the summer and rainy season July October 19 Taxonomy EditLaurence Klauber 1972 suggested this species is closely related to C scutulatus However a later study by Murphy and Crabtree 1985 used allozyme data to conclude the Santa Catalina rattlesnake shares its most recent ancestor with C ruber Most of the morphological biogeographic and biochemical data suggest the same 4 References Edit IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Crotalus catalinensis March 2007 a b McDiarmid RW Campbell JA Toure T 1999 Snake Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference vol 1 Herpetologists League 511 pp ISBN 1 893777 00 6 series ISBN 1 893777 01 4 volume Crotalus catalinensis Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 11 February 2007 a b c Campbell JA Lamar WW 2004 The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere Comstock Publishing Associates Ithaca and London 870 pp 1500 plates ISBN 0 8014 4141 2 a b c d Islands and Snakes Isolation and Adaptive Evolution Oxford University Press Incorporated Oxford Oxford University Press Incorporated Oxford 2019 pp 241 257 ISBN 9780190676414 a b Crotalus catalinensis at the IUCN Red List Accessed 13 September 2007 a b c d e Crotalus catalinensis at San Diego Natural History Museum Accessed 11 February 2007 a b c Avila Villegas H Martins M Arnaud G 2007 Feeding Ecology of the Endemic Rattless Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinenis of Santa Catalina Island Gulf of California Mexico The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 1 80 84 2007 https www researchgate net publication 236897092 Feeding Ecology of the Endemic Rattleless Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis of Santa Catalina Island Gulf of California Mexico ev prf pub http www bioone org doi full 10 1643 0045 8511 282007 297 5B80 3AFEOTER 5D2 0 CO B2 a b c d Arnaud Gustavo Sandoval Sarahi Escobar Jonothan Gomez Munoz Victor 18 October 2022 Thermal ecology of the Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis from Santa Catalina Island Gulf of California ResearchGate Retrieved 18 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Case Ted J Cody Martin L 1 January 1983 Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortez University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 04799 0 2001 Categories amp Criteria version 3 1 at the IUCN Red List Accessed 13 September 2007 https www iucnredlist org species 64314 12764544 March 2007 Martins Marcio Arnaud Gustavo Avila Villegas Hector 31 December 2012 Juvenile Recruitment Early Growth and Morphological Variation in the Endangered Santa Catalina Rattlesnake Crotalus Catalinensis ResearchGate a b c d Avila Villegas Hector 2005 Aspectos ecologicos de la serpiente de cascabel de la Isla Santa Catalina Crotalus catalinensis Golfo de California Mexico Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste s c Retrieved 20 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c Avila Villegas Hector Martins Marcio Arnaud Gustavo February 2007 Feeding Ecology of the Endemic Rattleless Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis of Santa Catalina Island Gulf of California Mexico Copeia 2007 1 80 84 doi 10 1643 0045 8511 2007 7 80 FEOTER 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0045 8511 S2CID 56217314 a b c Martins M Arnaud G Murillo Quero R 2008 Exploring Hyptheses about the Loss Of The Rattle In Rattlesnakes How Arboreal Is the Isla Santa Catalina Rattleless Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis South American Journal of Herpetology 3 2 2008 162 167 Boback Scott M February 2003 Body Size Evolution in Snakes Evidence from Island Populations Copeia 2003 1 81 94 doi 10 1643 0045 8511 2003 003 0081 BSEISE 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0045 8511 S2CID 34472225 Alvarez Castaneda Sergio Ticul Arnaud Gustavo Cortes Calva Patricia Mendez Lia 1 March 2010 Invasive migration of a mainland rodent to santa catalina island and its effect on the endemic species Peromyscus slevini Biological Invasions 12 3 437 439 doi 10 1007 s10530 009 9466 8 ISSN 1573 1464 S2CID 19525266 Avila Villegas Hector Arnaud Gustavo Martins Marcio June 2014 Diet and activity pattern of the Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis ResearchGate Retrieved 19 October 2022 Further reading EditMurphy RW Crabtree B 1985 Genetic relationships of the Santa Catalina Island rattleless rattlesnake Acta Zool Mex ns 9 16 pp Avila Villegas H 2005 Aspectos ecologicos de la serpiente de cascabel de la Isla Santa Catalina Crotalis catalinensis Golfo de California Mexico https www researchgate net publication 295919115 Aspectos ecologicos de la serpiente de cascabel de la Isla Santa Catalina Crotalus catalinensis Ecological Aspects of the Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake Crotalus catalinensis ev prf pubExternal links EditCrotalus catalinensis at the Reptarium cz Reptile Database Accessed 12 December 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crotalus catalinensis amp oldid 1139985125, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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