Correlated subquery

In a SQL database query, a correlated subquery (also known as a synchronized subquery) is a subquery (a query nested inside another query) that uses values from the outer query. Because the subquery may be evaluated once for each row processed by the outer query, it can be slow.

Examples

Correlated subqueries in the WHERE clause

Here is an example for a typical correlated subquery. In this example, the objective is to find all employees whose salary is above average for their department.

 SELECT employee_number, name  FROM employees emp  WHERE salary > (  SELECT AVG(salary)  FROM employees  WHERE department = emp.department); 

In the above query the outer query is

 SELECT employee_number, name  FROM employees emp  WHERE salary > ... 

and the inner query (the correlated subquery) is

 SELECT AVG(salary)  FROM employees  WHERE department = emp.department 

In the above nested query the inner query has to be re-executed for each employee. (A sufficiently smart implementation may cache the inner query's result on a department-by-department basis, but even in the best case the inner query must be executed once per department.)

Correlated subqueries in the SELECT clause

Correlated subqueries may appear elsewhere besides the WHERE clause; for example, this query uses a correlated subquery in the SELECT clause to print the entire list of employees alongside the average salary for each employee's department. Again, because the subquery is correlated with a column of the outer query, it must be re-executed for each row of the result.^{[citation needed]}

 SELECT employee_number,  name,  (SELECT AVG(salary)   FROM employees  WHERE department = emp.department) AS department_average  FROM employees emp 

Correlated subqueries in the FROM clause

It is generally meaningless to have a correlated subquery in the FROM clause because the table in the FROM clause is needed to evaluate the outer query, but the correlated subquery in the FROM clause can't be evaluated before the outer query is evaluated, causing a chicken-and-egg problem. Specifically, MariaDB lists this as a limitation in its documentation.^[1]

However, in some database systems, it is allowed to use correlated subqueries while joining in the FROM clause, referencing the tables listed before the join using a specified keyword, producing a number of rows in the correlated subquery and joining it to the table on the left. For example, in PostgreSQL, adding the keyword LATERAL before the right-hand subquery,^[2] or in Microsoft SQL Server, using the keyword CROSS APPLY or OUTER APPLY instead of JOIN^[3] achieves the effect.

Computation of correlated subqueries

A commonly used computational method for a correlated subquery is to rewrite it into an equivalent flat query^[4] (a process known as flattening^[5][6][7][8]). The algorithm development in this direction has an advantage of low complexity. Because this is a customized approach, existing database systems cannot flatten arbitrary correlated subqueries by following certain general rules. In addition, this approach requires high engineering efforts to implement flattening algorithms into a database engine. A general computational approach is to directly execute the nested loop by iterating all tuples of the correlated columns from the outer query block and executing the subquery as many times as the number of outer-loop tuples.^[9] This simple approach has an advantage of general-purpose because it is not affected by the type of correlated operators or subquery structures. However, it has a high computational complexity. A GPU acceleration approach is used to significantly improve the performance of the nested method of high algorithmic complexity by exploiting massive parallelism and device memory locality on GPU,^[10] which accomplishes the goal for both general-purpose software design and implementation and high performance in subquery processing.

References

1. "Subquery Limitations". MariaDB Knowledgebase. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
2. "Table Expressions - LATERAL Subqueries". postgresql.org. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
3. "FROM clause plus JOIN, APPLY, PIVOT (Transact-SQL)". docs.microsoft.com. 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
4. Kim, Won (September 1982). "On Optimizing an SQL-like Nested Query" (pdf). ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 7 (3): 443–469. doi:10.1145/319732.319745. S2CID 4374300.
5. "The SQLite Query Optimizer Overview - 11. Subquery Flattening". SQLite. Retrieved 2023-01-21. When a subquery occurs in the FROM clause of a SELECT, the simplest behavior is to evaluate the subquery into a transient table, then run the outer SELECT against the transient table. Such a plan can be suboptimal since the transient table will not have any indexes and the outer query (which is likely a join) will be forced to do a full table scan on the transient table. To overcome this problem, SQLite attempts to flatten subqueries in the FROM clause of a SELECT. This involves inserting the FROM clause of the subquery into the FROM clause of the outer query and rewriting expressions in the outer query that refer to the result set of the subquery. ...
6. "Flattening FROM Clause Subqueries". Vertica. Retrieved 2023-01-21. FROM clause subqueries are always evaluated before their containing query. In some cases, the optimizer flattens FROM clause subqueries so the query can execute more efficiently.
7. "Flattening a subquery into a normal join". Apache Derby. Retrieved 2023-01-21. Statements that include such subqueries can be flattened into joins only if the subquery does not introduce any duplicates into the result set...
8. "Chapter 15: Abstract Query Plan Guide - Flattened subqueries". Sybase. Retrieved 2023-01-21. Some subqueries can be flattened into joins. ...
9. Selinger, P. Griffiths; Astrahan, M. M.; Chamberlin, D. D.; Lorie, R. A.; Price, T. G. (1979). Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System (pdf). Proceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Boston, Massachusetts. SIGMOD '79. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 23–34. doi:10.1145/582095.582099. ISBN 089791001X. 10.1145/582095.582099.
10. Floratos, Sofoklis; Xiao, Mengbai; Wang, Hao; Guo, Chengxin; Yuan, Yuan; Lee, Rubao; Zhang, Xiaodong (2021). NestGPU: Nested Query Processing on GPU. IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering. pp. 1008–1019.

External links

• Correlated subquery with examples