The Convention of London of 1840 was a treaty with the title of Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The Convention lent some support to the Ottoman Empire, which was having difficulties with the rebellious Wali of Egypt.
Because Muhammad Ali of Egypt did not accept the terms of the convention, the Oriental Crisis of 1840 resulted. Thus, Muhammad Ali finally had to accept the convention on 27 November 1840.
The treaty summarized recent agreements concerning the Ottoman Empire under Abdulmecid I, and its second war with Muhammad Ali's Egypt Eyalet. It was brought about by the Great Powers' fear of the destabilizing effect an Ottoman collapse would have on Europe.
The Ottomans agreed to declare the Dardanelles closed to all non-Ottoman warships in peacetime. Muhammad Ali was to withdraw immediately his forces from Arabia, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, Crete, and the district of Adana, all within the Ottoman Empire. In return, the signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Eyalet of Acre if those territories would remain part of the Ottoman Empire. If he did not agree to withdrawal of his forces within ten days, he should lose the offer in Southern Syria; if he delayed acceptance more than 20 days, he should forfeit everything offered.[1] He also had to return the Ottoman fleet that had defected to Egypt and was in Alexandria.
Oriental Crisis of 1840edit
The European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to effect this agreement, but Muhammad Ali, backed by France, refused to accept its terms in the time given. That led to the Oriental Crisis of 1840, and British and Austrian forces attacked Acre, defeating his troops late in 1840. Muhammad Ali's forces faced increasing military pressure from Europe and the Ottoman Empire, fought a losing battle against insurgents in its captured territories, and saw the general deterioration of its military from the strain of the recent wars.
Muhammad Ali finally accepted the terms of the Convention and the firmans subsequently issued by the sultan, confirming his rule over Egypt and the Sudan. He withdrew from Syria and Crete and sent back the Ottoman fleet. The London Convention and the firmans were the legal basis for Egypt's status as an autonomous Ottoman province. Later Egyptian nationalists cited them to discredit claims for the British occupation.
^Geoffrey G. Butler, Simon Maccoby, The Development of International Law, p. 440
Referencesedit
Goldschmidt, A.; Johnston, R. (2004) Historical Dictionary of Egypt (3rd ed.) American University in Cairo Press, p. 243
Berger, M. (1960) Military Elite and Social Change: Egypt Since Napoleon. Princeton: Center for International Studies, p. 11
Rich, N. (1992) Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
External linksedit
Convention between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and Turkey for the pacification of the Levant (text of the treaty, published in William Cargill: The Foreign Affairs of Great Britain; Google Books)
April 25, 2024
convention, london, 1840, other, treaties, conventions, signed, london, treaty, london, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, c. For other treaties and conventions signed in London see Treaty of London This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Convention of London of 1840 was a treaty with the title of Convention for the Pacification of the Levant signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of United Kingdom Austria Prussia Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other The Convention lent some support to the Ottoman Empire which was having difficulties with the rebellious Wali of Egypt Convention of LondonSigned15 July 1840LocationLondon United KingdomSignatories United Kingdom Austrian Empire Prussia Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Because Muhammad Ali of Egypt did not accept the terms of the convention the Oriental Crisis of 1840 resulted Thus Muhammad Ali finally had to accept the convention on 27 November 1840 Contents 1 Negotiations 2 Oriental Crisis of 1840 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksNegotiations editThe treaty summarized recent agreements concerning the Ottoman Empire under Abdulmecid I and its second war with Muhammad Ali s Egypt Eyalet It was brought about by the Great Powers fear of the destabilizing effect an Ottoman collapse would have on Europe The Ottomans agreed to declare the Dardanelles closed to all non Ottoman warships in peacetime Muhammad Ali was to withdraw immediately his forces from Arabia the holy cities of Mecca and Medina Crete and the district of Adana all within the Ottoman Empire In return the signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Eyalet of Acre if those territories would remain part of the Ottoman Empire If he did not agree to withdrawal of his forces within ten days he should lose the offer in Southern Syria if he delayed acceptance more than 20 days he should forfeit everything offered 1 He also had to return the Ottoman fleet that had defected to Egypt and was in Alexandria Oriental Crisis of 1840 editThe European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to effect this agreement but Muhammad Ali backed by France refused to accept its terms in the time given That led to the Oriental Crisis of 1840 and British and Austrian forces attacked Acre defeating his troops late in 1840 Muhammad Ali s forces faced increasing military pressure from Europe and the Ottoman Empire fought a losing battle against insurgents in its captured territories and saw the general deterioration of its military from the strain of the recent wars Muhammad Ali finally accepted the terms of the Convention and the firmans subsequently issued by the sultan confirming his rule over Egypt and the Sudan He withdrew from Syria and Crete and sent back the Ottoman fleet The London Convention and the firmans were the legal basis for Egypt s status as an autonomous Ottoman province Later Egyptian nationalists cited them to discredit claims for the British occupation See also editLondon Straits Convention 1841 History of Ottoman Egypt History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynastyNotes edit Geoffrey G Butler Simon Maccoby The Development of International Law p 440References editGoldschmidt A Johnston R 2004 Historical Dictionary of Egypt 3rd ed American University in Cairo Press p 243 Berger M 1960 Military Elite and Social Change Egypt Since Napoleon Princeton Center for International Studies p 11 Rich N 1992 Great Power Diplomacy 1814 1914 Boston McGraw Hill External links editConvention between Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia and Turkey for the pacification of the Levant text of the treaty published in William Cargill The Foreign Affairs of Great Britain Google Books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Convention of London 1840 amp oldid 1167889575, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
