Control order

A control order is an order made by the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom to restrict an individual's liberty for the purpose of "protecting members of the public from a risk of terrorism". Its definition and power were provided by Parliament in the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. Control orders were also included in the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005.^{[relevant? ][not verified in body]}

The control orders section of the Prevention of Terrorism Act provides for extremely limited rights of appeal and the absence of double jeopardy restrictions (i.e. if a recipient managed to win an appeal in the Court of Appeal or other tribunal, the Home Office could simply re-apply the same order again). This has led to many court rulings highly critical of the orders.^[1]

The Prevention of Terrorism Act and control orders were repealed in December 2011 by the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011.^[2]

Powers

The list of possible restrictions and obligations that can be included in a control order is long. It can place restrictions on what the person can use or possess, their place of work, place of residence, whom they speak to, and where they can travel. Furthermore, the person can be ordered to surrender their passport, let the police visit their home at any time, report to officials at a specific time and place, and allow themselves to be electronically tagged so their movements can be tracked.

In short, it provides for a graduated scale of technological "prisons without bars" that are intended to work within the European Convention on Human Rights.^[3]

When the control order crosses the line and "deprives liberty", rather than "restricts liberty", it is called a derogating control order because it infringes Article 5 of the ECHR. This can only happen if there is a derogation according to Article 15, and the Home Secretary must apply to a court for the authority. Derogation is only allowed when there is a "war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation".

The ECHR states that the government cannot deprive any person of their liberty without due process of law. This process must include informing the person of the accusation against him, giving him access to legal assistance to prepare his defence, and giving him the right to have his case heard and decided in public before a competent court.^[4]

The government has claimed that the terrorist allegations against certain individuals are of such a nature and from such sources that they cannot be prosecuted "because that would mean revealing sensitive and dangerous intelligence".^[5]

List of restrictions

• Possession and/or use of specified objects and substances.
• Use of specified services and/or facilities.
• Certain occupations and employment.
• Carrying out specified activities.
• Restriction on association and communications with specified people, or people in general.
• Restriction of place of residence, and visitors to the residence.
• Movements at certain times of the day, or to certain places.
• Passport must be surrendered.
• A requirement to admit specified persons to certain premises.
• A requirement to allow specified persons to confiscate and/or scientifically examine any object on premises owned by the subject.
• A requirement to allow electronic surveillance to be carried out and photographs taken.
• Any other restrictions whatsoever for up to 24hrs, when it is deemed necessary.

History

The power to make control orders was voted through Parliament on the evening of 11 March 2005 after a famously long session of Parliamentary ping-pong. The ten detainees being held under Part 4 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 were released from Belmarsh and were immediately subject to control orders.^[6]

On March 24, 2005, one of the men, Abu Rideh, gave a newspaper interview where he denied having any connection with terrorism, and was able to outline the contents of his order.^[7]

• He is not allowed to make arrangements to meet anybody, but he can meet them if he does so unannounced
• He cannot attend any prearranged meetings or gatherings, but was present at the anti-war demonstration at Hyde Park the previous Saturday. He says he stumbled across it while playing football in the park with his children
• He is banned from having visitors to his home unless they are vetted in advance, but he is allowed to arrange to attend group prayers at a mosque

On April 16, 2005, it was reported that all 10 control orders had been printed with the same reason, connecting individuals with the Wood Green "ricin plot". It was blamed on a "clerical error".^[8][9]

On 23 May 2011, following a Government Review of Counter-Terrorism and Security Measures published in January 2011,^[10] the Home Office announced the scheme intended to replace the control orders: Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIM).^[11] Although intended to be more flexible and to focus more on the investigation of the individual suspected of terrorism-related activity with increased judicial oversight,^[11] they have been dubbed as mere re-brandings of control orders.^[12]

Timeline of ministerial statements and legal challenges

Section 14 requires the Home Secretary to make a statement to Parliament every three months reporting about their exercise of the control order powers.

• 11 March 2005 - The act came into force and 11 orders were in place, all against former Belmarsh prisoners who had been held under the previous Anti-terrorism regime.^[13]

• 16 June 2005 - Nothing had changed, except that 3 of the orders were varied to take account of change of address.^[13]
• 10 October 2005 - 9 orders had been revoked, one new one in made against a British national. Therefore, there were 3 in operation.^[14]

• 12 December 2005 - 5 new orders made, making the total 8.^[15]

• 15 February 2006 - both the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to renew the legislation on the terms of the sunset clause.^[16][17]
• 13 March 2006 - 11 control orders were in place, 3 of which were on British nationals.^[18]

• 12 April 2006 - A court ruled that the review procedure for the control orders was not compatible with Article 6 of ECHR (Right to a fair hearing), however the then Home Secretary Charles Clarke was undeterred in his stance on Control Orders.^[19]

• 12 June 2006 - 14 control orders in force, 5 on British nationals.^[20]

• 29 June 2006 - a High Court judge nullified six of these orders as being incompatible with the ECHR, saying: "I am left in no doubt whatsoever that the cumulative effect of the order has been to deprive the respondents of their liberty, in breach of article 5. I do not consider that this is a borderline case."^[21]
• 11 September 2006 - 9 new orders were made; 2 were against British citizens on 19 June and 5 September, the rest against foreign nationals, one on 31 July and the other 6 on 1 August. There were now 15 orders in force, 6 of which are against British citizens.^[22]

• 16 October 2006 - the Home Office revealed that two men who are subject to control orders had absconded and were on the run. One suspect had escaped some months previously and the second had gone missing in the last two weeks, but authorities had kept these security breaches out of the public domain until this date.^[23]
• 17 November 2006 - Lord Carlile made his first annual review of control orders and recommended that more information be included in the ministerial statements.^[24]
• 11 December 2006 - 16 control orders were in force, 7 on British nationals.^[25][26]
• 31 October 2007 - Supreme Court of the United Kingdom rules on three cases involving control orders. They ruled that 18-hour curfews are a deprivation of liberty ^[27] but that 12-^[28] and 14-^[29] hour curfews are acceptable.
• 11 September 2007 - 9 new orders were made; 2 were against British citizens on 19 June and 5 September - 14 control orders in force, 8 in respect of British citizens. There were 3 absconders.^[30]

• 21 February 2008 - Parliament renewed the Act for another year^[31]

• 3 March 2009 - Parliament approved again for another year.
• 10 June 2009 - In the case of Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF and another (2009) UKHL 28, the House of Lords rules 9-0 that sufficient detail of the allegations must be disclosed to suspects to enable them to give effective instructions to the special advocates representing them.

See also

• Security Certificate of Canada
• Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 (Australia)

References

1. . Garden Court North Chambers. 18 August 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
2. "Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011".
3. Lettice, John (1 March 2005). "Restrict freedom to preserve liberty: cunning Home Office plan". The Register.
4. "- ETS no. 005 - Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms". Council of Europe. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
5. Blears, Hazel (10 March 2005). "It is the advice of the security...: 10 Mar 2005: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
6. Bright, Martin; Hinsliff, Gaby (13 March 2005). "Chaos as first terror orders are used". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
7. "Control order flaws exposed". The Guardian. London. 24 March 2005.
8. "Apology over control orders error". BBC News. 16 April 2005.
9. Gillan, Audrey (16 April 2005). "Home Office says sorry to suspects for ricin blunder". The Guardian. London.
10. Home Office (26 January 2011). Review of counter-terrorism and security powers: review findings and recommendations (PDF) (Report). Cm. Vol. 8004. Norwich: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-10-180042-6. OCLC 700136320. OL 28251337W.
11. "Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act". 26 October 2016.
12. Ryder, Matthew (28 January 2011). "Control orders have been rebranded. Big problems remain". comment is free. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
13. Charles Clarke Written Ministerial Statement, 16 June 2005 col. 23WS Control Order Powers (11 March 2005-11 June 2005)
14. Charles Clarke Written Ministerial Statement, 10 October 2005 col. 9WS Control Order Powers (11 June 2005-10 September 2005)
15. Charles Clarke Written Ministerial Statement, 12 December 2005 col. 131WS Control Order Powers (11 September 2005-10 December 2005)
16. "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism: 15 Feb 2006: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
17. "Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005...: 15 Feb 2006: House of Lords debates". TheyWorkForYou. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
18. Charles Clarke Written Ministerial Statement, 13 March 2006 col. 88WS Control Order Powers (11 December 2005-10 March 2006)
19. Charles Clarke Written Ministerial Statement, 24 April 2006 col. 32WS Control Order Judgement
20. John Reid Written Ministerial Statement, 12 June 2006 col. 48WS Control Order Powers (11 March 2006-19 June 2006)
21. Travis, Alan; Gillan, Audrey (29 June 2006). "New blow for Home Office as judge quashes six terror orders". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
22. Tony McNulty Written Ministerial Statement, 11 September 2006 col. 122WS Control Order Powers (11 June 2006-10 September 2006)
23. "Two terror suspects 'on the run'". BBC News. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
24. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
25. . Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
26. "Control Orders and mobile phone and internet bans". Spy Blog. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
27. Lords of Appeal (31 October 2007). "Opinions of the Lords of Appeal for Judgment in the Cause: Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant) v. JJ and others (FC) (Respondents)". House of Lords. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
28. Lords of Appeal (31 October 2007). "Opinions of the Lords of Appeal for Judgment in the Cause: Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) v. E and another (Appellants)". House of Lords. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
29. Lords of Appeal (31 October 2007). "Opinions of the Lords of Appeal for Judgment in the Cause: Secretary of State for the Home Department v. MB (FC) (Appellant)". House of Lords. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
30. Tony McNulty Written Ministerial Statement, 17 September 2007 col. 126WS Control Order Powers (11 June 2007 to 10 September 2007)
31. Commons Debate, 21 February 2008 col. 561 Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism

Further reading

• BBC News - Jihadi diary: Inside the mind 14/06/07 - the diary of Zeeshan Anis Siddiqui, a British jihadi who escaped his control order
• BBC News article explaining Control Orders
• Clive Walker, 'Keeping control of terrorists without losing control of constitutionalism' (2007) 59 Stanford Law Review 1395-1463^{[permanent dead link]}
• JUSTICE report on Secret Evidence (June 2009)^{[permanent dead link]}

External links

• Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation
• Text of the Terrorism Act
• First House of Commons debate on control orders