The Concord coach is a type of horse-drawn coach, often used as stagecoaches, mailcoaches, and hotel coaches. The term was first used for the coaches built by coach-builder J. Stephen Abbot and wheelwright Lewis Downing of the Abbot-Downing Company in Concord, New Hampshire, but later to be sometimes used generically. Like their predecessors, the Concords employed a style of suspension and construction particularly suited to North America's early 19th century roads. Leather thoroughbraces suspend passengers who are in constant motion while the coach is moving. The swaying is accepted by passengers for the shock absorbing action of the leatherstraps and for the way the special motion eases the coach over very rough patches of roadway. This suspension, which was developed by Philip de Chiese in the 17th century, was long replaced by steelsprings in England.
The coaches developed out of earlier models, such as the “melon-shaped” coach illustrated by Captain Basil Hall, and was probably first built in this final form in Upstate New York, and were often known as “Troy coaches” or “Albany coaches”.
The Abbot-Downing Company, however, continued making these coaches for over 70 years, well after most their competitors, and the name became used as a generic term.
They were high-end, expensive vehicles; the cost was justified by long service life. The thoroughbrace suspension reduced stresses on the structure and improved passenger comfort.
Railroads began replacing stagecoaches in the middle of the 19th century, but Concord coaches remained in commercial use into the 20th century and continue to be used in parades and for publicity purposes by Wells Fargo Bank.
Concord coaches varied widely in capacity, from small four-person vehicles through the iconic 9 passenger heavy western mail coaches and beyond, so dimensions vary. (Rated sizes were for interior seats; a coach might carry more passengers outside.) A larger coach might weigh 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) and could stand over 9 feet (2.7 m) tall.[1]
Design featuresEdit
ConstructionEdit
The three longitudinal perches,
the front transom supporting the metal uprights,
the front axle with its link for the pole.
Brake levers on the outside edge either side
Timber: white oak, ash and basswood braced with iron bands. Iron fittings. Leather and canvas.
UndercarriageEdit
The undercarriage supports the leather thoroughbraces[note 1] carrying the body. The two axles are tied together by a firm undercarriage braced by three straight perches (lengthwise frame members) and given a relatively slim transom (the transverse members at either end of the perches).
Each end of each transom holds an upright metal standard from which hang the leather thoroughbraces.[2]
BrakesEdit
The back wheels have brake blocks acting on the iron tires. The driver controls them with a foot lever to his right at the side of his footboard.[2]
BodyEdit
The body needs to make no contribution to the rigidity of the undercarriage and so is more lightly constructed than was the custom for European vehicles. This lightness also eases progress on the very rough roads.[2]
There are three bench seats accommodating up to nine people though models to seat six and twelve passengers were available. The benches at the front and back of the body have limited headroom.[2] Passengers on the center bench are given no backrest but steady themselves with a broad leather harness suspended across the coach by straps from the roof.[3]
Another six passengers can travel in the open air on the body's roof. There is an external luggage compartment or boot at the back of the body and another boot for valuables below the driver's seat at the front.[2]
The leading horses are known as the lead horses. The wheel horses or wheelers are the back pair nearest the coach's wheels.[2] The number of horses, usually four or six, could be even more. Two horses alone would very soon tire.
It is not possible to guide a Concord coach with European-style precision. The Concord body continuously shifts. The driver or coachman has to sit slightly askew and brace himself with the aid of a steeply angled footboard. He cannot keep his reins in a steady contact with the horses' mouths. He has to bend his arms and elbows to constantly compensate, and his body always leans slightly forward. He holds his left reins in his left hand and his right reins — separated by his middle finger — in his right hand and not all in one hand like a European could. It is easy to slacken an individual rein but much more difficult to shorten it. His right hand also has to control his whip used on the wheel horses. If obliged to make his right hand free, then he must lay all the right hand reins in his left hand unseparated.[2]
The horses were harnessed very loosely by European standards because without proper roads the horses had to be allowed to avoid their particular obstacles. The Concord pole, though mounted to allow far more play, moved less.[2]
The result was the coach's direction was straighter than with a European coach, it did not respond to every irregularity in the road.[2]
Overland wagon No. 201 with modified thoroughbrace suspension, lighter simpler and near half the cost of a Concord (Seeley Stable Museum)
Concord coaches were expensive. Abbot-Downing also supplied a much simpler, lighter, and less expensive vehicle which they named Overland wagon and later Western passenger wagon.[4]
NotesEdit
^Strong leather straps supporting the body of a coach or other vehicle; also "thorough braces"
^"1891 Abbot Downing Concord Coach - The Henry Ford". The Henry Ford. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ abcdefghiSallman, Robert (Spring 1979). Ryder, Thomas (ed.). "Coaching in the New and Old World". The Carriage Journal. Carriage Association of America. 16 (4): 204–206. ISSN 0008-6916 – via Google Books.
^Wheeling, Ken (October 2005). Ryder, Jill M. (ed.). "They Called Them Mudders". The Carriage Journal. Carriage Association of America. 43 (5): 236–239. ISSN 0008-6916 – via Google Books.
External linksEdit
Abbot-Downing Historical Society
Concord Coach #472. This is the 9 feet high 12 interior passenger version scroll down
Smithsonian video about US coaching
October 15, 2023
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For the bus company in northern New England see Concord Coach Lines The Concord coach is a type of horse drawn coach often used as stagecoaches mailcoaches and hotel coaches The term was first used for the coaches built by coach builder J Stephen Abbot and wheelwright Lewis Downing of the Abbot Downing Company in Concord New Hampshire but later to be sometimes used generically Like their predecessors the Concords employed a style of suspension and construction particularly suited to North America s early 19th century roads Leather thoroughbraces suspend passengers who are in constant motion while the coach is moving The swaying is accepted by passengers for the shock absorbing action of the leather straps and for the way the special motion eases the coach over very rough patches of roadway This suspension which was developed by Philip de Chiese in the 17th century was long replaced by steel springs in England Concord Coach no 251 in Wells Fargo livery Front and back boots have leather covers Seeley Stable Museum Old Town San Diego California Glen s Falls Lake George amp Chester stagecoach circa 1880The coaches developed out of earlier models such as the melon shaped coach illustrated by Captain Basil Hall and was probably first built in this final form in Upstate New York and were often known as Troy coaches or Albany coaches The Abbot Downing Company however continued making these coaches for over 70 years well after most their competitors and the name became used as a generic term They were high end expensive vehicles the cost was justified by long service life The thoroughbrace suspension reduced stresses on the structure and improved passenger comfort Railroads began replacing stagecoaches in the middle of the 19th century but Concord coaches remained in commercial use into the 20th century and continue to be used in parades and for publicity purposes by Wells Fargo Bank Contents 1 Dimensions 2 Design features 2 1 Construction 2 2 Undercarriage 2 3 Brakes 2 4 Body 2 5 Photo gallery 3 Horses 4 Operation 5 Australia and New Zealand 6 Abbot Downing wagon 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksDimensions EditConcord coaches varied widely in capacity from small four person vehicles through the iconic 9 passenger heavy western mail coaches and beyond so dimensions vary Rated sizes were for interior seats a coach might carry more passengers outside A larger coach might weigh 2 500 pounds 1 100 kg and could stand over 9 feet 2 7 m tall 1 Design features EditConstruction Edit nbsp The three longitudinal perches the front transom supporting the metal uprights the front axle with its link for the pole Brake levers on the outside edge either sideTimber white oak ash and basswood braced with iron bands Iron fittings Leather and canvas Undercarriage Edit The undercarriage supports the leather thoroughbraces note 1 carrying the body The two axles are tied together by a firm undercarriage braced by three straight perches lengthwise frame members and given a relatively slim transom the transverse members at either end of the perches Each end of each transom holds an upright metal standard from which hang the leather thoroughbraces 2 Brakes Edit The back wheels have brake blocks acting on the iron tires The driver controls them with a foot lever to his right at the side of his footboard 2 Body Edit The body needs to make no contribution to the rigidity of the undercarriage and so is more lightly constructed than was the custom for European vehicles This lightness also eases progress on the very rough roads 2 There are three bench seats accommodating up to nine people though models to seat six and twelve passengers were available The benches at the front and back of the body have limited headroom 2 Passengers on the center bench are given no backrest but steady themselves with a broad leather harness suspended across the coach by straps from the roof 3 Another six passengers can travel in the open air on the body s roof There is an external luggage compartment or boot at the back of the body and another boot for valuables below the driver s seat at the front 2 Photo gallery Edit A Concord coach in Hadley Farm Museum Hadley Massachusetts nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Horses EditThe leading horses are known as the lead horses The wheel horses or wheelers are the back pair nearest the coach s wheels 2 The number of horses usually four or six could be even more Two horses alone would very soon tire Operation Edit nbsp The Springfield coach 1907 Charlestown NH to Springfield VTIt is not possible to guide a Concord coach with European style precision The Concord body continuously shifts The driver or coachman has to sit slightly askew and brace himself with the aid of a steeply angled footboard He cannot keep his reins in a steady contact with the horses mouths He has to bend his arms and elbows to constantly compensate and his body always leans slightly forward He holds his left reins in his left hand and his right reins separated by his middle finger in his right hand and not all in one hand like a European could It is easy to slacken an individual rein but much more difficult to shorten it His right hand also has to control his whip used on the wheel horses If obliged to make his right hand free then he must lay all the right hand reins in his left hand unseparated 2 The horses were harnessed very loosely by European standards because without proper roads the horses had to be allowed to avoid their particular obstacles The Concord pole though mounted to allow far more play moved less 2 The result was the coach s direction was straighter than with a European coach it did not respond to every irregularity in the road 2 nbsp Overland wagon No 201 with modified thoroughbrace suspension lighter simpler and near half the cost of a Concord Seeley Stable Museum Australia and New Zealand EditConcord style stagecoaches were used in Australia and New Zealand see Cobb amp Co and Cobb amp Co New Zealand Abbot Downing wagon EditMain article Abbot Downing Company Concord coaches were expensive Abbot Downing also supplied a much simpler lighter and less expensive vehicle which they named Overland wagon and later Western passenger wagon 4 Notes Edit Strong leather straps supporting the body of a coach or other vehicle also thorough braces See also EditNew Hampshire Historical Marker No 128 The Concord CoachReferences Edit 1891 Abbot Downing Concord Coach The Henry Ford The Henry Ford Retrieved March 8 2019 a b c d e f g h i Sallman Robert Spring 1979 Ryder Thomas ed Coaching in the New and Old World The Carriage Journal Carriage Association of America 16 4 204 206 ISSN 0008 6916 via Google Books Groves Melody 2014 Butterfield s Byway America s First Overland Mail Route Across the West The History Press ISBN 9781625850379 LCCN 2014014195 Wheeling Ken October 2005 Ryder Jill M ed They Called Them Mudders The Carriage Journal Carriage Association of America 43 5 236 239 ISSN 0008 6916 via Google Books External links EditAbbot Downing Historical Society Concord Coach 472 This is the 9 feet high 12 interior passenger version scroll down Smithsonian video about US coaching Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Concord coach amp oldid 1178387159, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
