Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both of the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear.
A not often used definition of glaze is the highly sintered compacted oxide layer formed due to the sliding of either two metallic surfaces (or sometimes a metal surface and ceramic surface) at high temperatures (normally several hundred degrees Celsius) in oxidizing conditions. The sliding or tribological action generates oxide debris that can be compacted against one or both sliding surfaces and, under the correct conditions of load, sliding speed and oxide chemistry as well as (high) temperature, sinter together to form a 'glaze' layer. The 'glaze' formed in such cases is actually a crystalline oxide, with a very small crystal or grain size having been shown to approach nano-scale levels. Such 'glaze' layers were originally thought to be amorphous oxides of the same form as ceramic glazes, hence the name 'glaze' is still currently used.
Such 'glazes' have attracted limited attention due to their ability to protect the metallic surfaces on which they may form, from wear under the high temperature conditions in which they are generated. This high temperature wear protection allows potential use at temperatures beyond the range of conventional hydrocarbon-based, silicone-based or even solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide (the latter useful up to about 450 °C (842 °F) short term). Once they form, little further damage occurs unless there is a dramatic change in sliding conditions.
Such 'glazes' work by providing a mechanically resistant layer, which prevents direct contact between the two sliding surfaces. For example, when two metals slide against each other, there can be a high degree of adhesion between the surfaces. The adhesion may be sufficient to result in metallic transfer from one surface to the other (or removal and ejection of such material) - effectively adhesive wear (also referred to as severe wear). With the 'glaze' layer present, such severe adhesive interactions cannot occur and wear may be greatly reduced. The continued generation of oxidized debris during the more gradual wear that results (entitled mild wear) can sustain the 'glaze' layer and maintain this low wear regime.
However, their potential application has been hampered as they have only successfully been formed under the very sliding conditions where they are meant to offer protection. A limited amount of sliding damage (referred to as 'run in wear' - actually a brief period of adhesive or severe wear) needs to occur before the oxides are generated and such 'glaze' layers can form. Efforts at encouraging their early formation have met with very limited success, and the damage inflicted during the 'run in' period is one factor preventing this technique being used for practical applications.
As oxide generated is effectively the result of the tribochemical decay of one or both of the metallic (or ceramic) surfaces in contact, the study of compacted oxide layer glazes is sometimes referred to as part of the more general field of high temperature corrosion.
The generation of oxides during high temperature sliding wear does not automatically lead to the production of a compacted oxide layer 'glaze'. Under certain conditions (potentially due to non-ideal conditions of sliding speed, load, temperature or oxide chemistry / composition), the oxide may not sinter together and instead the loose oxide debris may assist or enhance the removal of material by abrasive wear. A change in conditions may also see a switch from the formation of a loose, abrasive oxide to the formation of wear protective compacted oxide glaze layers and vice versa, or even the reappearance of adhesive or severe wear. Due to the complexities of the conditions controlling the types of wear observed, there have been a number of attempts to map types of wear with reference to sliding conditions in order to help better understand and predict them.
Potential uses
Due to the potential for wear protection at high temperatures beyond which conventional lubricants can be used, possible uses have been speculated in applications such as car engines, power generation and even aerospace, where there is an increasing demand for ever higher efficiency and thus operating temperature.
Compacted oxide layers at low temperatures
Compacted oxide layers can form due to sliding at low temperatures and offer some wear protection, however, in the absence of heat as a driving force (either due to frictional heating or higher ambient temperature), they cannot sinter together to form more protective 'glaze' layers.
I.A. Inman. Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys, Ph.D. Thesis (2003), Northumbria University, ISBN1-58112-321-3 (preview)
S.R. Rose – Studies of the High Temperature Tribological Behaviour of Superalloys, Ph.D. Thesis, AMRI, Northumbria University (2000)
P.D. Wood – The Effect of the Counterface on the Wear Resistance of Certain Alloys at Room Temperature and 750°C, Ph.D. Thesis, SERG, Northumbria University (1997)
J.F. Archard and W. Hirst – The Wear of Metals under Unlubricated Conditions, Proc Royal Society London, A 236 (1956) 397-410
J.F. Archard and W. Hirst – An Examination of a Mild Wear Process Proc. Royal Society London, A 238 (1957) 515-528
J.K. Lancaster – The Formation of Surface Films at the Transition Between Mild and Severe Metallic Wear, Proc. Royal Society London, A 273 (1962) 466-483
T.F.J. Quinn – Review of Oxidational Wear. Part 1: The Origins of Oxidational Wear Tribo. Int., 16 (1983) 257-270
I.A. Inman, P.K. Datta, H.L. Du, Q Luo, S. Piergalski – Studies of high temperature sliding wear of metallic dissimilar interfaces, Tribology International 38 (2005) 812–823 (Elsevier / Science Direct)
F.H. Stott, D.S. Lin and G.C. Wood – The Structure and Mechanism of Formation of the ‘Glaze’ Oxide Layers Produced on Nickel-Based Alloys during Wear at High Temperatures, Corrosion Science, Vol. 13 (1973) 449-469
F.H. Stott, J.Glascott and G.C. Wood – Models for the Generation of Oxides during Sliding Wear, Proc Royal Society London A 402 (1985) 167-186
F.H. Stott – The Role of Oxidation in the Wear of Alloys, Tribology International, 31 (1998) 61-71
S.C. Lim – Recent Development in Wear Maps, Tribo. Int., Vol. 31, Nos. 1-3 (1998) 87-97
March 04, 2023
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Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny wear protective layer of oxide formed when two metals or a metal and ceramic are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen containing atmosphere The layer forms on either or both of the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear Contents 1 Background 2 Potential uses 3 Compacted oxide layers at low temperatures 4 See also 5 ReferencesBackground EditA not often used definition of glaze is the highly sintered compacted oxide layer formed due to the sliding of either two metallic surfaces or sometimes a metal surface and ceramic surface at high temperatures normally several hundred degrees Celsius in oxidizing conditions The sliding or tribological action generates oxide debris that can be compacted against one or both sliding surfaces and under the correct conditions of load sliding speed and oxide chemistry as well as high temperature sinter together to form a glaze layer The glaze formed in such cases is actually a crystalline oxide with a very small crystal or grain size having been shown to approach nano scale levels Such glaze layers were originally thought to be amorphous oxides of the same form as ceramic glazes hence the name glaze is still currently used Such glazes have attracted limited attention due to their ability to protect the metallic surfaces on which they may form from wear under the high temperature conditions in which they are generated This high temperature wear protection allows potential use at temperatures beyond the range of conventional hydrocarbon based silicone based or even solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide the latter useful up to about 450 C 842 F short term Once they form little further damage occurs unless there is a dramatic change in sliding conditions Such glazes work by providing a mechanically resistant layer which prevents direct contact between the two sliding surfaces For example when two metals slide against each other there can be a high degree of adhesion between the surfaces The adhesion may be sufficient to result in metallic transfer from one surface to the other or removal and ejection of such material effectively adhesive wear also referred to as severe wear With the glaze layer present such severe adhesive interactions cannot occur and wear may be greatly reduced The continued generation of oxidized debris during the more gradual wear that results entitled mild wear can sustain the glaze layer and maintain this low wear regime However their potential application has been hampered as they have only successfully been formed under the very sliding conditions where they are meant to offer protection A limited amount of sliding damage referred to as run in wear actually a brief period of adhesive or severe wear needs to occur before the oxides are generated and such glaze layers can form Efforts at encouraging their early formation have met with very limited success and the damage inflicted during the run in period is one factor preventing this technique being used for practical applications As oxide generated is effectively the result of the tribochemical decay of one or both of the metallic or ceramic surfaces in contact the study of compacted oxide layer glazes is sometimes referred to as part of the more general field of high temperature corrosion The generation of oxides during high temperature sliding wear does not automatically lead to the production of a compacted oxide layer glaze Under certain conditions potentially due to non ideal conditions of sliding speed load temperature or oxide chemistry composition the oxide may not sinter together and instead the loose oxide debris may assist or enhance the removal of material by abrasive wear A change in conditions may also see a switch from the formation of a loose abrasive oxide to the formation of wear protective compacted oxide glaze layers and vice versa or even the reappearance of adhesive or severe wear Due to the complexities of the conditions controlling the types of wear observed there have been a number of attempts to map types of wear with reference to sliding conditions in order to help better understand and predict them Potential uses EditDue to the potential for wear protection at high temperatures beyond which conventional lubricants can be used possible uses have been speculated in applications such as car engines power generation and even aerospace where there is an increasing demand for ever higher efficiency and thus operating temperature Compacted oxide layers at low temperatures EditCompacted oxide layers can form due to sliding at low temperatures and offer some wear protection however in the absence of heat as a driving force either due to frictional heating or higher ambient temperature they cannot sinter together to form more protective glaze layers See also EditTribology WearReferences EditI A Inman Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys Ph D Thesis 2003 Northumbria University ISBN 1 58112 321 3 preview S R Rose Studies of the High Temperature Tribological Behaviour of Superalloys Ph D Thesis AMRI Northumbria University 2000 P D Wood The Effect of the Counterface on the Wear Resistance of Certain Alloys at Room Temperature and 750 C Ph D Thesis SERG Northumbria University 1997 J F Archard and W Hirst The Wear of Metals under Unlubricated Conditions Proc Royal Society London A 236 1956 397 410 J F Archard and W Hirst An Examination of a Mild Wear Process Proc Royal Society London A 238 1957 515 528 J K Lancaster The Formation of Surface Films at the Transition Between Mild and Severe Metallic Wear Proc Royal Society London A 273 1962 466 483 T F J Quinn Review of Oxidational Wear Part 1 The Origins of Oxidational Wear Tribo Int 16 1983 257 270 I A Inman P K Datta H L Du Q Luo S Piergalski Studies of high temperature sliding wear of metallic dissimilar interfaces Tribology International 38 2005 812 823 Elsevier Science Direct F H Stott D S Lin and G C Wood The Structure and Mechanism of Formation of the Glaze Oxide Layers Produced on Nickel Based Alloys during Wear at High Temperatures Corrosion Science Vol 13 1973 449 469 F H Stott J Glascott and G C Wood Models for the Generation of Oxides during Sliding Wear Proc Royal Society London A 402 1985 167 186 F H Stott The Role of Oxidation in the Wear of Alloys Tribology International 31 1998 61 71 F H Stott High Temperature Sliding Wear of Metals Trib Int 35 2002 489 495 J Jiang F H Stott and M M Stack A Mathematical Model for Sliding Wear of Metals at Elevated Temperatures Wear 181 1995 20 31 T F J Quinn Oxidational Wear Wear 18 1971 413 419 S C Lim Recent Development in Wear Maps Tribo Int Vol 31 Nos 1 3 1998 87 97 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Compacted oxide layer glaze amp oldid 1106917364, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
