Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande of which Comecrudo is the best known. These were spoken by the Comecrudo people. Very little is known about these languages or the people who spoke them. Knowledge of them primarily consists of word lists collected by Europeanmissionaries and explorers. All Comecrudan languages are extinct.
Edward Sapir (1920) accepted Swanton's proposal and grouped this hypothetical Coahuiltecan into his Hokan stock.
After these proposals, documentation of the Garza and Mamulique languages was brought to light, and Goddard (1979) believes that there is sufficient similarity between them and Comecrudan for them to be considered genetically related. He rejects all other relationships.
Powell's original Coahuiltecan, renamed Pakawan and extended with Garza and Mamulique, has been defended by Manaster Ramer (1996), who also sees a relationship with Karankawa probable and Atakapa as a more distant possibility.[1] This proposal has been challenged by Campbell,[2] who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing.
Evidenceedit
The following table of common core vocabulary constitutes the complete evidence given by Goddard (1979: 380) in support of a Comecrudan family. Berlandier's manuscripts contain the only existing records of Mamulique and Garza.[3][4]
^Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1828–1829). [Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande]. (Additional manuscripts, no. 38720, in the British Library, London.)
^Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1850). Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell. Diario de viage de la Commission de Limites. Mexico.
Bibliographyedit
Archivesedit
National Anthropological Archives, MS 297: Comecrudo and Cotoname Vocabularies
National Anthropological Archives, MS 2440: English-Comecrudo Vocabulary
National Anthropological Archives, MS 4279: Correspondences between the Three Dialects of Coahuiltecan: Cotoname, Comecrudo, and Coahuilteco
Secondary literatureedit
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-509427-1.
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Goddard, Ives. (1979). The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.) The languages of native America (pp. 355–389). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN0-16-048774-9.
Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN0-8032-9271-6.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN0-521-29875-X.
Saldivar, Gabriel. (1943). Los Indios de Tamaulipas. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History.
Sapir, Edward. (1920). The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1 (4), 280–290.
Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
Swanton, John R. (1915). Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 17, 17–40.
See alsoedit
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Comecrudo word list
comecrudan, languages, comecrudan, refers, group, possibly, related, languages, spoken, southernmost, part, texas, northern, mexico, along, grande, which, comecrudo, best, known, these, were, spoken, comecrudo, people, very, little, known, about, these, langua. Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande of which Comecrudo is the best known These were spoken by the Comecrudo people Very little is known about these languages or the people who spoke them Knowledge of them primarily consists of word lists collected by European missionaries and explorers All Comecrudan languages are extinct ComecrudanEthnicityComecrudo peopleGeographicdistributionRio Grande ValleyLinguistic classificationHokan Coahuiltecan PakawanComecrudanGlottologcome1251Pre contact distribution of Comecrudan languages Distribution continues to the south Contents 1 Family division 2 Genetic relationships 3 Evidence 4 References 5 Bibliography 5 1 Archives 5 2 Secondary literature 6 See alsoFamily division editThe three languages were Comecrudan Comecrudo a k a Mulato or Carrizo Garza Mamulique a k a Carrizo de Mamulique Genetic relationships editIn John Wesley Powell s 1891 classification of North American languages Comecrudo was grouped together with the Cotoname and Coahuilteco languages into a family called Coahuiltecan John R Swanton 1915 grouped together the Comecrudo Cotoname Coahuilteco Karankawa Tonkawa Atakapa and Maratino languages into a Coahuiltecan grouping Edward Sapir 1920 accepted Swanton s proposal and grouped this hypothetical Coahuiltecan into his Hokan stock After these proposals documentation of the Garza and Mamulique languages was brought to light and Goddard 1979 believes that there is sufficient similarity between them and Comecrudan for them to be considered genetically related He rejects all other relationships Powell s original Coahuiltecan renamed Pakawan and extended with Garza and Mamulique has been defended by Manaster Ramer 1996 who also sees a relationship with Karankawa probable and Atakapa as a more distant possibility 1 This proposal has been challenged by Campbell 2 who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing Evidence editThe following table of common core vocabulary constitutes the complete evidence given by Goddard 1979 380 in support of a Comecrudan family Berlandier s manuscripts contain the only existing records of Mamulique and Garza 3 4 Comecrudo Garza Mamulique meaningal ai atl sun eskan an kan moon apel apiero sky na knarxe kessem man kem kem kem woman apanekla axe aha water aaul aie road References edit Ramer Alexis Manaster 1996 Sapir s Classifications Coahuiltecan Anthropological Linguistics 38 1 1 38 ISSN 0003 5483 JSTOR 30028442 Campbell Lyle 1996 Coahuiltecan A Closer Look Anthropological Linguistics 38 4 620 634 ISSN 0003 5483 JSTOR 30013048 Berlandier Jean L amp Chowell Rafael 1828 1829 Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande Additional manuscripts no 38720 in the British Library London Berlandier Jean L amp Chowell Rafael 1850 Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell Diario de viage de la Commission de Limites Mexico Bibliography editArchives edit National Anthropological Archives MS 297 Comecrudo and Cotoname Vocabularies National Anthropological Archives MS 2440 English Comecrudo Vocabulary National Anthropological Archives MS 4279 Correspondences between the Three Dialects of Coahuiltecan Cotoname Comecrudo and CoahuiltecoSecondary literature edit Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 509427 1 Campbell Lyle amp Mithun Marianne Eds 1979 The languages of native America Historical and comparative assessment Austin University of Texas Press Goddard Ives 1979 The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande In L Campbell amp M Mithun Eds The languages of native America pp 355 389 Austin University of Texas Press Goddard Ives Ed 1996 Languages Handbook of North American Indians W C Sturtevant General Ed Vol 17 Washington D C Smithsonian Institution ISBN 0 16 048774 9 Goddard Ives 1999 Native languages and language families of North America rev and enlarged ed with additions and corrections Map Lincoln NE University of Nebraska Press Smithsonian Institution Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996 ISBN 0 8032 9271 6 Manaster Ramen Alexis 1996 Sapir s Classifications Coahuiltecan Anthropological Linguistics 38 1 1 38 Mithun Marianne 1999 The languages of Native North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 23228 7 hbk ISBN 0 521 29875 X Saldivar Gabriel 1943 Los Indios de Tamaulipas Mexico City Pan American Institute of Geography and History Sapir Edward 1920 The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages International Journal of American Linguistics 1 4 280 290 Sturtevant William C Ed 1978 present Handbook of North American Indians Vol 1 20 Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Vols 1 3 16 18 20 not yet published Swanton John R 1915 Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico American Anthropologist 17 17 40 See also edit nbsp Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix Comecrudo word list Native American languages Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas Atanaguaypacam Indians from the Handbook of Texas Online Coahuiltecan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Comecrudan languages amp oldid 1199097217, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
