The Colubroides are a clade in the suborder Serpentes (snakes).[3] It contains over 85% of all the extant species of snakes.[4][3][5] The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least six other families,[3][6] at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped in understanding their relationships.[7][8][9][10] It has been found to be monophyletic.[4][11][12][13][14]
Morphological synapomorphies are defined as such from Zaher et al. (2009):[1]
Loss of the right carotid artery; intercostal arteries arising from the dorsal aorta throughout the trunk at intervals of several body segments; specialized expanded costal cartilages; presence of a muscle protractor laryngeus; separate muscle protractor quadrati; separate spinalis and semispinalis portion in the epaxial trunk; spinules or spines covering the hemipenial body.
Traditionally, the name "Colubroidea" was used for this clade. This was seen problematic, however, as many of the same studies that support this clade of snakes also advocated for the various subfamilies of Colubridae to be reevaluated as proper families in their own right.[1][15][13] As the result of this, Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to rename the clade as "Colubroides", restricting Colubroidea to the clade Colubridae and several related families that were formerly colubrid subfamilies.[1][15][13]
Below is a phylogeny of colubroid snakes found in many analyses:[1][15][13]
^ abcdefZaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. M.; Cesar de Moura-Leite, J.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (11): 115–153. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001.
^"Scientific name: Xenophidia". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
^ abcUetz, Peter. "Serpentes at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ abLawson, Robin; Slowinski, Joseph B.; Crother, Brian I.; Burbrink, Frank T. (2005). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 37 (2): 581–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016. PMID 16172004. S2CID 2509713. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
^Pyron, R. Alexander; et al. (2011). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2013.
^Scanlon, J. D.; Lee, M. S. Y. (2011). Aldridge, R. D.; Sever, D. M. (eds.). The Major Clades of Living Snakes: Morphological Evolution, Molecular Phylogeny, and Divergence Dates in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. pp. 55–95.
^Vidal, N.; Delmas, A. S.; Hedges, S. B. (2007). Henderson, R. W.; Powell, R. (eds.). The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA: Eagle Mountain Publishing. pp. 27–33.
^Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P. (2014). Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (4th ed.). Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 108–109.
^Reynolds, RG; Niemiller, ML; Revell, LJ (2014). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
^Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC3682911. PMID 23627680.
^Streicher, J. W.; Ruane, S. (2018). "Phylogenomics of Snakes". eLS: 1–8. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027476. ISBN9780470015902.
^ abcdFigueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC5014348. PMID 27603205.
^Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
^ abcGrazziotin, F. G.; Zaher, H.; Murphy, R. W.; Srocchi, G.; Benavides, M. A.; Zhang, Y.; Bonatto, S. L. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the new world Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
January 20, 2023
colubroides, clade, suborder, serpentes, snakes, contains, over, extant, species, snakes, largest, family, colubridae, also, includes, least, other, families, least, four, which, were, once, classified, colubridae, before, molecular, phylogenetics, helped, und. The Colubroides are a clade in the suborder Serpentes snakes 3 It contains over 85 of all the extant species of snakes 4 3 5 The largest family is Colubridae but it also includes at least six other families 3 6 at least four of which were once classified as Colubridae before molecular phylogenetics helped in understanding their relationships 7 8 9 10 It has been found to be monophyletic 4 11 12 13 14 ColubroidesEastern racer Coluber constrictor Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataSuborder SerpentesClade CaenophidiaClade ColubroidesZaher et al 2009 1 SubcladesXenodermidae Colubriformes Gunther 1864 Pareatidae Endoglyptodonta Zaher et al 2009 1 Viperidae Homalopsidae Elapoidea ColubroideaSynonyms 2 XenophidiaMorphological synapomorphies are defined as such from Zaher et al 2009 1 Loss of the right carotid artery intercostal arteries arising from the dorsal aorta throughout the trunk at intervals of several body segments specialized expanded costal cartilages presence of a muscle protractor laryngeus separate muscle protractor quadrati separate spinalis and semispinalis portion in the epaxial trunk spinules or spines covering the hemipenial body Traditionally the name Colubroidea was used for this clade This was seen problematic however as many of the same studies that support this clade of snakes also advocated for the various subfamilies of Colubridae to be reevaluated as proper families in their own right 1 15 13 As the result of this Zaher et al 2009 proposed to rename the clade as Colubroides restricting Colubroidea to the clade Colubridae and several related families that were formerly colubrid subfamilies 1 15 13 Below is a phylogeny of colubroid snakes found in many analyses 1 15 13 Colubroides Xenodermoidea XenodermidaeColubriformes Pareoidea Pareidae PareinaeXylophiinaeEndoglyptodonta Viperoidea Viperidae ViperinaeAzemiopinaeCrotalinaeHomalopsoidea HomalopsidaeElapoidea ProsymnidaeBuhomaPsammophiidae PseudaspidinaePsammophiinaeLamprophiidae PseudoxyrhophiinaeMicrelapiinaePsammodynastiinaeLamprophiinaeElapidae CalliophiinaeMicrurinaeNajinaeBungarinaeElapsoideaHydrophiinaeAtractaspididae CyclocorinaeAtractaspidinaeColubroidea Colubridae GrayiinaeCalamariinaeAhaetuliinaeColubrinaeSibynophiidaeNatricidaePseudoxenodontidaeDipsadidae CarphophiinaeXenodontinaeDipsadinaeReferences Edit a b c d e f Zaher H Grazziotin F G Cadle J E Murphy R M Cesar de Moura Leite J Bonatto S L 2009 Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes Serpentes Caenophidia with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 11 115 153 doi 10 1590 S0031 10492009001100001 Scientific name Xenophidia The Taxonomicon Retrieved 2016 12 19 a b c Uetz Peter Serpentes at The Reptile Database The Reptile Database EMBL Retrieved 14 May 2018 a b Lawson Robin Slowinski Joseph B Crother Brian I Burbrink Frank T 2005 Phylogeny of the Colubroidea Serpentes new evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes PDF Molecular Phylogenetics amp Evolution 37 2 581 601 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 07 016 PMID 16172004 S2CID 2509713 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 08 19 Retrieved 2019 03 04 Colubroidea Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 14 May 2018 Pyron R Alexander et al 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes Colubroidea with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58 2 329 342 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 11 006 PMID 21074626 Archived from the original PDF on 3 October 2013 Scanlon J D Lee M S Y 2011 Aldridge R D Sever D M eds The Major Clades of Living Snakes Morphological Evolution Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Dates in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes Enfield NH Science Publishers pp 55 95 Vidal N Delmas A S Hedges S B 2007 Henderson R W Powell R eds The higher level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes Eagle Mountain Utah USA Eagle Mountain Publishing pp 27 33 Vitt L J Caldwell J P 2014 Herpetology an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles 4th ed Burlington Academic Press pp 108 109 Reynolds RG Niemiller ML Revell LJ 2014 Toward a Tree of Life for the boas and pythons multilocus species level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71 201 213 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2013 11 011 PMID 24315866 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 12 02 Retrieved 2019 03 04 Pyron R A Burbrink F Wiens J J 2013 A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata including 4161 species of lizards and snakes BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 93 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 93 PMC 3682911 PMID 23627680 Streicher J W Ruane S 2018 Phylogenomics of Snakes eLS 1 8 doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0027476 ISBN 9780470015902 a b c d Figueroa A McKelvy A D Grismer L L Bell C D Lailvaux S P 2016 A species level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus PLOS ONE 11 9 e0161070 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1161070F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0161070 PMC 5014348 PMID 27603205 Zheng Y Wiens JJ 2016 Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches and a time calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles lizards and snakes based on 52 genes and 4162 species PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 Pt B 537 547 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 10 009 PMID 26475614 a b c Grazziotin F G Zaher H Murphy R W Srocchi G Benavides M A Zhang Y Bonatto S L 2012 Molecular phylogeny of the new world Dipsadidae Serpentes Colubroidea a reappraisal Cladistics 28 5 437 459 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2012 00393 x PMID 34836446 S2CID 84934386 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Colubroides amp oldid 1121290915, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
