Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also known as collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase.[1][2] The selected ions (typically molecular ions or protonated molecules) are usually accelerated by applying an electrical potential to increase the ion kinetic energy and then allowed to collide with neutral molecules (often helium, nitrogen, or argon). In the collision, some of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy which results in bond breakage and the fragmentation of the molecular ion into smaller fragments. These fragment ions can then be analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry.
Collision cell from a Waters Xevo TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.
CID and the fragment ions produced by CID are used for several purposes. Partial or complete structural determination can be achieved. In some cases, identity can be established based on previous knowledge without determining structure. Another use is in simply achieving more sensitive and specific detection. By detecting a unique fragment ion, the precursor ion can be detected in the presence of other ions of the same m/z value (mass-to-charge ratio), reducing the background and increasing the limit of detection.
Low-energy CID is typically carried out with ion kinetic energies less than approximately 1 kiloelectron volt (1 keV). Low-energy CID is highly efficient in fragmenting the selected precursor ions, but the type of fragment ions observed in low-energy CID is strongly dependent on the ion kinetic energy. Very low collision energies favor ion structure rearrangement, and the probability of direct bond cleavage increases as ion kinetic energy increases, leading to higher ion internal energies. High-energy CID (HECID) is carried out in magnetic sector mass spectrometers or tandem magnetic sector mass spectrometers and in tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF/TOF). High-energy CID involves ion kinetic energies in the kilovolt range (typically 1 keV to 20 keV). High-energy CID can produce some types of fragment ions that are not formed in low-energy CID, such as charge-remote fragmentation in molecules with hydrocarbon substructures or sidechain fragmentation in peptides.
In a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer there are three quadrupoles. The first quadrupole termed "Q1" can act as a mass filter and transmits a selected ion and accelerates it towards "Q2" which is termed a collision cell. The pressure in Q2 is higher and the ions collides with neutral gas in the collision cell and are fragmented by CID. The fragments are then accelerated out of the collision cell and enter Q3 which scans through the mass range, analyzing the resulting fragments (as they hit a detector). This produces a mass spectrum of the CID fragments from which structural information or identity can be gained. Many other experiments using CID on a triple quadrupole exist such as precursor ion scans that determine where a specific fragment came from rather than what fragments are produced by a given molecule.
Ions trapped in the ICR cell can be excited by applying pulsed electric fields at their resonant frequency to increase their kinetic energy.[3][4] The duration and amplitude of the pulse determines the ion kinetic energy. Because a collision gas present at low pressure requires a long time for excited ions to collide with neutral molecules, a pulsed valve can be used to introduce a short burst of collision gas. Trapped fragment ions or their ion-molecule reaction products can be re-excited for multistage mass spectrometry (MSn).[5] If the excitation is not applied on the resonant frequency, but at a slightly off-resonant frequency, the ions will alternately be excited and de-excited, permitting multiple collisions at low collision energy. Sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID)[6] is a CID technique used in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonancemass spectrometry which involves accelerating the ions in cyclotron motion (in a circle inside of an ion trap) in the presence of a collision gas.[7]
Higher-energy collisional dissociationedit
Higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) is a CID technique specific to the orbitrap mass spectrometer in which fragmentation takes place external to the trap.[8] HCD was formerly known as higher-energy C-trap dissociation. In HCD, the ions pass through the C-trap and into the HCD cell, an added multipole collision cell, where dissociation takes place. The ions are then returned to the C-trap before injection into the orbitrap for mass analysis. HCD does not suffer from the low mass cutoff of resonant-excitation (CID) and therefore is useful for isobaric tag–based quantification as reporter ions can be observed. Despite the name, the collision energy of HCD is typically in the regime of low energy collision induced dissociation (less than 100 eV).[8][9]
Fragmentation mechanismsedit
Homolytic fragmentation
Homolytic fragmentation is bond dissociation where each of the fragments retains one of the originally-bonded electrons.[10]
Heterolytic fragmentation
Heterolytic fragmentation is bond cleavage where the bonding electrons remain with only one of the fragment species.[11]
In CID, charge remote fragmentation is a type of covalent bond breaking that occurs in a gas phase ion in which the cleaved bond is not adjacent to the location of the charge.[12][13] This fragmentation can be observed using tandem mass spectrometry.[14]
^Wells JM, McLuckey SA (2005). "Collision‐Induced Dissociation (CID) of Peptides and Proteins". Biological Mass Spectrometry. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 402. pp. 148–85. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)02005-7. ISBN9780121828073. PMID 16401509. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Sleno L, Volmer DA (2004). "Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 39 (10): 1091–112. Bibcode:2004JMSp...39.1091S. doi:10.1002/jms.703. PMID 15481084.
^Cody, R.B.; Freiser, B.S. (1982). "Collision-induced dissociation in a fourier-transform mass spectrometer". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics. 41 (3): 199–204. Bibcode:1982IJMSI..41..199C. doi:10.1016/0020-7381(82)85035-3. ISSN 0020-7381.
^Cody, R. B.; Burnier, R. C.; Freiser, B. S. (1982). "Collision-induced dissociation with Fourier transform mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 54 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1021/ac00238a029. ISSN 0003-2700.
^Cody, R. B.; Burnier, R. C.; Cassady, C. J.; Freiser, B. S. (1982). "Consecutive collision-induced dissociations in Fourier transform mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 54 (13): 2225–2228. doi:10.1021/ac00250a021. ISSN 0003-2700.
^Laskin, Julia; Futrell, Jean H. (2005). "Activation of large lons in FT-ICR mass spectrometry". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 24 (2): 135–167. Bibcode:2005MSRv...24..135L. doi:10.1002/mas.20012. ISSN 0277-7037. PMID 15389858.
^ abOlsen JV, Macek B, Lange O, Makarov A, Horning S, Mann M (September 2007). "Higher-energy C-trap dissociation for peptide modification analysis". Nat. Methods. 4 (9): 709–12. doi:10.1038/nmeth1060. PMID 17721543.
^Murray, Kermit K.; Boyd, Robert K.; Eberlin, Marcos N.; Langley, G. John; Li, Liang; Naito, Yasuhide (2013). "Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 85 (7): 1515. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06. ISSN 1365-3075.
^Cheng C, Gross ML (2000), "Applications and mechanisms of charge-remote fragmentation", Mass Spectrom Rev, 19 (6): 398–420, Bibcode:2000MSRv...19..398C, doi:10.1002/1098-2787(2000)19:6<398::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-B, PMID 11199379.
^Gross, M. (2000), "Charge-remote fragmentation: an account of research on mechanisms and applications", International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 200 (1–3): 611–624, Bibcode:2000IJMSp.200..611G, doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(00)00372-9
^"Remote-site (charge-remote) fragmentation", Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2 (10): 214–217, 1988, Bibcode:1988RCMS....2..214., doi:10.1002/rcm.1290021009
January 01, 1970
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Collision induced dissociation news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Collision induced dissociation CID also known as collisionally activated dissociation CAD is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase 1 2 The selected ions typically molecular ions or protonated molecules are usually accelerated by applying an electrical potential to increase the ion kinetic energy and then allowed to collide with neutral molecules often helium nitrogen or argon In the collision some of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy which results in bond breakage and the fragmentation of the molecular ion into smaller fragments These fragment ions can then be analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry Collision cell from a Waters Xevo TQ S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer CID and the fragment ions produced by CID are used for several purposes Partial or complete structural determination can be achieved In some cases identity can be established based on previous knowledge without determining structure Another use is in simply achieving more sensitive and specific detection By detecting a unique fragment ion the precursor ion can be detected in the presence of other ions of the same m z value mass to charge ratio reducing the background and increasing the limit of detection Contents 1 Low energy CID and high energy CID 2 Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers 3 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance 4 Higher energy collisional dissociation 5 Fragmentation mechanisms 6 See also 7 ReferencesLow energy CID and high energy CID editLow energy CID is typically carried out with ion kinetic energies less than approximately 1 kiloelectron volt 1 keV Low energy CID is highly efficient in fragmenting the selected precursor ions but the type of fragment ions observed in low energy CID is strongly dependent on the ion kinetic energy Very low collision energies favor ion structure rearrangement and the probability of direct bond cleavage increases as ion kinetic energy increases leading to higher ion internal energies High energy CID HECID is carried out in magnetic sector mass spectrometers or tandem magnetic sector mass spectrometers and in tandem time of flight mass spectrometers TOF TOF High energy CID involves ion kinetic energies in the kilovolt range typically 1 keV to 20 keV High energy CID can produce some types of fragment ions that are not formed in low energy CID such as charge remote fragmentation in molecules with hydrocarbon substructures or sidechain fragmentation in peptides Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers editMain article Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer In a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer there are three quadrupoles The first quadrupole termed Q1 can act as a mass filter and transmits a selected ion and accelerates it towards Q2 which is termed a collision cell The pressure in Q2 is higher and the ions collides with neutral gas in the collision cell and are fragmented by CID The fragments are then accelerated out of the collision cell and enter Q3 which scans through the mass range analyzing the resulting fragments as they hit a detector This produces a mass spectrum of the CID fragments from which structural information or identity can be gained Many other experiments using CID on a triple quadrupole exist such as precursor ion scans that determine where a specific fragment came from rather than what fragments are produced by a given molecule Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance editMain article Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance Ions trapped in the ICR cell can be excited by applying pulsed electric fields at their resonant frequency to increase their kinetic energy 3 4 The duration and amplitude of the pulse determines the ion kinetic energy Because a collision gas present at low pressure requires a long time for excited ions to collide with neutral molecules a pulsed valve can be used to introduce a short burst of collision gas Trapped fragment ions or their ion molecule reaction products can be re excited for multistage mass spectrometry MSn 5 If the excitation is not applied on the resonant frequency but at a slightly off resonant frequency the ions will alternately be excited and de excited permitting multiple collisions at low collision energy Sustained off resonance irradiation collision induced dissociation SORI CID 6 is a CID technique used in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry which involves accelerating the ions in cyclotron motion in a circle inside of an ion trap in the presence of a collision gas 7 Higher energy collisional dissociation editHigher energy collisional dissociation HCD is a CID technique specific to the orbitrap mass spectrometer in which fragmentation takes place external to the trap 8 HCD was formerly known as higher energy C trap dissociation In HCD the ions pass through the C trap and into the HCD cell an added multipole collision cell where dissociation takes place The ions are then returned to the C trap before injection into the orbitrap for mass analysis HCD does not suffer from the low mass cutoff of resonant excitation CID and therefore is useful for isobaric tag based quantification as reporter ions can be observed Despite the name the collision energy of HCD is typically in the regime of low energy collision induced dissociation less than 100 eV 8 9 Fragmentation mechanisms edit nbsp Homolytic fragmentation Homolytic fragmentation is bond dissociation where each of the fragments retains one of the originally bonded electrons 10 nbsp Heterolytic fragmentation Heterolytic fragmentation is bond cleavage where the bonding electrons remain with only one of the fragment species 11 In CID charge remote fragmentation is a type of covalent bond breaking that occurs in a gas phase ion in which the cleaved bond is not adjacent to the location of the charge 12 13 This fragmentation can be observed using tandem mass spectrometry 14 See also editElectron capture dissociation ECD Electron transfer dissociation ETD Infrared multiphoton dissociation IRMPD References edit Wells JM McLuckey SA 2005 Collision Induced Dissociation CID of Peptides and Proteins Biological Mass Spectrometry Methods in Enzymology Vol 402 pp 148 85 doi 10 1016 S0076 6879 05 02005 7 ISBN 9780121828073 PMID 16401509 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Sleno L Volmer DA 2004 Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry Journal of Mass Spectrometry 39 10 1091 112 Bibcode 2004JMSp 39 1091S doi 10 1002 jms 703 PMID 15481084 Cody R B Freiser B S 1982 Collision induced dissociation in a fourier transform mass spectrometer International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics 41 3 199 204 Bibcode 1982IJMSI 41 199C doi 10 1016 0020 7381 82 85035 3 ISSN 0020 7381 Cody R B Burnier R C Freiser B S 1982 Collision induced dissociation with Fourier transform mass spectrometry Analytical Chemistry 54 1 96 101 doi 10 1021 ac00238a029 ISSN 0003 2700 Cody R B Burnier R C Cassady C J Freiser B S 1982 Consecutive collision induced dissociations in Fourier transform mass spectrometry Analytical Chemistry 54 13 2225 2228 doi 10 1021 ac00250a021 ISSN 0003 2700 Gauthier J W Trautman T R Jacobson D B 1991 Sustained off resonance irradiation for collision activated dissociation involving Fourier transform mass spectrometry Collision activated dissociation technique that emulates infrared multiphoton dissociation Analytica Chimica Acta 246 1 211 225 doi 10 1016 s0003 2670 00 80678 9 ISSN 0003 2670 Laskin Julia Futrell Jean H 2005 Activation of large lons in FT ICR mass spectrometry Mass Spectrometry Reviews 24 2 135 167 Bibcode 2005MSRv 24 135L doi 10 1002 mas 20012 ISSN 0277 7037 PMID 15389858 a b Olsen JV Macek B Lange O Makarov A Horning S Mann M September 2007 Higher energy C trap dissociation for peptide modification analysis Nat Methods 4 9 709 12 doi 10 1038 nmeth1060 PMID 17721543 Murray Kermit K Boyd Robert K Eberlin Marcos N Langley G John Li Liang Naito Yasuhide 2013 Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry IUPAC Recommendations 2013 Pure and Applied Chemistry 85 7 1515 doi 10 1351 PAC REC 06 04 06 ISSN 1365 3075 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 homolysis homolytic doi 10 1351 goldbook H02851 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 heterolysis heterolytic doi 10 1351 goldbook H02809 Cheng C Gross ML 2000 Applications and mechanisms of charge remote fragmentation Mass Spectrom Rev 19 6 398 420 Bibcode 2000MSRv 19 398C doi 10 1002 1098 2787 2000 19 6 lt 398 AID MAS3 gt 3 0 CO 2 B PMID 11199379 Gross M 2000 Charge remote fragmentation an account of research on mechanisms and applications International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 200 1 3 611 624 Bibcode 2000IJMSp 200 611G doi 10 1016 S1387 3806 00 00372 9 Remote site charge remote fragmentation Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2 10 214 217 1988 Bibcode 1988RCMS 2 214 doi 10 1002 rcm 1290021009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Collision induced dissociation amp oldid 1218197444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
