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Coinage of the Social War (91–88 BC)

October 31, 2023

Denarius
Laureate head of Italia left, Oscan retrograde legend right UILETIV [víteliú = Italia][1] Helmeted soldier standing front, head right, holding inverted spear, right foot on (Roman?) standard; left foot on uncertain object; recumbent bull to his right, Oscan "A" in exergue.
AR, 3,60 g

The family of Social War coinage includes all the coins issued by the Italic allies of the Marsic confederation, Marsi, Peligni, Piceni, Vestini, Samnites, Frentani, Marrucini, and Lucani, during the Social War (91–88 BC) against Rome.

Inspired by the Roman denarius, their circulation (and perhaps their release) continued even after the conflict ended, contemporary and promiscuously with their republican models.

Issues edit

Types edit

Coins issued during the Social War consist chiefly of silver coins of the weight of the contemporary Roman denarius, and they are thought to have been issued from the mints of Corfinium and Aesernia.

This coinage belongs to the crucial years of the revolt against Rome (90–89 BC). Similar coins of the same family may have been struck later, although there is no firm evidence of this. They circulated in parallel and openly with the Roman denarii of the same weight,.[2] Furthermore, some isolated exempla come from stratigraphic contexts much more recent than the insurrection against Rome.[2]

Examples of silver denarius edit

One coin that circulated during the Social Wars was a silver denarius coin that on the front side depicted Bacchus with a wreath and on the back depicted the Italian bull goring the Roman wolf.[3][4] There is an inscription in Oscan on both sides.

Another example of a silver denarius personifies Italia on one side, and on the other shows eight warriors swearing an oath.[3][5]

The unique gold stater edit

There is also in the Paris Collection a well-preserved single gold stater of Attic weight[6] of 8.47 gr. (a picture of this coin can be seen here. A drawing is in [1] ) and its first appearance dates back to 1827,[7] although Julius Friedländer reported 1830:[8]

The authenticity of this coin is disputed. The genuineness of the piece was supported by Julius Friedländer in his fundamental work about Oscan coinage[9] with an argument based on the perfect accuracy of the legend when compared with the poor knowledge of the Oscan alphabet and language at the time the coin first appeared before the pioneering works of Klenze (1839),[10] Mommsen (1845)[11] and Lepsius (1841).[12] The coin, in particular, shows a perfect distinction between i and stressed í (the difference, in Oscan script, is the addiction of a little line[13]), a distinction that none were aware of before the work of Klenze.[13]

Arguments against the coin's authenticity come from Secondina Lorenza Cesano[14] and Alberto Campana, who very closely follows Cesano reasoning.[15]

Iconography edit

Some of the iconographic themes were original, while others were borrowed from the Roman coinage.

When borrowed, the themes acquired new meanings or resonances. For example, the heads on the obverse was usually a personification of Italia depicted as a goddess with a helmet, which replaced the head of Rome, accompanied by a legend reproducing his name, ITALIA, in the Latin alphabet or VITELIU (víteliú = Italia) in Oscan alphabet[1] (there is a unique copy, actually in the de Blacas collection, known to report the double LVITELLIU [vítelliú]).[16]

Inscriptions edit

The inscriptions were partly in Oscan and partly in Latin characters. The pieces were struck by a central mint with two different and simultaneous issues, one for the Oscan-speaking and one for the Latin-speaking citizens.

Legends often record the names of the chief leaders of the Revolt: Quintus Poppaedius Silo, Gaius Papius Mutilus, with his title Imperator, an unknown Numerius Lucius (?), and others.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b For the phonetic transcription from Oscan to Latin alphabet see, for example, this page 2015-10-25 at the Wayback Machine or this one. Please note that, all the Oscan monetary legends are retrograde, as the one running clockwise on the copy reproduced in the margin
  2. ^ a b Alberto Campana, La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale (91–87 a.C.), p. 37
  3. ^ a b Boatwright, Gargola, Lenski, Talbert, Mary T., Daniel J., Noel, Rochard J. A. (2012). The Romans From Village to Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-973057-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Coin (1)". The British Museum. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  5. ^ "Coin (2)". The British Museum. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  6. ^ Robert Seymour Conway, The Italic Dialects, Cambridge University Press, 1897, p. 216
  7. ^ See the description of the coin in Francesco De Dominicis, Repertorio numismatico: per conoscere qualunque moneta greca tanto urbica che dei re, e la loro respettiva stima, Tome II, p. 417, Tipografia di Mattia, Naples, 1827
  8. ^ Die oskischen Münzen, Lipsia, 1850, p. 73
  9. ^ Julius Friedländer, Die oskischen Münzen, Lipsia, 1850, pp. 73–75
  10. ^ Philologischen Abhandlungen von Clemens August Carl Klenze (1795–1838), edited by his friend Karl Lachmann, published posthumous in Berlin, 1839
  11. ^ Theodor Mommsen, Oskische Studien, Berlin, 1845
  12. ^ Karl Richard Lepsius, Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae, Leipzig, 1841
  13. ^ a b Karl Richard Lepsius, Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae, p. 142
  14. ^ Secondina Lorenza Cesano, Di Uranio Antonino e di altre falsificazioni (About Uranius Antoninus and other falsifications), in Rivista Italiana di Numismatica e Scienze Affini, pp. 35–69
  15. ^ Alberto Campana, La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale (91–87 a.C.) (The coinage of the Italic insurgents during the Social War (91–87 BC)), pp. 135–138
  16. ^ Theodor Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine, (trad. by Louis de Blacas), Paris, 1865–1875, p. 531

Sources edit

  • (in Italian) Alberto Campana, La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale (91–87 a.C.), Apparuti edizioni, Soliera, 1987
  • (in Italian) Secondina Lorenza Cesano, Di Uranio Antonino e di altre falsificazioni (About Uranius Antoninus and other falsifications), in Rivista Italiana di Numismatica e Scienze Affini, pp. 35–69
  • (in German) Julius Friedländer, Die oskischen Münzen, Lipsia, 1850
  • (in French) Theodor Mommsen, Louis de Blacas, Histoire de la monnaie romaine, Paris, 1865–1875
  • This article incorporates text from:
    • Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914), Historia Numorum, a Manual of Greek Numismatics, Oxford: 1887; 2° ed. London, 1911, pp. 29–30 (online version from snible.org) a publication now in the public domain
  • (in Latin) Karl Richard Lepsius, Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae quotquot adhuc repertae sunt omnes, Leipzig, 1841

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of the Social War (91–88 BC).
  • Roman Republic Coinage of the family Marsic Confederation from wildwinds.com
  • Marsic coinage from coinarchives.com

October 31, 2023
coinage, social, denariuslaureate, head, italia, left, oscan, retrograde, legend, right, uiletiv, víteliú, italia, helmeted, soldier, standing, front, head, right, holding, inverted, spear, right, foot, roman, standard, left, foot, uncertain, object, recumbent. DenariusLaureate head of Italia left Oscan retrograde legend right UILETIV viteliu Italia 1 Helmeted soldier standing front head right holding inverted spear right foot on Roman standard left foot on uncertain object recumbent bull to his right Oscan A in exergue AR 3 60 gThe family of Social War coinage includes all the coins issued by the Italic allies of the Marsic confederation Marsi Peligni Piceni Vestini Samnites Frentani Marrucini and Lucani during the Social War 91 88 BC against Rome Inspired by the Roman denarius their circulation and perhaps their release continued even after the conflict ended contemporary and promiscuously with their republican models Contents 1 Issues 1 1 Types 1 1 1 Examples of silver denarius 1 1 2 The unique gold stater 1 2 Iconography 1 3 Inscriptions 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External linksIssues editTypes edit Coins issued during the Social War consist chiefly of silver coins of the weight of the contemporary Roman denarius and they are thought to have been issued from the mints of Corfinium and Aesernia This coinage belongs to the crucial years of the revolt against Rome 90 89 BC Similar coins of the same family may have been struck later although there is no firm evidence of this They circulated in parallel and openly with the Roman denarii of the same weight 2 Furthermore some isolated exempla come from stratigraphic contexts much more recent than the insurrection against Rome 2 Examples of silver denarius edit One coin that circulated during the Social Wars was a silver denarius coin that on the front side depicted Bacchus with a wreath and on the back depicted the Italian bull goring the Roman wolf 3 4 There is an inscription in Oscan on both sides Another example of a silver denarius personifies Italia on one side and on the other shows eight warriors swearing an oath 3 5 The unique gold stater edit There is also in the Paris Collection a well preserved single gold stater of Attic weight 6 of 8 47 gr a picture of this coin can be seen here A drawing is in 1 and its first appearance dates back to 1827 7 although Julius Friedlander reported 1830 8 Obverse head of young Dionysos right crowned with ivy wreath Reverse Cista mystica adorned with three wreaths and with a wolf or panther skin on the top thyrsos with ribbons in exergue Oscan retrograde legend mi ieiis mi a certain and otherwise unknown Minatius Jegius Minatii f The authenticity of this coin is disputed The genuineness of the piece was supported by Julius Friedlander in his fundamental work about Oscan coinage 9 with an argument based on the perfect accuracy of the legend when compared with the poor knowledge of the Oscan alphabet and language at the time the coin first appeared before the pioneering works of Klenze 1839 10 Mommsen 1845 11 and Lepsius 1841 12 The coin in particular shows a perfect distinction between i and stressed i the difference in Oscan script is the addiction of a little line 13 a distinction that none were aware of before the work of Klenze 13 Arguments against the coin s authenticity come from Secondina Lorenza Cesano 14 and Alberto Campana who very closely follows Cesano reasoning 15 Iconography edit Some of the iconographic themes were original while others were borrowed from the Roman coinage When borrowed the themes acquired new meanings or resonances For example the heads on the obverse was usually a personification of Italia depicted as a goddess with a helmet which replaced the head of Rome accompanied by a legend reproducing his name ITALIA in the Latin alphabet or VITELIU viteliu Italia in Oscan alphabet 1 there is a unique copy actually in the de Blacas collection known to report the double LVITELLIU vitelliu 16 Inscriptions edit The inscriptions were partly in Oscan and partly in Latin characters The pieces were struck by a central mint with two different and simultaneous issues one for the Oscan speaking and one for the Latin speaking citizens Legends often record the names of the chief leaders of the Revolt Quintus Poppaedius Silo Gaius Papius Mutilus with his title Imperator an unknown Numerius Lucius and others See also editRoman Republican currency Ancient Greek coinageReferences edit a b For the phonetic transcription from Oscan to Latin alphabet see for example this page Archived 2015 10 25 at the Wayback Machine or this one Please note that all the Oscan monetary legends are retrograde as the one running clockwise on the copy reproduced in the margin a b Alberto Campana La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale 91 87 a C p 37 a b Boatwright Gargola Lenski Talbert Mary T Daniel J Noel Rochard J A 2012 The Romans From Village to Empire New York Oxford University Press p 173 ISBN 978 0 19 973057 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Coin 1 The British Museum Retrieved December 6 2015 Coin 2 The British Museum Retrieved December 6 2015 Robert Seymour Conway The Italic Dialects Cambridge University Press 1897 p 216 See the description of the coin in Francesco De Dominicis Repertorio numismatico per conoscere qualunque moneta greca tanto urbica che dei re e la loro respettiva stima Tome II p 417 Tipografia di Mattia Naples 1827 Die oskischen Munzen Lipsia 1850 p 73 Julius Friedlander Die oskischen Munzen Lipsia 1850 pp 73 75 Philologischen Abhandlungen von Clemens August Carl Klenze 1795 1838 edited by his friend Karl Lachmann published posthumous in Berlin 1839 Theodor Mommsen Oskische Studien Berlin 1845 Karl Richard Lepsius Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae Leipzig 1841 a b Karl Richard Lepsius Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae p 142 Secondina Lorenza Cesano Di Uranio Antonino e di altre falsificazioni About Uranius Antoninus and other falsifications in Rivista Italiana di Numismatica e Scienze Affini pp 35 69 Alberto Campana La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale 91 87 a C The coinage of the Italic insurgents during the Social War 91 87 BC pp 135 138 Theodor Mommsen Histoire de la monnaie romaine trad by Louis de Blacas Paris 1865 1875 p 531Sources edit in Italian Alberto Campana La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la Guerra Sociale 91 87 a C Apparuti edizioni Soliera 1987 in Italian Secondina Lorenza Cesano Di Uranio Antonino e di altre falsificazioni About Uranius Antoninus and other falsifications in Rivista Italiana di Numismatica e Scienze Affini pp 35 69 in German Julius Friedlander Die oskischen Munzen Lipsia 1850 in French Theodor Mommsen Louis de Blacas Histoire de la monnaie romaine Paris 1865 1875 This article incorporates text from Barclay Vincent Head 1844 1914 Historia Numorum a Manual of Greek Numismatics Oxford 1887 2 ed London 1911 pp 29 30 online version from snible org a publication now in the public domain in Latin Karl Richard Lepsius Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae quotquot adhuc repertae sunt omnes Leipzig 1841External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of the Social War 91 88 BC Roman Republic Coinage of the family Marsic Confederation from wildwinds com Marsic coinage from coinarchives com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coinage of the Social War 91 88 BC amp oldid 1179178068, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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