Amphioctopus marginatus, also known as the coconut octopus and veined octopus, is a medium-sized cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus. It is found in tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean. It commonly preys upon shrimp, crabs, and clams, and displays unusual behavior including bipedal and quadrupedal walking as well as tool use (gathering coconut shells and seashells and using these for shelter).
Amphioctopus marginatus is a species of octopus located in the familyOctopodidae, genus Amphioctopus. The species was first described in 1964 by Japanese malacologist Iwao Taki as Octopus marginatus, and synonymously as Amphioctopus marginatus. In 1976, Z. Dong named the species Octopus striolatus but this name was not recognized as taxonomically valid.[2][3]
Size and descriptionedit
The main body of the octopus is normally 8 centimeters (3 in) long and including the arms, approximately 15 centimeters (6 in) long. The octopus displays a typical color pattern with dark ramified lines similar to veins, usually with a yellow siphon. The arms are usually dark in color, with contrasting white suckers. In many color displays, a lighter trapezoidal area can be seen immediately below the eye.
Behavior and habitsedit
Small (4–5 cm diameter) individual using a nutshell and clam shell as shelter
The species preys predominately on Calappa crabs and bivalves. Eggs are laid in clutches of 100,000 and are 3 millimetres (0.12 in) in length.[2]
Locomotionedit
In March 2005, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published an article in Science in which A. marginatus was reported to show bipedal locomotion, or "stilt-walking".[4] This involves rolling two legs to walk while the other six legs are used to mimic the appearance of a floating coconut. This behavior was first observed off the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, where coconut shell litter is common. A. marginatus is one of only two octopus species known to display such behavior, the other species being Abdopus aculeatus.[5][6]
In 2009, researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed the coconut octopus uses tools for concealment and defense by gathering available debris to create a shelter. The researchers filmed the octopus collecting coconut half-shells from the sea floor that had been discarded by humans. They were then carried up to 20 meters (66 ft) and arranged around the body of the octopus to form a spherical hiding place similar to a clam-shell.[4][7] This behavior was observed in specimen in Bali and North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and is likely the first evidence of tool use in invertebrates. Other species of octopus had been observed using shells for hiding, but this was the first case in which shells were prepared and collected for later use, in what the Melbourne Museum has described as "true tool use".[8][4][9] Octopi will often engage in bipedal motion when carrying stacks of debris or items larger than themselves.[4]
The species prefers shallow, subtidal waters along the continental shelf. The species has a maximum depth of 190 metres (620 ft), and can often be found in mud and sand substrates.[2]
Referencesedit
^Allen, G & Allcock, L (2018). "Amphioctopus marginatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T163176A980445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T163176A980445.en. Retrieved 7 March 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcd"Amphioctopus marginatus". iucnredlist.org. IUCN Red List. 2014.
^"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Amphioctopus marginatus (Taki, 1964)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
^ abcdGelineau, Kristen (2009-12-15). . The Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
^Sanders, Robert: Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report, University of California, Berkeley, March 24, 2005.
^Christine L. Huffard, Farnis Boneka, Robert J. Full: Underwater Bipedal Locomotion by Octopuses in Disguise, Science, March 25, 2005.
^Henderson, Mark (2009-12-15). . Times Online. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011.
^Finn, Julian K.; Tregenza, Tom; Norman, Mark D. (2009), "Defensive tool use in a coconut-carrying octopus", Curr. Biol., 19 (23): R1069–R1070, Bibcode:2009CBio...19R1069F, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.052, PMID 20064403, S2CID 26835945.
^Harmon, Katherine (2009-12-14). . Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amphioctopus marginatus.
Photos of Amphioctopus marginatus on Sealife Collection
April 13, 2024
amphioctopus, marginatus, also, known, coconut, octopus, veined, octopus, medium, sized, cephalopod, belonging, genus, amphioctopus, found, tropical, waters, western, pacific, ocean, commonly, preys, upon, shrimp, crabs, clams, displays, unusual, behavior, inc. Amphioctopus marginatus also known as the coconut octopus and veined octopus is a medium sized cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus It is found in tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean It commonly preys upon shrimp crabs and clams and displays unusual behavior including bipedal and quadrupedal walking as well as tool use gathering coconut shells and seashells and using these for shelter Amphioctopus marginatusConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass CephalopodaOrder OctopodaFamily OctopodidaeGenus AmphioctopusSpecies A marginatusBinomial nameAmphioctopus marginatus Iw Taki 1964 SynonymsOctopus marginatusTaki 1964 Octopus striolatusDong 1976veined octopuscoconut octopus Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Size and description 3 Behavior and habits 3 1 Locomotion 3 2 Tool use 4 Distribution 4 1 Habitat 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy editAmphioctopus marginatus is a species of octopus located in the family Octopodidae genus Amphioctopus The species was first described in 1964 by Japanese malacologist Iwao Taki as Octopus marginatus and synonymously as Amphioctopus marginatus In 1976 Z Dong named the species Octopus striolatus but this name was not recognized as taxonomically valid 2 3 Size and description editThe main body of the octopus is normally 8 centimeters 3 in long and including the arms approximately 15 centimeters 6 in long The octopus displays a typical color pattern with dark ramified lines similar to veins usually with a yellow siphon The arms are usually dark in color with contrasting white suckers In many color displays a lighter trapezoidal area can be seen immediately below the eye Behavior and habits edit nbsp Small 4 5 cm diameter individual using a nutshell and clam shell as shelterThe species preys predominately on Calappa crabs and bivalves Eggs are laid in clutches of 100 000 and are 3 millimetres 0 12 in in length 2 Locomotion edit In March 2005 researchers at the University of California Berkeley published an article in Science in which A marginatus was reported to show bipedal locomotion or stilt walking 4 This involves rolling two legs to walk while the other six legs are used to mimic the appearance of a floating coconut This behavior was first observed off the coast of Sulawesi Indonesia where coconut shell litter is common A marginatus is one of only two octopus species known to display such behavior the other species being Abdopus aculeatus 5 6 Tool use edit See also Cephalopod intelligence In 2009 researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed the coconut octopus uses tools for concealment and defense by gathering available debris to create a shelter The researchers filmed the octopus collecting coconut half shells from the sea floor that had been discarded by humans They were then carried up to 20 meters 66 ft and arranged around the body of the octopus to form a spherical hiding place similar to a clam shell 4 7 This behavior was observed in specimen in Bali and North Sulawesi Indonesia and is likely the first evidence of tool use in invertebrates Other species of octopus had been observed using shells for hiding but this was the first case in which shells were prepared and collected for later use in what the Melbourne Museum has described as true tool use 8 4 9 Octopi will often engage in bipedal motion when carrying stacks of debris or items larger than themselves 4 Distribution editThe coconut octopus is broadly endemic to neritic tropical waters in the Indian Ocean Red Sea Northwest and Western Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asian Sea Amphioctopus marginatus is listed as Least Concern on the ICUN s Red List While the species may be threatened by fishing it s wide distribution is seen as enough to compensate against human impacts 2 Habitat edit The species prefers shallow subtidal waters along the continental shelf The species has a maximum depth of 190 metres 620 ft and can often be found in mud and sand substrates 2 References edit Allen G amp Allcock L 2018 Amphioctopus marginatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T163176A980445 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T163176A980445 en Retrieved 7 March 2023 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d Amphioctopus marginatus iucnredlist org IUCN Red List 2014 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Amphioctopus marginatus Taki 1964 www marinespecies org Retrieved 2023 12 28 a b c d Gelineau Kristen 2009 12 15 Aussie scientists find coconut carrying octopus The Associated Press Archived from the original on December 18 2009 Retrieved 2009 12 15 Sanders Robert Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms UC Berkeley biologists report University of California Berkeley March 24 2005 Christine L Huffard Farnis Boneka Robert J Full Underwater Bipedal Locomotion by Octopuses in Disguise Science March 25 2005 Henderson Mark 2009 12 15 Indonesia s veined octopus stilt walks to collect coconut shells Times Online Archived from the original on August 15 2011 Finn Julian K Tregenza Tom Norman Mark D 2009 Defensive tool use in a coconut carrying octopus Curr Biol 19 23 R1069 R1070 Bibcode 2009CBio 19R1069F doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 10 052 PMID 20064403 S2CID 26835945 Harmon Katherine 2009 12 14 A tool wielding octopus This invertebrate builds armor from coconut halves Scientific American Archived from the original on 2009 12 17 Retrieved 2009 12 15 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amphioctopus marginatus CephBase Amphioctopus marginatus Archived from the original on 2005 08 17 Octopus uses coconuts Video via EducatedEarth Octopus marginatus at National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI NewsBBC article with video Guardian article with video Video using 2 sea shells as a defense shelter Photos of Amphioctopus marginatus on Sealife Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amphioctopus marginatus amp oldid 1215773326, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
