Clostridium cadaveris is usually considered non-pathogenic; unlike other species of Clostridium, it does not produce toxins.[2]Clostridium cadaveris is found in soil, water, and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract.
The genus Clostridium is large and phylogenetically diverse, comprising over 150 species.[3] Clostridia are found extensively in nature predominantly as benign soil saprophytes. A number of Clostridium species are pathogenic to humans. Members including C.botulinium, C. perfringens, and C.septicum are spore forming and the cause of botulism and gas gangrene respectively. Clostridium cadaveris is closely related phylogenetically to Clostridium fallax and Clostridium intestinale.[4]
Infections in humans due to C. cadaveris are rare and the organism is seldom found is clinical specimens. Most cases reported in medical literature document infections in immunocompromised patients, but isolated cases in immunocompetent hosts have been reported.[5][6]
Primary isolation media is blood agar incubated anaerobically at 35-37 degrees Celsius for 40–48 hours. Microscopic appearance shows gram positive rods with both smooth and rough colony types and further spore staining technique may be utilized to determine spore shape and position.[7] Currently the standard to identify clostridial species such as C. cadaveris is via molecular techniques utilizing ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.[8]
Infectionsedit
Infections due to C. cadaveris are rare and present predominantly as bacteremia of gastro-intestinal origin and may occur endogenously.[9] Associated risk factors for bacteremia due to C. cadaveris include a compromised immune system, trauma, recent surgical procedures, diabetes, and perforated bowel.[10] Bacteremia and sepsis caused by Clostridium cadaveris have been implicated following orthopedic procedures, in patients undergoing oncological treatment, and in cases of necrotic decubitus.[11] Due to the rare clinical manifestation of bacteremia attributed to C. cadaveris, the organism's susceptibility to antibiotic treatment is not well documented. Case reports indicate a susceptibility to most antibiotics including metronidazole and penicillin as well as resistance to clindamycin and possibly beta-lactams.[12] Infections may be persistent due to the organisms ability to sporulate.[13]
In the human gutedit
Clostridium cadaveris normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiota (gut flora) contain between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteroidota and Bacillota; Clostridium cadaveris are Bacillota.[14] Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract. Smaller populations are found in the small intestines, whereas populations one hundredfold are found in the ileum, colon, and rectum.[15] Imbalance of the ratio between Bacillota and Bacteroidota levels are connected to obesity, Crohn's disease, and other health complications.[16] Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth.[citation needed]
In human decompositionedit
In humans, one of the first signs of decomposition is a yellow-green discolorization of the abdomen in the area of the cecum due to the build up of gases from bacteria and autolysis of cells.[17]Clostridium cadaveris, C. welchii, E. coli, and B. aerogenes are found in large numbers after death due to nutrient supply for anaerobic bacteria allowing for optimal organismal growth.[18] In initial stages of decomposition bacteria feed on both intestinal contents and intestinal tissues, prolific colonization occurs allowing digestive enzymes and anaerobic bacteria such as C. cadaveris to breach the intestinal tract invading other tissues and organs.[19] Translocation and proliferation of gut flora such as C. cadaveris allow for these organisms to serve as bacterial indicators for time of death in individuals.[20]
^Schade, Rogier; Michiel Van Rijna; Henri J. L. M. Timmersb; Anton S. M. Dofferhoffab; Corne H. W. Klaassena; Jacques F. G. M. Meis (28 September 2006). "Clostridium cadaveris bacteremia: Two cases and review". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 38 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1080/00365540500388792. PMID 16338840. S2CID 38559710.
^Keto-Timonen; Heinkinheiomo,Eerola,Korkeala (September 2006). "Identification of Clostridium Species and DNA fingerprinting of Clostridium perfringens" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (11): 4057–65. doi:10.1128/jcm.01275-06. PMC1698353. PMID 16971642.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Starr, S..E.; Killgore, Dowell (October 1971). "Comparison of Schaedler Agar and Trypticase Soy-Yeast Extract Agar for the Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria". Applied Microbiology. 22 (4): 655–658. doi:10.1128/AEM.22.4.655-658.1971. PMC376381. PMID 4943275.
^Goldman, Herman; Bronzo,McKinley (January 1992). "Clostridium cadaveris: an unusual cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87 (1): 140–142. PMID 1728112.
^Morshed, S.; Malek (February 2007). "Clostriduim cadaveris septic arthritis in a metastatic breast cancer patient". J. Athroplasty. 22 (2): 289–292. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2006.02.158. PMID 17275650.
^Willis, A.T. (1977). Anaerobic bacteriology: clinical and laboratory practice. Boston: Butterworth. pp. 111–166.
^Stolk-Engelaar, Virginia; Verweil,Bongaerts,Linsen,Lacquet,Cox (July 1997). "Pleural empyema due to Clostridium difficile and Clostridium cadaveris". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 25 (1): 160. doi:10.1086/516893. PMID 9243057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Bondia, F.; Latorre,Artach0,Moya (2011). "The active gut microbiota differs from the total microbiota". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22448. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022448. PMC3145646. PMID 21829462.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Turroni, F.; Angela Ribbera; Elena Foroni; Douwe van Sinderen; Marco Ventura (June 2008). "Human gut microbiota and bifido bacteria from composition to functionality". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 94 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1007/s10482-008-9232-4. hdl:11381/1721297. PMID 18338233. S2CID 6592189.
^Bercik, P. (August 2011). "The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice". Gastroenterology. 141 (2): 599–609. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.052. PMID 21683077.
^Ritz (23 December 2008). Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics. Springer Science. ISBN978-1-4020-9203-9.
^Sherman, Henry C. (1946). Chemistry of Food (7th ed.). New York: MacMillan and Company. OCLC 567049.
^Vass, Arpab (November 2001). . Microbiology Today. 28: 190–192. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^Melvin, J. R.; Cronholm, Simson (April 1984). "Bacterial Transmigration as an indicator of time of death". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 29 (2): 412–417. doi:10.1520/JFS11687J. PMID 6726153.
Type strain of Clostridium cadaveris at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
March 07, 2024
clostridium, cadaveris, enteric, forming, motile, strictly, anaerobic, gram, positive, bacterium, genus, clostridium, first, described, klein, 1899, noted, most, prominent, bacteria, during, human, decomposition, historically, described, putrefying, flora, sci. Clostridium cadaveris is an enteric gas forming motile strictly anaerobic gram positive bacterium of the genus Clostridium First described by Klein in 1899 it was noted to be the most prominent bacteria during human decomposition historically it was described as putrefying flora Clostridium cadaverisScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum BacillotaClass ClostridiaOrder EubacterialesFamily LachnospiraceaeGenus ClostridiumSpecies C cadaverisBinomial nameClostridium cadaveris Klein 1899 McClung and McCoy 1957SynonymsBacillus cadaveris 1 Klein 1899 Plectridium cadaveris 1 Klein 1899 Prevot 1938Clostridium cadaveris is usually considered non pathogenic unlike other species of Clostridium it does not produce toxins 2 Clostridium cadaveris is found in soil water and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract The genus Clostridium is large and phylogenetically diverse comprising over 150 species 3 Clostridia are found extensively in nature predominantly as benign soil saprophytes A number of Clostridium species are pathogenic to humans Members including C botulinium C perfringens and C septicum are spore forming and the cause of botulism and gas gangrene respectively Clostridium cadaveris is closely related phylogenetically to Clostridium fallax and Clostridium intestinale 4 Infections in humans due to C cadaveris are rare and the organism is seldom found is clinical specimens Most cases reported in medical literature document infections in immunocompromised patients but isolated cases in immunocompetent hosts have been reported 5 6 Contents 1 Colony characteristics 2 Infections 3 In the human gut 4 In human decomposition 5 References 6 External linksColony characteristics editPrimary isolation media is blood agar incubated anaerobically at 35 37 degrees Celsius for 40 48 hours Microscopic appearance shows gram positive rods with both smooth and rough colony types and further spore staining technique may be utilized to determine spore shape and position 7 Currently the standard to identify clostridial species such as C cadaveris is via molecular techniques utilizing ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 8 Infections editInfections due to C cadaveris are rare and present predominantly as bacteremia of gastro intestinal origin and may occur endogenously 9 Associated risk factors for bacteremia due to C cadaveris include a compromised immune system trauma recent surgical procedures diabetes and perforated bowel 10 Bacteremia and sepsis caused by Clostridium cadaveris have been implicated following orthopedic procedures in patients undergoing oncological treatment and in cases of necrotic decubitus 11 Due to the rare clinical manifestation of bacteremia attributed to C cadaveris the organism s susceptibility to antibiotic treatment is not well documented Case reports indicate a susceptibility to most antibiotics including metronidazole and penicillin as well as resistance to clindamycin and possibly beta lactams 12 Infections may be persistent due to the organisms ability to sporulate 13 In the human gut editClostridium cadaveris normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract Microbiota gut flora contain between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions Bacteroidota and Bacillota Clostridium cadaveris are Bacillota 14 Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract Smaller populations are found in the small intestines whereas populations one hundredfold are found in the ileum colon and rectum 15 Imbalance of the ratio between Bacillota and Bacteroidota levels are connected to obesity Crohn s disease and other health complications 16 Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth citation needed In human decomposition editIn humans one of the first signs of decomposition is a yellow green discolorization of the abdomen in the area of the cecum due to the build up of gases from bacteria and autolysis of cells 17 Clostridium cadaveris C welchii E coli and B aerogenes are found in large numbers after death due to nutrient supply for anaerobic bacteria allowing for optimal organismal growth 18 In initial stages of decomposition bacteria feed on both intestinal contents and intestinal tissues prolific colonization occurs allowing digestive enzymes and anaerobic bacteria such as C cadaveris to breach the intestinal tract invading other tissues and organs 19 Translocation and proliferation of gut flora such as C cadaveris allow for these organisms to serve as bacterial indicators for time of death in individuals 20 References edit a b Clostridium cadaveris Klein 1899 McClung and McCoy 1957 National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI Schade Rogier Michiel Van Rijna Henri J L M Timmersb Anton S M Dofferhoffab Corne H W Klaassena Jacques F G M Meis 28 September 2006 Clostridium cadaveris bacteremia Two cases and review Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 38 1 59 78 doi 10 1080 00365540500388792 PMID 16338840 S2CID 38559710 Keto Timonen Heinkinheiomo Eerola Korkeala September 2006 Identification of Clostridium Species and DNA fingerprinting of Clostridium perfringens PDF Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44 11 4057 65 doi 10 1128 jcm 01275 06 PMC 1698353 PMID 16971642 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Elsayed S Zhang April 2005 Bacteremia Caused by Clostridium Intestinale Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 4 2018 2020 doi 10 1128 JCM 43 4 2018 2020 2005 PMC 1081394 PMID 15815049 Gucalp R Carlisle Dutcher Fuks Wiernik 1993 Clostridium cadaveris bacteremia in the immunocompromised host Med Perdiatric Oncology 21 1 70 2 doi 10 1002 mpo 2950210114 PMID 8426578 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Poduval Rajiv Rajesh Mohandas Dilip Unnikrishnan Marilou Corpuz November 1999 Clostridium cadaveris in an Immunocompetent Host Clinical Infectious Diseases 29 5 1354 1355 doi 10 1086 313491 PMID 10525006 Starr S E Killgore Dowell October 1971 Comparison of Schaedler Agar and Trypticase Soy Yeast Extract Agar for the Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria Applied Microbiology 22 4 655 658 doi 10 1128 AEM 22 4 655 658 1971 PMC 376381 PMID 4943275 Woo P C Lau Chan Fung Tang Yuen 2005 Clostridium bacteramia characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing Journal of Clinical Pathology 58 3 301 307 doi 10 1136 jcp 2004 022830 PMC 1770585 PMID 15735165 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Goldman Herman Bronzo McKinley January 1992 Clostridium cadaveris an unusual cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis American Journal of Gastroenterology 87 1 140 142 PMID 1728112 Elsayed S Zhang April 2005 Bacteremia caused by Clostridium intestinale Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 4 2018 2020 doi 10 1128 jcm 43 4 2018 2020 2005 PMC 1081394 PMID 15815049 Morshed S Malek February 2007 Clostriduim cadaveris septic arthritis in a metastatic breast cancer patient J Athroplasty 22 2 289 292 doi 10 1016 j arth 2006 02 158 PMID 17275650 Willis A T 1977 Anaerobic bacteriology clinical and laboratory practice Boston Butterworth pp 111 166 Stolk Engelaar Virginia Verweil Bongaerts Linsen Lacquet Cox July 1997 Pleural empyema due to Clostridium difficile and Clostridium cadaveris Clinical Infectious Diseases 25 1 160 doi 10 1086 516893 PMID 9243057 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bondia F Latorre Artach0 Moya 2011 The active gut microbiota differs from the total microbiota PLOS ONE 6 7 e22448 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0022448 PMC 3145646 PMID 21829462 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Turroni F Angela Ribbera Elena Foroni Douwe van Sinderen Marco Ventura June 2008 Human gut microbiota and bifido bacteria from composition to functionality Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 94 1 35 50 doi 10 1007 s10482 008 9232 4 hdl 11381 1721297 PMID 18338233 S2CID 6592189 Bercik P August 2011 The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice Gastroenterology 141 2 599 609 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2011 04 052 PMID 21683077 Ritz 23 December 2008 Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics Springer Science ISBN 978 1 4020 9203 9 Sherman Henry C 1946 Chemistry of Food 7th ed New York MacMillan and Company OCLC 567049 Vass Arpab November 2001 Beyond the grave understanding human decomposition Microbiology Today 28 190 192 Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 Retrieved 6 February 2016 Melvin J R Cronholm Simson April 1984 Bacterial Transmigration as an indicator of time of death Journal of Forensic Sciences 29 2 412 417 doi 10 1520 JFS11687J PMID 6726153 External links edit Clostridium cadaveris at the Encyclopedia of Life nbsp UniProt Clostridium cadaveris Retrieved 2011 02 03 Type strain of Clostridium cadaveris at BacDive the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clostridium cadaveris amp oldid 1170158435, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
