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Chlamydiota

December 03, 2023

The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa,[4] and marine sediment forms not yet well understood.[5] All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiota were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts.[5] Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiota had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Chlamydiota
Chlamydia trachomatis
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydiota
Garrity & Holt 2021[3]
Class: Chlamydiia
Horn 2016[1][2]
Orders and families
Synonyms
  • Chlamydiota:
    • "Chlamydaeota" Oren et al. 2015
    • "Chlamydiae" Garrity and Holt 2001
    • "Chlamydiota" Whitman et al. 2018
    • "Chlamydobacteriae" Buchanan 1917
  • Chlamydiia:

Among the Chlamydiota, all of the ones long known to science grow only by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small as or smaller than many viruses. They are ovoid in shape and stain Gram-negative. They are dependent on replication inside the host cells; thus, some species are termed obligate intracellular pathogens and others are symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa. Most intracellular Chlamydiota are located in an inclusion body or vacuole. Outside cells, they survive only as an extracellular infectious form.

These Chlamydiota can grow only where their host cells grow, and develop according to a characteristic biphasic developmental cycle.[12][13][14] Therefore, clinically relevant Chlamydiota cannot be propagated in bacterial culture media in the clinical laboratory. They are most successfully isolated while still inside their host cells.

Of various Chlamydiota that cause human disease, the two most important species are Chlamydia pneumoniae, which causes a type of pneumonia, and Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes chlamydia. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States, and 2.86 million chlamydia infections are reported annually.

History edit

Chlamydia-like disease affecting the eyes of people was first described in ancient Chinese and Egyptian manuscripts. A modern description of chlamydia-like organisms was provided by Halberstaedrrter and von Prowazek in 1907.

Chlamydial isolates cultured in the yolk sacs of embryonating eggs were obtained from a human pneumonitis outbreak in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and by the mid-20th century, isolates had been obtained from dozens of vertebrate species. The term chlamydia (a cloak) appeared in the literature in 1945, although other names continued to be used, including Bedsonia, Miyagawanella, ornithosis-, TRIC-, and PLT-agents. In 1956, Chlamydia trachomatis was first cultured by Tang Fei-fan, though they were not yet recognized as bacteria.[15]

Nomenclature edit

In 1966, Chlamydiota were recognized as bacteria and the genus Chlamydia was validated.[16] The order Chlamydiales was created by Storz and Page in 1971. The class Chlamydiia was recently validly published.[17][18][19] Between 1989 and 1999, new families, genera, and species were recognized. The phylum Chlamydiae was established in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[20] By 2006, genetic data for over 350 chlamydial lineages had been reported.[21] Discovery of ocean-floor forms reported in 2020 involves new clades.[5] In 2022 the phylum was renamed Chlamydiota.[3]

Taxonomy and molecular signatures edit

The Chlamydiota currently contain eight validly named genera, and 14 genera.[22] The phylum presently consist of two orders (Chlamydiales, Parachlamydiales) and nine families within a single class (Chlamydiia).[17][18] Only four of these families are validly named (Chlamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Waddliaceae)[23][24] while five are described as families (Clavichlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Parilichlamydiaceae, Piscichlamydiaceae, and Rhabdochlamydiaceae).[25][26][27]

The Chlamydiales order as recently described contains the families Chlamydiaceae, and the Clavichlamydiaceae, while the new Parachlamydiales order harbors the remaining seven families.[17] This proposal is supported by the observation of two distinct phylogenetic clades that warrant taxonomic ranks above the family level. Molecular signatures in the form of conserved indels (CSIs) and proteins (CSPs) have been found to be uniquely shared by each separate order, providing a means of distinguishing each clade from the other and supporting the view of shared ancestry of the families within each order.[17][28] The distinctness of the two orders is also supported by the fact that no CSIs were found among any other combination of families.

Molecular signatures have also been found that are exclusive for the family Chlamydiaceae.[17][28] The Chlamydiaceae originally consisted of one genus, Chlamydia, but in 1999 was split into two genera, Chlamydophila and Chlamydia. The genera have since 2015 been reunited where species belonging to the genus Chlamydophila have been reclassified as Chlamydia species.[29][30]

However, CSIs and CSPs have been found specifically for Chlamydophila species, supporting their distinctness from Chlamydia, perhaps warranting additional consideration of two separate groupings within the family.[17][28] CSIs and CSPs have also been found that are exclusively shared by all Chlamydia that are further indicative of a lineage independent from Chlamydophila, supporting a means to distinguish Chlamydia species from neighbouring Chlamydophila members.

Phylogenetics edit

The Chlamydiota form a unique bacterial evolutionary group that separated from other bacteria about a billion years ago, and can be distinguished by the presence of several CSIs and CSPs.[17][28][31][14] The species from this group can be distinguished from all other bacteria by the presence of conserved indels in a number of proteins and by large numbers of signature proteins that are uniquely present in different Chlamydiae species.[32][33]

Reports have varied as to whether the Chlamydiota are related to the Planctomycetota or Spirochaetota.[34][35] Genome sequencing, however, indicates that 11% of the genes in Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 and 4% in the Chlamydiaceae are most similar to chloroplast, plant, and cyanobacterial genes.[14] Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Chlamydiota fall into the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes. However, phylogeny and shared presence of CSIs in proteins that are lineage-specific indicate that the Verrucomicrobiota are the closest free-living relatives of these parasitic organisms.[36] Comparison of ribosomal RNA genes has provided a phylogeny of known strains within Chlamydiota.[21]

Human pathogens and diagnostics edit

Three species of Chlamydiota that commonly infect humans are described:

The unique physiological status of the Chlamydiota including their biphasic lifecycle and obligation to replicate within a eukaryotic host has enabled the use of DNA analysis for chlamydial diagnostics.[37] Horizontal transfer of genes is evident and complicates this area of research. In one extreme example, two genes encoding histone-like H1 proteins of eukaryotic origin have been found in the prokaryotic genome of C. trachomatis, an obligate intracellular pathogen.

Phylogeny edit

16S rRNA based LTP_01_2022[38][39][40] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[41][42][43]
"Similichlamydiales"

"Parilichlamydiaceae"

Chlamydiales

Taxonomy edit

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[44] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[45]

  • "Similichlamydiales" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 [Hat2]
    • Family "Piscichlamydiaceae" Horn 2010
    • Family "Parilichlamydiaceae" Stride et al. 2013 ["Similichlamydiaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022]
  • Order Chlamydiales Storz & Page 1971

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Horn M. (2010). "Class I. Chlamydiia class. nov.". In Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB. (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. p. 844. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6.
  2. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM. (2016). "Validation list no. 170. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 66 (7): 2463–2466. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001149. PMID 27530111.
  3. ^ a b Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
  4. ^ Sixt BS, Siegl A, Müller C, Watzka M, Wultsch A, Tziotis D, et al. (2013). "Metabolic features of Protochlamydia amoebophila elementary bodies—a link between activity and infectivity in Chlamydiae". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (8): e1003553. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003553. PMC 3738481. PMID 23950718.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b c Dharamshi JE, Tamarit D, Eme L, Stairs CW, Martijn J, Homa F, et al. (March 2020). "Marine Sediments Illuminate Chlamydiae Diversity and Evolution". Current Biology. 30 (6): 1032–1048.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.016. PMID 32142706. S2CID 212423997.
  6. ^ Pilhofer M, Aistleitner K, Biboy J, Gray J, Kuru E, Hall E, et al. (2013-12-02). "Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2856. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2856P. doi:10.1038/ncomms3856. PMC 3847603. PMID 24292151.
  7. ^ Jacquier N, Viollier PH, Greub G (March 2015). "The role of peptidoglycan in chlamydial cell division: towards resolving the chlamydial anomaly". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 39 (2): 262–275. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv001. PMID 25670734.
  8. ^ Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M (September 2013). "Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: an update". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 138 (3): 303–316. PMC 3818592. PMID 24135174.
  9. ^ Liechti GW, Kuru E, Hall E, Kalinda A, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze M, Maurelli AT (February 2014). "A new metabolic cell-wall labelling method reveals peptidoglycan in Chlamydia trachomatis". Nature. 506 (7489): 507–510. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..507L. doi:10.1038/nature12892. PMC 3997218. PMID 24336210.
  10. ^ Liechti G, Kuru E, Packiam M, Hsu YP, Tekkam S, Hall E, et al. (May 2016). "Pathogenic Chlamydia Lack a Classical Sacculus but Synthesize a Narrow, Mid-cell Peptidoglycan Ring, Regulated by MreB, for Cell Division". PLOS Pathogens. 12 (5): e1005590. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005590. PMC 4856321. PMID 27144308.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Gupta RS (August 2011). "Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8. PMC 3133647. PMID 21717204.
  12. ^ Horn M (2008). "Chlamydiae as symbionts in eukaryotes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 62: 113–131. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162818. PMID 18473699. S2CID 13405815.
  13. ^ Abdelrahman YM, Belland RJ (November 2005). "The chlamydial developmental cycle". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 29 (5): 949–959. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.03.002. PMID 16043254.
  14. ^ a b c Horn M, Collingro A, Schmitz-Esser S, Beier CL, Purkhold U, Fartmann B, et al. (April 2004). "Illuminating the evolutionary history of Chlamydiae". Science. 304 (5671): 728–730. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..728H. doi:10.1126/science.1096330. PMID 15073324. S2CID 39036549.
  15. ^ Philip S. Brachman and Elias Abrutyn (2009-07-23). Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. ISBN 9780387098425.
  16. ^ Moulder JW (1966). "The relation of the psittacosis group (Chlamydiae) to bacteria and viruses". Annual Review of Microbiology. 20: 107–130. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.20.100166.000543. PMID 5330228.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Gupta RS, Naushad S, Chokshi C, Griffiths E, Adeolu M (September 2015). "A phylogenomic and molecular markers based analysis of the phylum Chlamydiae: Proposal to divide the class Chlamydiia into two orders, Chlamydiales and Parachlamydiales ord. nov., and emended description of the class Chlamydiia". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 108 (3): 765–781. doi:10.1007/s10482-015-0532-1. PMID 26179278. S2CID 17099157.
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  19. ^ Storz J, Page LA (1971). "Taxonomy of the Chlamydiae: reasons for classifying organisms of the genus Chlamydia, family Chlamydiaceae, in a separate order, Chlamydiales ord. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 21 (4): 332–334. doi:10.1099/00207713-21-4-332.
  20. ^ Garrity GM, Boone DR (2001). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2.
  21. ^ a b Everett KD, Thao M, Horn M, Dyszynski GE, Baumann P (July 2005). "Novel chlamydiae in whiteflies and scale insects: endosymbionts 'Candidatus Fritschea bemisiae' strain Falk and 'Candidatus Fritschea eriococci' strain Elm". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 4): 1581–1587. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63454-0. PMID 16014485.
  22. ^ Sayers; et al. "Chlamydiia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  23. ^ Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA (April 1999). "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (Pt 2): 415–440. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-2-415. PMID 10319462.
  24. ^ Rurangirwa FR, Dilbeck PM, Crawford TB, McGuire TC, McElwain TF (April 1999). "Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of micro-organism WSU 86-1044 from an aborted bovine foetus reveals that it is a member of the order Chlamydiales: proposal of Waddliaceae fam. nov., Waddlia chondrophila gen. nov., sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (Pt 2): 577–581. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-2-577. PMID 10319478.
  25. ^ Thomas V, Casson N, Greub G (December 2006). "Criblamydia sequanensis, a new intracellular Chlamydiales isolated from Seine river water using amoebal co-culture". Environmental Microbiology. 8 (12): 2125–2135. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01094.x. PMID 17107554. S2CID 31211875.
  26. ^ Stride MC, Polkinghorne A, Miller TL, Groff JM, Lapatra SE, Nowak BF (March 2013). "Molecular characterization of "Candidatus Parilichlamydia carangidicola," a novel Chlamydia-like epitheliocystis agent in yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes), and the proposal of a new family, "Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae" fam. nov. (order Chlamydiales)". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (5): 1590–1597. Bibcode:2013ApEnM..79.1590S. doi:10.1128/AEM.02899-12. PMC 3591964. PMID 23275507.
  27. ^ Kuo C-C, Horn M, Stephens RS (2011) Order I. Chlamydiales. In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 4, 2nd ed. pp. 844-845. Eds Krieg N, Staley J, Brown D, Hedlund B, Paster B, Ward N, Ludwig W, Whitman W. Springer-: New York.
  28. ^ a b c d Griffiths E, Ventresca MS, Gupta RS (January 2006). "BLAST screening of chlamydial genomes to identify signature proteins that are unique for the Chlamydiales, Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydophila and Chlamydia groups of species". BMC Genomics. 7: 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-14. PMC 1403754. PMID 16436211.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  29. ^ Sachse K, Bavoil PM, Kaltenboeck B, Stephens RS, Kuo CC, Rosselló-Móra R, Horn M (March 2015). "Emendation of the family Chlamydiaceae: proposal of a single genus, Chlamydia, to include all currently recognized species". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 38 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.004. hdl:10261/123714. PMID 25618261.
  30. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2015). "List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (7): 2017–2025. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000317. PMID 28056215.
  31. ^ Greub G, Raoult D (September 2003). "History of the ADP/ATP-translocase-encoding gene, a parasitism gene transferred from a Chlamydiales ancestor to plants 1 billion years ago". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (9): 5530–5535. Bibcode:2003ApEnM..69.5530G. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.9.5530-5535.2003. PMC 194985. PMID 12957942.
  32. ^ Griffiths E, Petrich AK, Gupta RS (August 2005). "Conserved indels in essential proteins that are distinctive characteristics of Chlamydiales and provide novel means for their identification". Microbiology. 151 (Pt 8): 2647–2657. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28057-0. PMID 16079343.
  33. ^ Gupta RS, Griffiths E (December 2006). "Chlamydiae-specific proteins and indels: novel tools for studies". Trends in Microbiology. 14 (12): 527–535. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.10.002. PMID 17049238.
  34. ^ Ward NL, Rainey FA, Hedlund BP, Staley JT, Ludwig W, Stackebrandt E (November 2000). "Comparative phylogenetic analyses of members of the order Planctomycetales and the division Verrucomicrobia: 23S rRNA gene sequence analysis supports the 16S rRNA gene sequence-derived phylogeny". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (Pt 6): 1965–1972. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-6-1965. PMID 11155969.
  35. ^ Teeling H, Lombardot T, Bauer M, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO (May 2004). "Evaluation of the phylogenetic position of the planctomycete 'Rhodopirellula baltica' SH 1 by means of concatenated ribosomal protein sequences, DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit sequences and whole genome trees". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 3): 791–801. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02913-0. PMID 15143026.
  36. ^ Griffiths E, Gupta RS (August 2007). "Phylogeny and shared conserved inserts in proteins provide evidence that Verrucomicrobia are the closest known free-living relatives of chlamydiae". Microbiology. 153 (Pt 8): 2648–2654. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/009118-0. PMID 17660429. S2CID 2094762.
  37. ^ Corsaro D, Greub G (April 2006). "Pathogenic potential of novel Chlamydiae and diagnostic approaches to infections due to these obligate intracellular bacteria". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 19 (2): 283–297. doi:10.1128/CMR.19.2.283-297.2006. PMC 1471994. PMID 16614250.
  38. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
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External links edit

  • Ward M. "www.chlamydiae.com". University of Southampton. The comprehensive reference and education wiki on Chlamydia and the Chlamydiales
  • Chlamydia Overview

December 03, 2023
chlamydiota, synonym, chlamydiae, bacterial, phylum, class, whose, members, remarkably, diverse, including, pathogens, humans, animals, symbionts, ubiquitous, protozoa, marine, sediment, forms, well, understood, that, humans, have, known, about, many, decades,. The Chlamydiota synonym Chlamydiae are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse including pathogens of humans and animals symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa 4 and marine sediment forms not yet well understood 5 All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria in 2020 many additional Chlamydiota were discovered in ocean floor environments and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts 5 Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiota had a peptidoglycan free cell wall but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan as well as other important proteins 6 7 8 9 10 11 ChlamydiotaChlamydia trachomatisScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum ChlamydiotaGarrity amp Holt 2021 3 Class ChlamydiiaHorn 2016 1 2 Orders and families Similichlamydiales Parilichlamydiaceae Piscichlamydiaceae Chlamydiales Actinochlamydiaceae Chlamydiaceae Criblamydiaceae Parachlamydiaceae Rhabdochlamydiaceae Simkaniaceae WaddliaceaeSynonymsChlamydiota Chlamydaeota Oren et al 2015 Chlamydiae Garrity and Holt 2001 Chlamydiota Whitman et al 2018 Chlamydobacteriae Buchanan 1917 Chlamydiia Chlamydiae Cavalier Smith 2002 Chlamydozoa Moshkovskiy 1945Among the Chlamydiota all of the ones long known to science grow only by infecting eukaryotic host cells They are as small as or smaller than many viruses They are ovoid in shape and stain Gram negative They are dependent on replication inside the host cells thus some species are termed obligate intracellular pathogens and others are symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa Most intracellular Chlamydiota are located in an inclusion body or vacuole Outside cells they survive only as an extracellular infectious form These Chlamydiota can grow only where their host cells grow and develop according to a characteristic biphasic developmental cycle 12 13 14 Therefore clinically relevant Chlamydiota cannot be propagated in bacterial culture media in the clinical laboratory They are most successfully isolated while still inside their host cells Of various Chlamydiota that cause human disease the two most important species are Chlamydia pneumoniae which causes a type of pneumonia and Chlamydia trachomatis which causes chlamydia Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States and 2 86 million chlamydia infections are reported annually Contents 1 History 2 Nomenclature 3 Taxonomy and molecular signatures 4 Phylogenetics 5 Human pathogens and diagnostics 6 Phylogeny 7 Taxonomy 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editChlamydia like disease affecting the eyes of people was first described in ancient Chinese and Egyptian manuscripts A modern description of chlamydia like organisms was provided by Halberstaedrrter and von Prowazek in 1907 Chlamydial isolates cultured in the yolk sacs of embryonating eggs were obtained from a human pneumonitis outbreak in the late 1920s and early 1930s and by the mid 20th century isolates had been obtained from dozens of vertebrate species The term chlamydia a cloak appeared in the literature in 1945 although other names continued to be used including Bedsonia Miyagawanella ornithosis TRIC and PLT agents In 1956 Chlamydia trachomatis was first cultured by Tang Fei fan though they were not yet recognized as bacteria 15 Nomenclature editIn 1966 Chlamydiota were recognized as bacteria and the genus Chlamydia was validated 16 The order Chlamydiales was created by Storz and Page in 1971 The class Chlamydiia was recently validly published 17 18 19 Between 1989 and 1999 new families genera and species were recognized The phylum Chlamydiae was established in Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 20 By 2006 genetic data for over 350 chlamydial lineages had been reported 21 Discovery of ocean floor forms reported in 2020 involves new clades 5 In 2022 the phylum was renamed Chlamydiota 3 Taxonomy and molecular signatures editThe Chlamydiota currently contain eight validly named genera and 14 genera 22 The phylum presently consist of two orders Chlamydiales Parachlamydiales and nine families within a single class Chlamydiia 17 18 Only four of these families are validly named Chlamydiaceae Parachlamydiaceae Simkaniaceae Waddliaceae 23 24 while five are described as families Clavichlamydiaceae Criblamydiaceae Parilichlamydiaceae Piscichlamydiaceae and Rhabdochlamydiaceae 25 26 27 The Chlamydiales order as recently described contains the families Chlamydiaceae and the Clavichlamydiaceae while the new Parachlamydiales order harbors the remaining seven families 17 This proposal is supported by the observation of two distinct phylogenetic clades that warrant taxonomic ranks above the family level Molecular signatures in the form of conserved indels CSIs and proteins CSPs have been found to be uniquely shared by each separate order providing a means of distinguishing each clade from the other and supporting the view of shared ancestry of the families within each order 17 28 The distinctness of the two orders is also supported by the fact that no CSIs were found among any other combination of families Molecular signatures have also been found that are exclusive for the family Chlamydiaceae 17 28 The Chlamydiaceae originally consisted of one genus Chlamydia but in 1999 was split into two genera Chlamydophila and Chlamydia The genera have since 2015 been reunited where species belonging to the genus Chlamydophila have been reclassified as Chlamydia species 29 30 However CSIs and CSPs have been found specifically for Chlamydophila species supporting their distinctness from Chlamydia perhaps warranting additional consideration of two separate groupings within the family 17 28 CSIs and CSPs have also been found that are exclusively shared by all Chlamydia that are further indicative of a lineage independent from Chlamydophila supporting a means to distinguish Chlamydia species from neighbouring Chlamydophila members Phylogenetics editThe Chlamydiota form a unique bacterial evolutionary group that separated from other bacteria about a billion years ago and can be distinguished by the presence of several CSIs and CSPs 17 28 31 14 The species from this group can be distinguished from all other bacteria by the presence of conserved indels in a number of proteins and by large numbers of signature proteins that are uniquely present in different Chlamydiae species 32 33 Reports have varied as to whether the Chlamydiota are related to the Planctomycetota or Spirochaetota 34 35 Genome sequencing however indicates that 11 of the genes in Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 and 4 in the Chlamydiaceae are most similar to chloroplast plant and cyanobacterial genes 14 Cavalier Smith has postulated that the Chlamydiota fall into the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes However phylogeny and shared presence of CSIs in proteins that are lineage specific indicate that the Verrucomicrobiota are the closest free living relatives of these parasitic organisms 36 Comparison of ribosomal RNA genes has provided a phylogeny of known strains within Chlamydiota 21 Human pathogens and diagnostics editThree species of Chlamydiota that commonly infect humans are described Chlamydia trachomatis which causes the eye disease trachoma and the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia Chlamydophila pneumoniae which causes a form of pneumonia Chlamydophila psittaci which causes psittacosisThe unique physiological status of the Chlamydiota including their biphasic lifecycle and obligation to replicate within a eukaryotic host has enabled the use of DNA analysis for chlamydial diagnostics 37 Horizontal transfer of genes is evident and complicates this area of research In one extreme example two genes encoding histone like H1 proteins of eukaryotic origin have been found in the prokaryotic genome of C trachomatis an obligate intracellular pathogen Phylogeny edit16S rRNA based LTP 01 2022 38 39 40 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08 RS214 41 42 43 WaddliaceaeSimkaniaceaeParachlamydiaceaeChlamydiaceae Similichlamydiales Parilichlamydiaceae Chlamydiales Simkaniaceae Rhabdochlamydiaceae Waddliaceae Criblamydiaceae ParachlamydiaceaeChlamydiaceaeTaxonomy editThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN 44 and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 45 Similichlamydiales Pallen Rodriguez R amp Alikhan 2022 Hat2 Family Piscichlamydiaceae Horn 2010 Family Parilichlamydiaceae Stride et al 2013 Similichlamydiaceae Pallen Rodriguez R amp Alikhan 2022 Order Chlamydiales Storz amp Page 1971 Family Actinochlamydiaceae Steigen et al 2013 Family Criblamydiaceae Thomas Casson amp Greub 2006 Family Chlamydiaceae Rake 1957 Clavichlamydiaceae Horn 2011 Family Parachlamydiaceae Everett Bush amp Andersen 1999 Family Rhabdochlamydiaceae Corsaro et al 2009 Family Simkaniaceae Everett Bush amp Andersen 1999 Family Waddliaceae Rurangirwa et al 1999See also editList of bacterial orders List of bacteria generaReferences edit Horn M 2010 Class I Chlamydiia class nov In Krieg NR Staley JT Brown DR Hedlund BP Paster BJ Ward NL Ludwig W Whitman WB eds Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Vol 4 2nd ed New York NY Springer p 844 doi 10 1007 978 0 387 68572 4 ISBN 978 0 387 95042 6 Oren A Garrity GM 2016 Validation list no 170 List of new names and new combinations previously effectively but not validly published Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66 7 2463 2466 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 001149 PMID 27530111 a b Oren A Garrity GM 2021 Valid publication of the names of forty two phyla of prokaryotes Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71 10 5056 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 005056 PMID 34694987 S2CID 239887308 Sixt BS Siegl A Muller C Watzka M Wultsch A Tziotis D et al 2013 Metabolic features of Protochlamydia amoebophila elementary bodies a link between activity and infectivity in Chlamydiae PLOS Pathogens 9 8 e1003553 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1003553 PMC 3738481 PMID 23950718 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unflagged free DOI link a b c Dharamshi JE Tamarit D Eme L Stairs CW Martijn J Homa F et al March 2020 Marine Sediments Illuminate Chlamydiae Diversity and Evolution Current Biology 30 6 1032 1048 e7 doi 10 1016 j cub 2020 02 016 PMID 32142706 S2CID 212423997 Pilhofer M Aistleitner K Biboy J Gray J Kuru E Hall E et al 2013 12 02 Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ Nature Communications 4 1 2856 Bibcode 2013NatCo 4 2856P doi 10 1038 ncomms3856 PMC 3847603 PMID 24292151 Jacquier N Viollier PH Greub G March 2015 The role of peptidoglycan in chlamydial cell division towards resolving the chlamydial anomaly FEMS Microbiology Reviews 39 2 262 275 doi 10 1093 femsre fuv001 PMID 25670734 Malhotra M Sood S Mukherjee A Muralidhar S Bala M September 2013 Genital Chlamydia trachomatis an update The Indian Journal of Medical Research 138 3 303 316 PMC 3818592 PMID 24135174 Liechti GW Kuru E Hall E Kalinda A Brun YV VanNieuwenhze M Maurelli AT February 2014 A new metabolic cell wall labelling method reveals peptidoglycan in Chlamydia trachomatis Nature 506 7489 507 510 Bibcode 2014Natur 506 507L doi 10 1038 nature12892 PMC 3997218 PMID 24336210 Liechti G Kuru E Packiam M Hsu YP Tekkam S Hall E et al May 2016 Pathogenic Chlamydia Lack a Classical Sacculus but Synthesize a Narrow Mid cell Peptidoglycan Ring Regulated by MreB for Cell Division PLOS Pathogens 12 5 e1005590 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1005590 PMC 4856321 PMID 27144308 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unflagged free DOI link Gupta RS August 2011 Origin of diderm Gram negative bacteria antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 100 2 171 182 doi 10 1007 s10482 011 9616 8 PMC 3133647 PMID 21717204 Horn M 2008 Chlamydiae as symbionts in eukaryotes Annual Review of Microbiology 62 113 131 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 62 081307 162818 PMID 18473699 S2CID 13405815 Abdelrahman YM Belland RJ November 2005 The chlamydial developmental cycle FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29 5 949 959 doi 10 1016 j femsre 2005 03 002 PMID 16043254 a b c Horn M Collingro A Schmitz Esser S Beier CL Purkhold U Fartmann B et al April 2004 Illuminating the evolutionary history of Chlamydiae Science 304 5671 728 730 Bibcode 2004Sci 304 728H doi 10 1126 science 1096330 PMID 15073324 S2CID 39036549 Philip S Brachman and Elias Abrutyn 2009 07 23 Bacterial Infections of Humans Epidemiology and Control ISBN 9780387098425 Moulder JW 1966 The relation of the psittacosis group Chlamydiae to bacteria and viruses Annual Review of Microbiology 20 107 130 doi 10 1146 annurev mi 20 100166 000543 PMID 5330228 a b c d e f g Gupta RS Naushad S Chokshi C Griffiths E Adeolu M September 2015 A phylogenomic and molecular markers based analysis of the phylum Chlamydiae Proposal to divide the class Chlamydiia into two orders Chlamydiales and Parachlamydiales ord nov and emended description of the class Chlamydiia Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 108 3 765 781 doi 10 1007 s10482 015 0532 1 PMID 26179278 S2CID 17099157 a b Oren A Garrity GM July 2016 List of new names and new combinations previously effectively but not validly published International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66 7 2463 2466 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 001149 PMID 27530111 Storz J Page LA 1971 Taxonomy of the Chlamydiae reasons for classifying organisms of the genus Chlamydia family Chlamydiaceae in a separate order Chlamydiales ord nov International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 21 4 332 334 doi 10 1099 00207713 21 4 332 Garrity GM Boone DR 2001 Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1 The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria 2nd ed Springer ISBN 978 0 387 98771 2 a b Everett KD Thao M Horn M Dyszynski GE Baumann P July 2005 Novel chlamydiae in whiteflies and scale insects endosymbionts Candidatus Fritschea bemisiae strain Falk and Candidatus Fritschea eriococci strain Elm International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 Pt 4 1581 1587 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 63454 0 PMID 16014485 Sayers et al Chlamydiia National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2016 10 24 Everett KD Bush RM Andersen AA April 1999 Emended description of the order Chlamydiales proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam nov and Simkaniaceae fam nov each containing one monotypic genus revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae including a new genus and five new species and standards for the identification of organisms International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49 Pt 2 415 440 doi 10 1099 00207713 49 2 415 PMID 10319462 Rurangirwa FR Dilbeck PM Crawford TB McGuire TC McElwain TF April 1999 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of micro organism WSU 86 1044 from an aborted bovine foetus reveals that it is a member of the order Chlamydiales proposal of Waddliaceae fam nov Waddlia chondrophila gen nov sp nov International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49 Pt 2 577 581 doi 10 1099 00207713 49 2 577 PMID 10319478 Thomas V Casson N Greub G December 2006 Criblamydia sequanensis a new intracellular Chlamydiales isolated from Seine river water using amoebal co culture Environmental Microbiology 8 12 2125 2135 doi 10 1111 j 1462 2920 2006 01094 x PMID 17107554 S2CID 31211875 Stride MC Polkinghorne A Miller TL Groff JM Lapatra SE Nowak BF March 2013 Molecular characterization of Candidatus Parilichlamydia carangidicola a novel Chlamydia like epitheliocystis agent in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes and the proposal of a new family Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae fam nov order Chlamydiales Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79 5 1590 1597 Bibcode 2013ApEnM 79 1590S doi 10 1128 AEM 02899 12 PMC 3591964 PMID 23275507 Kuo C C Horn M Stephens RS 2011 Order I Chlamydiales In Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology vol 4 2nd ed pp 844 845 Eds Krieg N Staley J Brown D Hedlund B Paster B Ward N Ludwig W Whitman W Springer New York a b c d Griffiths E Ventresca MS Gupta RS January 2006 BLAST screening of chlamydial genomes to identify signature proteins that are unique for the Chlamydiales Chlamydiaceae Chlamydophila and Chlamydia groups of species BMC Genomics 7 14 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 7 14 PMC 1403754 PMID 16436211 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unflagged free DOI link Sachse K Bavoil PM Kaltenboeck B Stephens RS Kuo CC Rossello Mora R Horn M March 2015 Emendation of the family Chlamydiaceae proposal of a single genus Chlamydia to include all currently recognized species Systematic and Applied Microbiology 38 2 99 103 doi 10 1016 j syapm 2014 12 004 hdl 10261 123714 PMID 25618261 Oren A Garrity GM 2015 List of new names and new combinations previously effectively but not validly published Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65 7 2017 2025 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 000317 PMID 28056215 Greub G Raoult D September 2003 History of the ADP ATP translocase encoding gene a parasitism gene transferred from a Chlamydiales ancestor to plants 1 billion years ago Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 9 5530 5535 Bibcode 2003ApEnM 69 5530G doi 10 1128 AEM 69 9 5530 5535 2003 PMC 194985 PMID 12957942 Griffiths E Petrich AK Gupta RS August 2005 Conserved indels in essential proteins that are distinctive characteristics of Chlamydiales and provide novel means for their identification Microbiology 151 Pt 8 2647 2657 doi 10 1099 mic 0 28057 0 PMID 16079343 Gupta RS Griffiths E December 2006 Chlamydiae specific proteins and indels novel tools for studies Trends in Microbiology 14 12 527 535 doi 10 1016 j tim 2006 10 002 PMID 17049238 Ward NL Rainey FA Hedlund BP Staley JT Ludwig W Stackebrandt E November 2000 Comparative phylogenetic analyses of members of the order Planctomycetales and the division Verrucomicrobia 23S rRNA gene sequence analysis supports the 16S rRNA gene sequence derived phylogeny International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50 Pt 6 1965 1972 doi 10 1099 00207713 50 6 1965 PMID 11155969 Teeling H Lombardot T Bauer M Ludwig W Glockner FO May 2004 Evaluation of the phylogenetic position of the planctomycete Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 by means of concatenated ribosomal protein sequences DNA directed RNA polymerase subunit sequences and whole genome trees International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 Pt 3 791 801 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 02913 0 PMID 15143026 Griffiths E Gupta RS August 2007 Phylogeny and shared conserved inserts in proteins provide evidence that Verrucomicrobia are the closest known free living relatives of chlamydiae Microbiology 153 Pt 8 2648 2654 doi 10 1099 mic 0 2007 009118 0 PMID 17660429 S2CID 2094762 Corsaro D Greub G April 2006 Pathogenic potential of novel Chlamydiae and diagnostic approaches to infections due to these obligate intracellular bacteria Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 2 283 297 doi 10 1128 CMR 19 2 283 297 2006 PMC 1471994 PMID 16614250 The LTP Retrieved 23 February 2022 LTP all tree in newick format Retrieved 23 February 2022 LTP 01 2022 Release Notes PDF Retrieved 23 February 2022 GTDB release 08 RS214 Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 10 May 2023 bac120 r214 sp label Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 10 May 2023 Taxon History Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 10 May 2023 J P Euzeby Chlamydiota List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN Retrieved 2022 09 09 Sayers et al Chlamydiae National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2022 09 09 External links editWard M www chlamydiae com University of Southampton The comprehensive reference and education wiki on Chlamydia and the Chlamydiales Chlamydia Overview Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chlamydiota amp oldid 1180649465, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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