fbpx
Wikipedia

Chinese rubythroat

January 01, 1970

The Chinese rubythroat (Calliope tschebaiewi) is a small passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the Himalayan rubythroat, together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Pakistan to Myanmar.

Chinese rubythroat
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Calliope
Species:
C. tschebaiewi
Binomial name
Calliope tschebaiewi
Synonyms
  • Calliope pectoralis tschebaiewi
  • Luscinia tschebaiewi

Taxonomy edit

 
Luscinia pectoralis tschebaiewi, a synonym of Calliope tschebaiewi in a 1877 illustration.

The first formal description of the Chinese rubythroat was by the Russian geographer Nikolay Przhevalsky in 1876. He introduced the current binomial name Calliope tschebaiewi.[2] The specific epithet tschebaiewi is in honour of the Cossack Pamfili Tschebaeiv who accompanied Przevalsky on his travels.[3] The Chinese rubythroat was subsequently considered as a subspecies of the Himalayan rubythroat (Calliope pectoralis). The species complex was given the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" and placed in the genus Luscinia. A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the Luscinia was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus Calliope.[4][5] Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several Calliope pectoralis subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that C. p. tschebaiewi be promoted to species rank with the English name Chinese rubythroat. At the same time the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat.[5][6] The species is monotypic.

Description edit

The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.[7] The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish as is the short moustachial stripe.[7]

Distribution and habitat edit

It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, and Thailand. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. It breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam.[8][9] Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub.

Behaviour and ecology edit

Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the breeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping skyap.[10][11]

In the Tien Shan region, the Chinese rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days.[12] The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Calliope tschebaiewi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103768594A132043312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103768594A132043312.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Przhevalsky, Nikolay (1876). Монголия и страна тунгутов. Трехлетнее путешествие в Восточной нагорной Азии [Mongolia and the country of the Tunguts. A three-year journey in Eastern Asia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg: Izd. Imp. Russkago Ob-va, 1876. p. 44.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 392. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  6. ^ Liu, Y.; Chen, G.; Huang, Q.; Jia, C.; Carey, G.; Leader, P.; Li, Y.; Zou, F.; Yang, X.; Olsson, U.; Alström, P. (2016). "Species delimitation of the white-tailed rubythroat Calliope pectoralis complex (Aves, Turdidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach". Avian Biology. 47 (6): 899–910. doi:10.1111/jav.01015.
  7. ^ a b Ali S, Ripley SD (1997). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–229.
  8. ^ Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 92–95.
  9. ^ Inskipp, C & Inskipp T (1985). A guide to the birds of Nepal (2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-7136-8109-3.
  10. ^ Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 391–392.
  11. ^ a b Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF (1970). "Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67 (1): 14–25.
  12. ^ Badyaev, AV & CK Ghalambor (2001). (PDF). Ecology. 82 (10): 2948–2960. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2017-03-26.

January 01, 1970
chinese, rubythroat, calliope, tschebaiewi, small, passerine, bird, family, muscicapidae, closely, related, siberian, rubythroat, which, however, lacks, distinctive, white, tail, tips, white, tail, bases, also, previously, considered, conspecific, with, himala. The Chinese rubythroat Calliope tschebaiewi is a small passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail tips and white tail bases It was also previously considered conspecific with the Himalayan rubythroat together called the white tailed rubythroat It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Pakistan to Myanmar Chinese rubythroat Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Muscicapidae Genus Calliope Species C tschebaiewi Binomial name Calliope tschebaiewiPrzhevalsky 1876 Synonyms Calliope pectoralis tschebaiewi Luscinia tschebaiewi Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 5 ReferencesTaxonomy edit nbsp Luscinia pectoralis tschebaiewi a synonym of Calliope tschebaiewi in a 1877 illustration The first formal description of the Chinese rubythroat was by the Russian geographer Nikolay Przhevalsky in 1876 He introduced the current binomial name Calliope tschebaiewi 2 The specific epithet tschebaiewi is in honour of the Cossack Pamfili Tschebaeiv who accompanied Przevalsky on his travels 3 The Chinese rubythroat was subsequently considered as a subspecies of the Himalayan rubythroat Calliope pectoralis The species complex was given the English name white tailed rubythroat and placed in the genus Luscinia A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the Luscinia was not monophyletic The genus was therefore split and several species including the white tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus Calliope 4 5 Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA vocalization and morphology of several Calliope pectoralis subspecies Based on their results the authors recommended that C p tschebaiewi be promoted to species rank with the English name Chinese rubythroat At the same time the English name white tailed rubythroat was changed to Himalayan rubythroat 5 6 The species is monotypic Description editThe male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey 7 The belly and vent are white The female is dull brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts The centre of the throat is whitish as is the short moustachial stripe 7 Distribution and habitat editIt is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ranging across Bangladesh Bhutan India Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Russia and Thailand The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter It breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam 8 9 Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub Behaviour and ecology editAdults are shy although sometimes perching in the open They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants During the breeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note The alarm call is a sharp yapping skyap 10 11 In the Tien Shan region the Chinese rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top The nest is built mainly by the female A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days 12 The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo Cuculus canorus laid an egg in their nest Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young 11 References edit BirdLife International 2018 Calliope tschebaiewi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T103768594A132043312 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T103768594A132043312 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Przhevalsky Nikolay 1876 Mongoliya i strana tungutov Trehletnee puteshestvie v Vostochnoj nagornoj Azii Mongolia and the country of the Tunguts A three year journey in Eastern Asia in Russian Vol 2 Saint Petersburg Izd Imp Russkago Ob va 1876 p 44 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 392 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Sangster G Alstrom P Forsmark E Olsson U 2010 Multi locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family subfamily and genus level Aves Muscicapidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 1 380 392 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 07 008 PMID 20656044 a b Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2016 Chats Old World flycatchers World Bird List Version 7 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 1 May 2017 Liu Y Chen G Huang Q Jia C Carey G Leader P Li Y Zou F Yang X Olsson U Alstrom P 2016 Species delimitation of the white tailed rubythroat Calliope pectoralis complex Aves Turdidae using an integrative taxonomic approach Avian Biology 47 6 899 910 doi 10 1111 jav 01015 a b Ali S Ripley SD 1997 Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Vol 8 2nd ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 225 229 Baker ECS 1924 Fauna of British India Birds Volume 2 2nd ed London Taylor and Francis pp 92 95 Inskipp C amp Inskipp T 1985 A guide to the birds of Nepal 2nd ed London Christopher Helm p 239 ISBN 978 0 7136 8109 3 Rasmussen PC amp JC Anderton 2005 Birds of South Asia Volume 2 Washington DC and Barcelona Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions pp 391 392 a b Gavrilov EI Kovshar AF 1970 Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat Erithacus pectoralis Gould in the Tien Shan Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 67 1 14 25 Badyaev AV amp CK Ghalambor 2001 Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients Trade off between parental care and fecundity PDF Ecology 82 10 2948 2960 doi 10 1890 0012 9658 2001 082 2948 EOLHAE 2 0 CO 2 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 12 22 Retrieved 2017 03 26 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese rubythroat amp oldid 1202579240, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.