By the end of the 1920s, the ROCN had only four antiquated 19th century protected cruisers and two training cruisers received before World War I. The Kuomintang government had an ambitious re-armament plan but lacked funds, and after extensive negotiations with shipbuilders in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, placed an order with the Japanese for one light cruiser to be built in Japan, with a second vessel to be built in China with Japanese assistance. Despite the very strained political relations between Japan and China and the strenuous objections of the Japanese military, Harima Shipyards completed the first cruiser in 1932.
Designedit
Ning Hai was based on the experimental Japanese cruiser Yūbari, which combined a small size with heavy weaponry, but in an even smaller displacement of only 2,526 t (2,486 long tons). As with Yūbari, Ning Hai has a single trunked smokestack, and a tripod bridge arrangement. Her weaponry was comparable to ships with a larger displacement: six 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns mounted in three double gun turrets, six 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval guns, and dual 533-mm torpedo tubes. Ning Hai also had a small hangar for two seaplanes; two Aichi AB-3 biplanes, one bought from Japan and one built locally using a spare engine and domestic materials, were assigned to it. There was no aircraft catapult, and the seaplanes were hoisted onto and deployed using a crane.
However, the vessel was underpowered, with three antiquated vertical four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, two of which were coal-fired, yielding a top speed of only 22 knots. The excessive top-weight of the design also created stability problems. Due to these issues, Ning Hai was suitable only for coastal operations against gunboats or smaller vessels.
Operational historyedit
Ning Hai was laid down at Harima Shipyards in Aioi, Hyogo, Japan on 20 February 1931, launched on 10 October 1931 and completed 30 July 1932. She was commissioned on 1 September 1932 as the flagship of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN), serving in that capacity until the commissioning of Ping Hai in April 1937. She returned to Japan in May 1933 for repairs, and again in June 1934 for the funeral of Japanese Fleet AdmiralTōgō Heihachirō. She again underwent repairs before her return to China[2]
As one of the more powerful surface combatants within the small ROCN, following the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ning Hai was a target of the Imperial Japanese Navy since the Battle of Shanghai, but it was not until 23 September, during the Japanese assault on Kiangyin Fortress (which guarded a segment of Yangtze River near Nanking), that Ning Hai came under severe attack by Japanese bombers, sustaining four bomb hits while Ping Hai was hit by eight bombs and sunk. Ning Hai escaped but on 25 September when Yokosuka B3Y1 torpedo bombers scored two direct hits, sinking her in shallow water. These airstrikes were launched from both the aircraft carrier Kaga and airfields around Japanese-occupied Shanghai. The Imperial Japanese Navy captured the wreck on 5 December 1937.[2]
An attempt to re-float Ning Hai by the Japanese in April, 1938 was unsuccessful with two salvage divers killed. An attempt on 4 May 1938 was successful, and the hulk was towed to Shanghai for basic repairs. Originally the Japanese planned for the vessel to be the flagship of the collaborationist navy established by the Nanjing Nationalist Government, but instead opted to have her towed to Sasebo Naval District, where on 11 July the vessel was re-classified as the training vessel and coastal defense ship Mikura (御蔵). However the ship was moored permanently at Sasebo as barracks hulk from July 1938 to December 1943.[2]
In December 1943, with Japanese maritime traffic under increasing pressure from Alliedsubmarine warfare, Mikura was towed to the Harima Shipyards for reconstruction into a "Kaibōkan" (escort ship). Reconstruction was completed on 1 June 1944 and she was recommissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as Ioshima (五百島) on 10 June and assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District. After training in the Seto Inland Sea, she escorted a convoy of transports to Iwo Jima from 22–31 July, escaping a torpedo attack by an unknown submarine on 26 July. On 10 September, Ioshima departed Yokosuka on a second escort mission, but was hit by three torpedoes fired by the United States Navy submarine USS Shad on 19 September 1944 south of Cape Omaezaki, about 85 nautical miles (157 km; 98 mi) from Hachijojima. She sank at 33°40′N138°20′E / 33.667°N 138.333°E / 33.667; 138.333 (inline, title), and was removed from the navy list on 10 November 1944 .[2]
Notesedit
^Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-893-X. page 113
^ abcd[1] CombinedFleet.com: Isojima Tabular Record of Movement;
Referencesedit
Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X.
Cressman, Robert (2005). The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-149-1.
Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1.
Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-893-X.
Lacroix, Eric & Wells II, Linton (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-311-3.
Tamura, Toshio (1984). "The Chinese Light Cruisers Ning Hai and Ping Hai (1930–1936)". Warship International. XXII (2): 118–131. ISSN 0043-0374.
Whitley, M.J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-141-6.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ning Hai (ship, 1932).
Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Allyn Nevitt. "Isojima Tabular Record of Movement".
Nishida, Hiroshi. "Materials of IJN". Imperial Japanese Navy.
March 14, 2024
chinese, cruiser, ning, ning, chinese, 甯海, peaceful, seas, light, cruiser, republic, china, navy, rocn, before, world, lead, ship, class, sunk, early, days, second, sino, japanese, aircraft, from, imperial, japanese, navy, wreck, raised, repaired, japanese, en. Ning Hai Chinese 甯海 lit Peaceful Seas was a light cruiser in the Republic of China Navy ROCN before World War II and the lead ship of her class She was sunk in the early days of the Second Sino Japanese War by aircraft from the Imperial Japanese Navy and her wreck was raised and repaired by the Japanese re entering service with the Japanese Navy in the Pacific War as the escort vessel Ioshima 五百島 She was sunk again in September 1944 by a USN submarine 1 Chinese cruiser Ning Hai in 1932HistoryRepublic of ChinaNameNing HaiOrdered1930BuilderHarima Shipyards JapanLaid down20 February 1931Launched10 October 1931Commissioned1 September 1932FateSunk 23 September 1937 by Japanese aircraftEmpire of JapanNameIoshimaAcquired4 May 1938Reclassifiedkaibokan 1 June 1944Stricken10 November 1944FateSunk by submarine USS Shad 19 September 1944General characteristicsClass and typeNing Hai class cruiserDisplacement2 526 t 2 486 long tons Length360 ft 110 m Beam39 ft 12 m Draught13 ft 4 0 m PropulsionThree shaft Reciprocating Engines 4 coal oil fired boilers 10 579 hp 7 889 kW Speed23 2 knots 26 7 mph 43 0 km h Range5 000 nmi 9 300 km at 12 kn 14 mph 22 km h Complement361Armament6 14 cm 50 3rd Year Type naval guns 6 8 cm 40 3rd Year Type naval guns 8 Vickers 2 pounder AA guns 10 Vickers machine guns 4 533 mm 21 in torpedo tubes 9 depth chargesArmourBelt 25 to 76 mm 0 98 to 2 99 in Armour deck 19 to 25 mm 0 75 to 0 98 in Turrets 25 mm 0 98 in Conning tower 25 mm 0 98 in Aircraft carried2 floatplanesAviation facilitiesHangar and hoist crane Contents 1 Background 2 Design 3 Operational history 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksBackground editBy the end of the 1920s the ROCN had only four antiquated 19th century protected cruisers and two training cruisers received before World War I The Kuomintang government had an ambitious re armament plan but lacked funds and after extensive negotiations with shipbuilders in the United States United Kingdom Germany and Japan placed an order with the Japanese for one light cruiser to be built in Japan with a second vessel to be built in China with Japanese assistance Despite the very strained political relations between Japan and China and the strenuous objections of the Japanese military Harima Shipyards completed the first cruiser in 1932 Design editNing Hai was based on the experimental Japanese cruiser Yubari which combined a small size with heavy weaponry but in an even smaller displacement of only 2 526 t 2 486 long tons As with Yubari Ning Hai has a single trunked smokestack and a tripod bridge arrangement Her weaponry was comparable to ships with a larger displacement six 14 cm 50 3rd Year Type naval guns mounted in three double gun turrets six 8 cm 40 3rd Year Type naval guns and dual 533 mm torpedo tubes Ning Hai also had a small hangar for two seaplanes two Aichi AB 3 biplanes one bought from Japan and one built locally using a spare engine and domestic materials were assigned to it There was no aircraft catapult and the seaplanes were hoisted onto and deployed using a crane However the vessel was underpowered with three antiquated vertical four cylinder triple expansion steam engines two of which were coal fired yielding a top speed of only 22 knots The excessive top weight of the design also created stability problems Due to these issues Ning Hai was suitable only for coastal operations against gunboats or smaller vessels Operational history editNing Hai was laid down at Harima Shipyards in Aioi Hyogo Japan on 20 February 1931 launched on 10 October 1931 and completed 30 July 1932 She was commissioned on 1 September 1932 as the flagship of the Republic of China Navy ROCN serving in that capacity until the commissioning of Ping Hai in April 1937 She returned to Japan in May 1933 for repairs and again in June 1934 for the funeral of Japanese Fleet Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō She again underwent repairs before her return to China 2 As one of the more powerful surface combatants within the small ROCN following the start of the Second Sino Japanese War Ning Hai was a target of the Imperial Japanese Navy since the Battle of Shanghai but it was not until 23 September during the Japanese assault on Kiangyin Fortress which guarded a segment of Yangtze River near Nanking that Ning Hai came under severe attack by Japanese bombers sustaining four bomb hits while Ping Hai was hit by eight bombs and sunk Ning Hai escaped but on 25 September when Yokosuka B3Y1 torpedo bombers scored two direct hits sinking her in shallow water These airstrikes were launched from both the aircraft carrier Kaga and airfields around Japanese occupied Shanghai The Imperial Japanese Navy captured the wreck on 5 December 1937 2 An attempt to re float Ning Hai by the Japanese in April 1938 was unsuccessful with two salvage divers killed An attempt on 4 May 1938 was successful and the hulk was towed to Shanghai for basic repairs Originally the Japanese planned for the vessel to be the flagship of the collaborationist navy established by the Nanjing Nationalist Government but instead opted to have her towed to Sasebo Naval District where on 11 July the vessel was re classified as the training vessel and coastal defense ship Mikura 御蔵 However the ship was moored permanently at Sasebo as barracks hulk from July 1938 to December 1943 2 In December 1943 with Japanese maritime traffic under increasing pressure from Allied submarine warfare Mikura was towed to the Harima Shipyards for reconstruction into a Kaibōkan escort ship Reconstruction was completed on 1 June 1944 and she was recommissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as Ioshima 五百島 on 10 June and assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District After training in the Seto Inland Sea she escorted a convoy of transports to Iwo Jima from 22 31 July escaping a torpedo attack by an unknown submarine on 26 July On 10 September Ioshima departed Yokosuka on a second escort mission but was hit by three torpedoes fired by the United States Navy submarine USS Shad on 19 September 1944 south of Cape Omaezaki about 85 nautical miles 157 km 98 mi from Hachijojima She sank at 33 40 N 138 20 E 33 667 N 138 333 E 33 667 138 333 inline title and was removed from the navy list on 10 November 1944 2 Notes edit Jentsura Hansgeorg 1976 Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1869 1945 Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 893 X page 113 a b c d 1 CombinedFleet com Isojima Tabular Record of Movement References editBrown David 1990 Warship Losses of World War Two Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 914 X Cressman Robert 2005 The Official Chronology of the U S Navy in World War II Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 149 1 Dull Paul S 1978 A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1941 1945 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 097 1 Jentsura Hansgeorg 1976 Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1869 1945 Annapolis MD Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 893 X Lacroix Eric amp Wells II Linton 1997 Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 311 3 Tamura Toshio 1984 The Chinese Light Cruisers Ning Hai and Ping Hai 1930 1936 Warship International XXII 2 118 131 ISSN 0043 0374 Whitley M J 1995 Cruisers of World War Two An International Encyclopedia Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 141 6 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ning Hai ship 1932 http www globalsecurity org military world japan exchina cl htm https web archive org web 20100510015014 http big5 chinabroadcast cn gate big5 gb cri cn 3821 2004 08 26 151 280506 htm Parshall Jon Bob Hackett Sander Kingsepp Allyn Nevitt Isojima Tabular Record of Movement Nishida Hiroshi Materials of IJN Imperial Japanese Navy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese cruiser Ning Hai amp oldid 1159456911, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
