fbpx
Wikipedia

Chennai HSCTC

Chennai High Speed Circular Transportation Corridors (HSCTC) is an urban road transit in the form of elevated concentric beltways planned for the city of Chennai. The beltways are envisaged as an elevated 2-tier system with design speed of 80 km/h. The top tier is a 2-lane dedicated corridor for the Chennai BRTS system. The second tier is a 4-lane road for 4-wheelers (no buses and autos).[1]

Chennai High Speed Circular Transportation Corridors
Adyar corridor, North Buckingham Canal corridor, Central Buckingham Canal corridor, Connectivity corridor, East Coast elevated expressway, Chennai bypass corridor, Chennai Port–Maduravoyal corridor, Mambalam Canal corridor, Inner Ring Road corridor
Route information
Length107.795 km (66.981 mi)
Existed2009–present
HistoryFirst corridor: Chennai Port–Maduravoyal corridor; scheduled for completion in 2013
Location
CountryIndia
Major citiesChennai
Highway system

Beltways Edit

Four beltways have been proposed, which cover a distance of 107.795 km. A connectivity corridor is also proposed to integrate the beltways with the ECR elevated expressway.

Beltway 1 Edit

Beltway 1 is the outermost beltway encompassing an area of 167 km2. It is formed by the following corridors.

  • Adyar corridor
  • Chennai bypass#
  • North Buckingham Canal corridor
  • Central Buckingham Canal corridor

Beltway 2 Edit

This beltway encompasses an area of 52 km2. It is formed by the following corridors.

Beltway 3 Edit

This beltway encompasses an area of 30 km2. It is formed by the following corridors.

  • Adyar corridor
  • Inner Ring Road corridor
  • Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway#

Beltway 4 Edit

The beltway 4 is formed by the following corridors.

  • Adyar corridor
  • Mambalam Canal corridor

Integrating beltways with elevated expressways Edit

  • Connectivity corridor
  1. Already under construction by NHAI

Corridor details Edit

These 4 beltways can be broken down into 9 corridors.

Name Type Along/across From To via Length (km) Cost in INR crores (estimated) Status Developed by Completion
Adyar corridor Elevated 2-tier corridor Southern banks of Adyar River Thiru-vi-ka Bridge Porur Nandambakkam 15.845 1430 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust 2013 (estimated)
Port-Maduravoyal corridor Elevated corridor Banks of Cooum River Chennai Port Maduravoyal 19 1655[2]/2090[3] Under Construction[4][5] NHAI 2012
Chennai bypass corridor Fully access-controlled at grade 4-lane corridor with 2-lane elevated BRTS corridor along the median Tambaram Manali Maduravoyal 32 Complete NHAI 2010
North Buckingham Canal corridor Elevated corridor Western bank of Buckingham Canal, Wall Tax Road, Poonamallee High Road, Flag Staff Road Manali Oil Refinery Road (MORR) War Memorial Chennai Central 12.3 740 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust
Central Buckingham Canal corridor Elevated corridor Western Bank of Buckingham Canal Swami Sivananda Salai Radhakrishnan Salai 2.860 170 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust
Connectivity corridor Elevated corridor ECR Elevated Expressway, Santhome bypass road, Santhome High Road, Greenways Road Radhakrishnan Salai Thiru-vi-ka Bridge Foreshore Estate 5.140 350 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust
Mambalam Canal corridor Elevated corridor Mambalam Canal Adyar corridor G.N. Chetty Road Anna Salai, South Usman Road, Venkatnarayana Road, Theyagaraya Road 5.000 195 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust
Inner Ring Road corridor At-grade 8-lane corridor Inner Ring Road Jafferkhan Bridge Koyambedu Ashok Nagar 5.95 25 At-grade corridor coz of elevated corridor 2 of Chennai Metro that is under construction along the same alignment. Adyar Poonga Trust
East Coast Elevated Expressway Elevated corridor East Coast Light House ECR Besant Nagar 9.7 430* (1st phase) Proposed[6] Tamil Nadu State Highways 2013 (estimated)
Entire HSCTC 107.795 5400#
* Revised cost during tender process # Excluding cost of Chennai bypass corridor 

Chennai Port–Maduravoyal corridor [19 km] Edit

This 19 km corridor is implemented under Phase-VII [7] of National Highways Development Project by NHAI. The pre-construction work has already begun.

Chennai bypass corridor [32 km] Edit

The Chennai bypass corridor is a 32 km fully access controlled at-grade corridor. A 2-lane elevated BRTS corridor is proposed along the median of the Phase II of this expressway. The corridor is under construction.

Adyar corridor [15.845 km] Edit

Section I

  • Thiru-vi-ka Bridge (Km 0+000) to Nandambakkam Bridge (Km 11+100)
  • 11.100 km
  • Along Southern bank of Adayar River

Section II

  • Nandambakkam Bridge (Km 11+100) to Chennai bypass (Km 15+845)
  • 4.845 km
  • Along Mount – Poonamalee Road

North Buckingham Canal corridor [12.3 km] Edit

Section I

  • Manali Oil Refinery Road (Km 0+000) to Basin Bridge (Km 8+400)
  • 8.400 km
  • Along Western bank of Buckingham Canal

Section II

  • Basin Bridge (Km 8+400) to Central Station (Km 10+900)
  • 2.500 km
  • Along Wall Tax Road

Section III

  • Central station (Km 10+900) to Muthuswamy Bridge (Km 11+400)
  • 0.500 km
  • Along Poonamalee High Road

Section IV

  • Muthuswamy Bridge (Km 11+400) to war memorial (Km 12+300)
  • 0.900 km
  • Along Flag Staff Road

Central Buckingham Canal corridor [2.860 km] Edit

  • Swami Sivananda Salai (Km 0+000) to Radhakrishna Salai (Km 2+860)
  • Along Western bank of Buckingham Canal

Inner Ring Road corridor [5.9 km] Edit

  • Jafferkhanpet Bridge (Km 0+000) to Koyambedu (Km 5+950)
  • Along Inner Ring Road (IRR)

Mambalam Canal corridor [5 km] Edit

  • Adayar River (Km 0+000) to G.N Chetty Road (Km 5+000)
  • Along Mambalam Canal

Connectivity corridor [5.140 km] Edit

  • Radhakrisha Salai (Km 0+000) to Thiru-vi-ka Bridge (Km 5.140)
  • Along ECR Elevated Expressway from Light House till Foreshore Estate, Santhome Bypass Road, Santhome High Road, Greenways Road

East Coast elevated expressway [9.7 km] Edit

This is 9.7 km elevated expressway along the east coast of Bay of Bengal from Light House, Chennai to East Coast Road via Besant Nagar.

Interchanges Edit

A total of 15 interchanges has been proposed along the HSCTC alignment of which 3 are already under construction by NHAI. A 3-tier interchange at Irumbuliyur is already functional.

Adyar corridor interchanges (6) Edit

  • A trumpet interchange at the end of Thiruvi-ka-bridge at the junction of Theosophical Society border and Durgabhai Deshmukh Road. This is where the Adyar corridor begins.
  • A non-conventional interchange with 5 ramps at Gandhi Mandapam Road.
  • A trumpet interchange near Nandanam Cosmopolitan Club where the Mambalam Canal corridor begins with an additional ramp.
  • A non-conventional interchange with 2 ramps at Inner Ring Road.
  • A non-conventional interchange with 3 ramps at Mount-Poonamallee Road.
  • A trumpet interchange at Porur with Chennai bypass with 2 additional ramps. This is where the Adyar corridor ends.

Chennai bypass corridor interchanges (2) Edit

  • A 3-tier interchange at Irumbuliyur. This is where the Chennai bypass corridor begins.
  • A trumpet interchange is under construction at Madhavaram where the corridor ends.

Chennai Port–Madhuravoyal elevated expressway interchanges (2) Edit

  • A Clover leaf interchange is under construction at Maduravoyal.
  • A modified parclo interchange with 3-loops in under construction at Koyambedu.

North Buckingham Canal corridor interchanges (2) Edit

  • A trumpet interchange at Manali Oil Refinery Road (MORR) with an additional ramp. This is where the Buckingham Canal corridors begin.
  • A modified parclo interchange [in the shape of letter 'B'] with 4 additional ramps at Manali High road.

Mambalam Canal corridor interchanges (1) Edit

  • A non-conventional interchange with 4 ramps at Todhunter Nagar.

East Coast elevated expressway interchanges (2) Edit

  • A non-conventional interchange with 4 ramps at Foreshore Estate.
  • A 3-tier elevated interchange with the proposed Southern Bund Road along the Adyar River abutting Theosophical Society.

Project status Edit

2008 Edit

January:

  • Governor's address on the preparation of pre-feasibility study for HSCTC and Preliminary works for Port-Maduravoyal Elevated expressway.[8]

November:

  • Wilbur Smith Associates won the contract of TNUIFSL to prepare the feasibility study and DPR for the project.[9]

2009 Edit

28 May:

  • DIR, cost estimates, work drawings and bid documents for the first leg the Chennai High Speed Circular corridors (HSCC) was released to the public.

31 May:

  • Public consultation will be held on June 3, 2009 at 10 a.m at Hotel Checkers, Little Mount.[10]

3 June:

  • 2-tier and 3-tier systems were discussed with the public and experts. Residents of the affected areas opposed the project and demanded proper compensation if they are evicted.[11]
  • Adyar Poonga Trust promises to resettle the displaced.[12]

16 June:

  • Adyar Poonga Trust plans to bring commercial real estate in the elevated corridors as part of the fund equation. Residents voice out asking why not residential real estate for the affected fishermen.[13]
  • DPR for Adyar corridor and feasibility for other corridors will be ready by the end of 2009.

12 August:

  • HSCTC corridor length shortened to 100 km from 120 to accommodate the elevated section Metro along the IRR and St. Thomas Mount to Porur section.[14]

26 August:

  • Feasibility study to be over by January 2010. Total length of the corridor is 110 km. 60 km will be built by NHAI as part of Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway and Ennore–Manali Road infrastructure projects.[15]

2010 Edit

July 2010:

  • Environmental clearance has been obtained from National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA) for Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway.[16]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund. Tnudf.com (2006-10-06). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  2. ^ Chennai Port-Maduravoyal Four Lane Elevated Road Project by National Highways Authority Of India. Processregister.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  3. ^ . The Hindu (2009-06-18). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  4. ^ [1] 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ . The Hindu (2009-01-28). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  6. ^ . The Hindu (2009-01-25). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  7. ^ .Completed Stretches on Golden Quadrilateral 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. NHAI (2013-10-31). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  8. ^ [2] 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ . The Hindu (2008-11-02). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  10. ^ . The Hindu (2009-05-31). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  11. ^ . The Hindu (2009-06-03). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  12. ^ . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2009-06-03). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  13. ^ . The Hindu (2009-06-16). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  14. ^ Chennai circular corridor shortened to accommodate metro railway – Economic Times. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (2009-08-12). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  15. ^ . The Hindu (2009-08-26). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  16. ^ Nod for expressway. The Hindu (2010-07-26). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.

chennai, hsctc, chennai, high, speed, circular, transportation, corridors, hsctc, urban, road, transit, form, elevated, concentric, beltways, planned, city, chennai, beltways, envisaged, elevated, tier, system, with, design, speed, tier, lane, dedicated, corri. Chennai High Speed Circular Transportation Corridors HSCTC is an urban road transit in the form of elevated concentric beltways planned for the city of Chennai The beltways are envisaged as an elevated 2 tier system with design speed of 80 km h The top tier is a 2 lane dedicated corridor for the Chennai BRTS system The second tier is a 4 lane road for 4 wheelers no buses and autos 1 Chennai High Speed Circular Transportation CorridorsAdyar corridor North Buckingham Canal corridor Central Buckingham Canal corridor Connectivity corridor East Coast elevated expressway Chennai bypass corridor Chennai Port Maduravoyal corridor Mambalam Canal corridor Inner Ring Road corridorRoute informationLength107 795 km 66 981 mi Existed2009 presentHistoryFirst corridor Chennai Port Maduravoyal corridor scheduled for completion in 2013LocationCountryIndiaMajor citiesChennaiHighway systemRoads in IndiaExpressways National State Asian Contents 1 Beltways 1 1 Beltway 1 1 2 Beltway 2 1 3 Beltway 3 1 4 Beltway 4 1 5 Integrating beltways with elevated expressways 2 Corridor details 2 1 Chennai Port Maduravoyal corridor 19 km 2 2 Chennai bypass corridor 32 km 2 3 Adyar corridor 15 845 km 2 4 North Buckingham Canal corridor 12 3 km 2 5 Central Buckingham Canal corridor 2 860 km 2 6 Inner Ring Road corridor 5 9 km 2 7 Mambalam Canal corridor 5 km 2 8 Connectivity corridor 5 140 km 2 9 East Coast elevated expressway 9 7 km 3 Interchanges 3 1 Adyar corridor interchanges 6 3 2 Chennai bypass corridor interchanges 2 3 3 Chennai Port Madhuravoyal elevated expressway interchanges 2 3 4 North Buckingham Canal corridor interchanges 2 3 5 Mambalam Canal corridor interchanges 1 3 6 East Coast elevated expressway interchanges 2 4 Project status 4 1 2008 4 2 2009 4 3 2010 5 See also 6 ReferencesBeltways EditFour beltways have been proposed which cover a distance of 107 795 km A connectivity corridor is also proposed to integrate the beltways with the ECR elevated expressway Beltway 1 Edit Beltway 1 is the outermost beltway encompassing an area of 167 km2 It is formed by the following corridors Adyar corridor Chennai bypass North Buckingham Canal corridor Central Buckingham Canal corridorBeltway 2 Edit This beltway encompasses an area of 52 km2 It is formed by the following corridors Adyar corridor Chennai bypass Chennai Port Maduravoyal Expressway Beltway 3 Edit This beltway encompasses an area of 30 km2 It is formed by the following corridors Adyar corridor Inner Ring Road corridor Chennai Port Maduravoyal Expressway Beltway 4 Edit The beltway 4 is formed by the following corridors Adyar corridor Mambalam Canal corridorIntegrating beltways with elevated expressways Edit Connectivity corridorAlready under construction by NHAICorridor details EditThese 4 beltways can be broken down into 9 corridors Name Type Along across From To via Length km Cost in INR crores estimated Status Developed by CompletionAdyar corridor Elevated 2 tier corridor Southern banks of Adyar River Thiru vi ka Bridge Porur Nandambakkam 15 845 1430 Proposed Adyar Poonga Trust 2013 estimated Port Maduravoyal corridor Elevated corridor Banks of Cooum River Chennai Port Maduravoyal 19 1655 2 2090 3 Under Construction 4 5 NHAI 2012Chennai bypass corridor Fully access controlled at grade 4 lane corridor with 2 lane elevated BRTS corridor along the median Tambaram Manali Maduravoyal 32 Complete NHAI 2010North Buckingham Canal corridor Elevated corridor Western bank of Buckingham Canal Wall Tax Road Poonamallee High Road Flag Staff Road Manali Oil Refinery Road MORR War Memorial Chennai Central 12 3 740 Proposed Adyar Poonga TrustCentral Buckingham Canal corridor Elevated corridor Western Bank of Buckingham Canal Swami Sivananda Salai Radhakrishnan Salai 2 860 170 Proposed Adyar Poonga TrustConnectivity corridor Elevated corridor ECR Elevated Expressway Santhome bypass road Santhome High Road Greenways Road Radhakrishnan Salai Thiru vi ka Bridge Foreshore Estate 5 140 350 Proposed Adyar Poonga TrustMambalam Canal corridor Elevated corridor Mambalam Canal Adyar corridor G N Chetty Road Anna Salai South Usman Road Venkatnarayana Road Theyagaraya Road 5 000 195 Proposed Adyar Poonga TrustInner Ring Road corridor At grade 8 lane corridor Inner Ring Road Jafferkhan Bridge Koyambedu Ashok Nagar 5 95 25 At grade corridor coz of elevated corridor 2 of Chennai Metro that is under construction along the same alignment Adyar Poonga TrustEast Coast Elevated Expressway Elevated corridor East Coast Light House ECR Besant Nagar 9 7 430 1st phase Proposed 6 Tamil Nadu State Highways 2013 estimated Entire HSCTC 107 795 5400 Revised cost during tender process Excluding cost of Chennai bypass corridor Chennai Port Maduravoyal corridor 19 km Edit Main article Chennai Port Maduravoyal Expressway This 19 km corridor is implemented under Phase VII 7 of National Highways Development Project by NHAI The pre construction work has already begun Chennai bypass corridor 32 km Edit Main article Chennai bypass The Chennai bypass corridor is a 32 km fully access controlled at grade corridor A 2 lane elevated BRTS corridor is proposed along the median of the Phase II of this expressway The corridor is under construction Adyar corridor 15 845 km Edit Section I Thiru vi ka Bridge Km 0 000 to Nandambakkam Bridge Km 11 100 11 100 km Along Southern bank of Adayar RiverSection II Nandambakkam Bridge Km 11 100 to Chennai bypass Km 15 845 4 845 km Along Mount Poonamalee RoadNorth Buckingham Canal corridor 12 3 km Edit Section I Manali Oil Refinery Road Km 0 000 to Basin Bridge Km 8 400 8 400 km Along Western bank of Buckingham CanalSection II Basin Bridge Km 8 400 to Central Station Km 10 900 2 500 km Along Wall Tax RoadSection III Central station Km 10 900 to Muthuswamy Bridge Km 11 400 0 500 km Along Poonamalee High RoadSection IV Muthuswamy Bridge Km 11 400 to war memorial Km 12 300 0 900 km Along Flag Staff RoadCentral Buckingham Canal corridor 2 860 km Edit Swami Sivananda Salai Km 0 000 to Radhakrishna Salai Km 2 860 Along Western bank of Buckingham CanalInner Ring Road corridor 5 9 km Edit Jafferkhanpet Bridge Km 0 000 to Koyambedu Km 5 950 Along Inner Ring Road IRR Mambalam Canal corridor 5 km Edit Adayar River Km 0 000 to G N Chetty Road Km 5 000 Along Mambalam CanalConnectivity corridor 5 140 km Edit Radhakrisha Salai Km 0 000 to Thiru vi ka Bridge Km 5 140 Along ECR Elevated Expressway from Light House till Foreshore Estate Santhome Bypass Road Santhome High Road Greenways RoadEast Coast elevated expressway 9 7 km Edit Main article East Coast Elevated Expressway This is 9 7 km elevated expressway along the east coast of Bay of Bengal from Light House Chennai to East Coast Road via Besant Nagar Interchanges EditA total of 15 interchanges has been proposed along the HSCTC alignment of which 3 are already under construction by NHAI A 3 tier interchange at Irumbuliyur is already functional Adyar corridor interchanges 6 Edit A trumpet interchange at the end of Thiruvi ka bridge at the junction of Theosophical Society border and Durgabhai Deshmukh Road This is where the Adyar corridor begins A non conventional interchange with 5 ramps at Gandhi Mandapam Road A trumpet interchange near Nandanam Cosmopolitan Club where the Mambalam Canal corridor begins with an additional ramp A non conventional interchange with 2 ramps at Inner Ring Road A non conventional interchange with 3 ramps at Mount Poonamallee Road A trumpet interchange at Porur with Chennai bypass with 2 additional ramps This is where the Adyar corridor ends Chennai bypass corridor interchanges 2 Edit Main articles Irumbuliyur Junction and Madhavaram Junction A 3 tier interchange at Irumbuliyur This is where the Chennai bypass corridor begins A trumpet interchange is under construction at Madhavaram where the corridor ends Chennai Port Madhuravoyal elevated expressway interchanges 2 Edit Main articles Maduravoyal Junction and Koyambedu Junction A Clover leaf interchange is under construction at Maduravoyal A modified parclo interchange with 3 loops in under construction at Koyambedu North Buckingham Canal corridor interchanges 2 Edit A trumpet interchange at Manali Oil Refinery Road MORR with an additional ramp This is where the Buckingham Canal corridors begin A modified parclo interchange in the shape of letter B with 4 additional ramps at Manali High road Mambalam Canal corridor interchanges 1 Edit A non conventional interchange with 4 ramps at Todhunter Nagar East Coast elevated expressway interchanges 2 Edit A non conventional interchange with 4 ramps at Foreshore Estate A 3 tier elevated interchange with the proposed Southern Bund Road along the Adyar River abutting Theosophical Society Project status Edit2008 Edit January Governor s address on the preparation of pre feasibility study for HSCTC and Preliminary works for Port Maduravoyal Elevated expressway 8 November Wilbur Smith Associates won the contract of TNUIFSL to prepare the feasibility study and DPR for the project 9 2009 Edit 28 May DIR cost estimates work drawings and bid documents for the first leg the Chennai High Speed Circular corridors HSCC was released to the public 31 May Public consultation will be held on June 3 2009 at 10 a m at Hotel Checkers Little Mount 10 3 June 2 tier and 3 tier systems were discussed with the public and experts Residents of the affected areas opposed the project and demanded proper compensation if they are evicted 11 Adyar Poonga Trust promises to resettle the displaced 12 16 June Adyar Poonga Trust plans to bring commercial real estate in the elevated corridors as part of the fund equation Residents voice out asking why not residential real estate for the affected fishermen 13 DPR for Adyar corridor and feasibility for other corridors will be ready by the end of 2009 12 August HSCTC corridor length shortened to 100 km from 120 to accommodate the elevated section Metro along the IRR and St Thomas Mount to Porur section 14 26 August Feasibility study to be over by January 2010 Total length of the corridor is 110 km 60 km will be built by NHAI as part of Chennai Port Maduravoyal Expressway and Ennore Manali Road infrastructure projects 15 2010 Edit July 2010 Environmental clearance has been obtained from National Coastal Zone Management Authority NCZMA for Chennai Port Maduravoyal Expressway 16 See also EditIT corridor Chennai Elevated ExpresswaysReferences Edit Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund Tnudf com 2006 10 06 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Chennai Port Maduravoyal Four Lane Elevated Road Project by National Highways Authority Of India Processregister com Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Tamil Nadu Chennai News Elevated expressway work to begin in November The Hindu 2009 06 18 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 1 Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Tamil Nadu Chennai News Elevated expressway to have toll plazas The Hindu 2009 01 28 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Front Page Work on elevated road along the coast will begin shortly The Hindu 2009 01 25 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Completed Stretches on Golden Quadrilateral Archived 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine NHAI 2013 10 31 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 2 Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Tamil Nadu Chennai News Consultant appointed for BRTS corridors The Hindu 2008 11 02 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Tamil Nadu Chennai News Alignment for elevated bus corridors notified The Hindu 2009 05 31 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Tamil Nadu Chennai News Residents oppose elevated road project The Hindu 2009 06 03 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Adyar Poonga Trust promises to resettle families displaced by circular corridor Times Of India Articles timesofindia indiatimes com 2009 06 03 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Tamil Nadu Chennai News Proposed elevated roads in Chennai a boon or bane The Hindu 2009 06 16 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Chennai circular corridor shortened to accommodate metro railway Economic Times Economictimes indiatimes com 2009 08 12 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Tamil Nadu Chennai News Study likely to be over by January The Hindu 2009 08 26 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Nod for expressway The Hindu 2010 07 26 Retrieved on 2013 12 06 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chennai HSCTC amp oldid 1159558567, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.