Chemical transport models and general circulation modelsedit
While related general circulation models (GCMs) focus on simulating overall atmospheric dynamics (e.g. fluid and heat flows), a CTM instead focuses on the stocks and flows of one or more chemical species. Similarly, a CTM must solve only the continuity equation for its species of interest, a GCM must solve all the primitive equations for the atmosphere; but a CTM will be expected to accurately represent the entire cycle for the species of interest, including fluxes (e.g. advection), chemical production/loss, and deposition. That being said, the tendency, especially as the cost of computing declines over time, is for GCMs to incorporate CTMs for species of special interest to climate dynamics, especially shorter-lived species such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds; this allows feedbacks from the CTM to the GCM's radiation calculations, and also allows the meteorological fields forcing the CTM to be updated at higher time resolution than may be practical in studies with offline CTMs.
Types of chemical transport modelsedit
CTMs may be classified according to their methodology and their species of interest, as well as more generic characteristics (e.g. dimensionality, degree of resolution).
Methodologiesedit
Jacob (1999)[1] classifies CTMs as Eulerian/"box" or Lagrangian/"puff" models, depending on whether the CTM in question focuses on [1]
(Eulerian) "boxes" through which fluxes, and in which chemical production/loss and deposition occur over time
(Lagrangian) the production and motion of parcels of air ("puffs") over time
TCAM (Transport Chemical Aerosol Model; TCAM): a mathematical modelling method (computer simulation) designed to model certain aspects of the Earth's atmosphere. TCAM is one of several chemical transport models, all of which are concerned with the movement of chemicals in the atmosphere, and are thus used in the study of air pollution.
TCAM is a multiphase three-dimensional eulerian grid model (as opposed to lagrangian or other modeling methods). It is designed for modelling dispersion of pollutants (in particular photochemical and aerosol) at mesoscales (medium scale, generally concerned with systems a few hundred kilometers in size).[3]
^Horowitz, Larry W.; Stacy Walters; Denise L. Mauzerall; Louisa K. Emmons; Philip J. Rasch; Claire Granier; Xuexi Tie; Jean-François Lamarque; Martin G. Schultz; Geoffrey S. Tyndall; John J. Orlando; Guy P. Brasseur (2003). "A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (D24): 4784. Bibcode:2003JGRD..108.4784H. doi:10.1029/2002JD002853. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^Emetere, Moses Eterigho; Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo (2020). Introduction to Environmental Data Analysis and Modeling. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (No. 58). Springer. p. 18. ISBN978-3-030-36207-2. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
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A chemical transport model CTM is a type of computer numerical model which typically simulates atmospheric chemistry and may give air pollution forecasting Contents 1 Chemical transport models and general circulation models 2 Types of chemical transport models 2 1 Methodologies 2 1 1 See also 2 1 2 Examples of Eulerian CTMs 2 1 3 Examples of Lagrangian CTMs 2 1 4 Examples of Semi Lagrangian CTMs 2 2 Examples of ozone CTMs 3 Notes 4 External links 5 See alsoChemical transport models and general circulation models editWhile related general circulation models GCMs focus on simulating overall atmospheric dynamics e g fluid and heat flows a CTM instead focuses on the stocks and flows of one or more chemical species Similarly a CTM must solve only the continuity equation for its species of interest a GCM must solve all the primitive equations for the atmosphere but a CTM will be expected to accurately represent the entire cycle for the species of interest including fluxes e g advection chemical production loss and deposition That being said the tendency especially as the cost of computing declines over time is for GCMs to incorporate CTMs for species of special interest to climate dynamics especially shorter lived species such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds this allows feedbacks from the CTM to the GCM s radiation calculations and also allows the meteorological fields forcing the CTM to be updated at higher time resolution than may be practical in studies with offline CTMs Types of chemical transport models editCTMs may be classified according to their methodology and their species of interest as well as more generic characteristics e g dimensionality degree of resolution Methodologies edit Jacob 1999 1 classifies CTMs as Eulerian box or Lagrangian puff models depending on whether the CTM in question focuses on 1 Eulerian boxes through which fluxes and in which chemical production loss and deposition occur over time Lagrangian the production and motion of parcels of air puffs over timeAn Eulerian CTM solves its continuity equations using a global fixed frame of reference while a Lagrangian CTM uses a local moving frame of reference See also edit discussion of gridding in CLaMS Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates discussion of the continuity equation in Jacob s Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry onlineExamples of Eulerian CTMs edit CCATT BRAMS WRF Chem CMAQ CMAQ Website CAMx GEOS Chem LOTOS EUROS MATCH MOZART Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers is developed jointly by the US National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MPI Met to simulate changes in ozone concentrations in the Earth s atmosphere MOZART was designed to simulate tropospheric chemical and transport processes 2 but has been extended MOZART3 into the stratosphere and mesosphere It can be driven by standard meteorological fields from for example the National Centers for Environmental Prediction NCEP the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF and the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office GMAO or by fields generated from general circulation models MOZART4 improves MOZART2 s chemical mechanisms photolysis scheme dry deposition mechanism biogenic emissions and handling of tropospheric aerosols TOMCAT SLIMCAT CHIMERE POLYPHEMUS TCAM Transport Chemical Aerosol Model TCAM a mathematical modelling method computer simulation designed to model certain aspects of the Earth s atmosphere TCAM is one of several chemical transport models all of which are concerned with the movement of chemicals in the atmosphere and are thus used in the study of air pollution TCAM is a multiphase three dimensional eulerian grid model as opposed to lagrangian or other modeling methods It is designed for modelling dispersion of pollutants in particular photochemical and aerosol at mesoscales medium scale generally concerned with systems a few hundred kilometers in size 3 dd TCAM was developed at the University of Brescia in Italy 4 dd Examples of Lagrangian CTMs edit CLaMS FLEXPARTExamples of Semi Lagrangian CTMs edit MOCAGE GEM MACHExamples of ozone CTMs edit CLaMS MOZARTNotes edit a b Jacob Daniel 1999 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry 1st ed Princeton University Press pp 75 85 ISBN 0 691 00185 5 Archived from the original on 2019 10 10 Retrieved 2016 02 25 Horowitz Larry W Stacy Walters Denise L Mauzerall Louisa K Emmons Philip J Rasch Claire Granier Xuexi Tie Jean Francois Lamarque Martin G Schultz Geoffrey S Tyndall John J Orlando Guy P Brasseur 2003 A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers Description and evaluation of MOZART version 2 PDF Journal of Geophysical Research 108 D24 4784 Bibcode 2003JGRD 108 4784H doi 10 1029 2002JD002853 Retrieved 2008 06 08 Emetere Moses Eterigho Akinlabi Esther Titilayo 2020 Introduction to Environmental Data Analysis and Modeling Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems No 58 Springer p 18 ISBN 978 3 030 36207 2 Retrieved January 19 2022 ESMA Environmental Systems Modeling and Assessment group of University of BresciaExternal links editAir Dispersion Modeling at Curlie MOZART UCAR s MOZART page MPI Met s MOZART page Larry Horowitz s MOZART pageSee also editAtmospheric dispersion modeling List of atmospheric dispersion models University Corporation for Atmospheric Research National Center for Atmospheric Research Ozone depletion Meteorology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemical transport model amp oldid 1187591751, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
