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Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence (also chemoluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction. There may also be limited emission of heat. Given reactants A and B, with an excited intermediate ,

A chemoluminescent reaction in an Erlenmeyer flask

For example, if [A] is luminol and [B] is hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitable catalyst we have:

where:

General description

The decay of this excited state [] to a lower energy level causes light emission.[1] In theory, one photon of light should be given off for each molecule of reactant. This is equivalent to the Avogadro number of photons per mole of reactant. In actual practice, non-enzymatic reactions seldom exceed 1% QC, quantum efficiency.

In a chemical reaction, reactants collide to form a transition state, the enthalpic maximum in a reaction coordinate diagram, which proceeds to the product. Normally, reactants form products of lesser chemical energy. The difference in energy between reactants and products, represented as  , is turned into heat, physically realized as excitations in the vibrational state of the normal modes of the product. Since vibrational energy is generally much greater than the thermal agitation, it rapidly disperses in the solvent through molecular rotation. This is how exothermic reactions make their solutions hotter. In a chemiluminescent reaction, the direct product of the reaction is an excited electronic state. This state then decays into an electronic ground state and emits light through either an allowed transition (analogous to fluorescence) or a forbidden transition (analogous to phosphorescence), depending partly on the spin state of the electronic excited state formed.

Chemiluminescence differs from fluorescence or phosphorescence in that the electronic excited state is the product of a chemical reaction rather than of the absorption of a photon. It is the antithesis of a photochemical reaction, in which light is used to drive an endothermic chemical reaction. Here, light is generated from a chemically exothermic reaction. The chemiluminescence might be also induced by an electrochemical stimulus, in this case is called electrochemiluminescence.

 
Bioluminescence in nature: A male firefly mating with a female of the species Lampyris noctiluca.

The first chemiluminescent compound to be discovered was 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole (lophine), which was reported, in 1877, to emit light when mixed with potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol in the presence of air.[2] A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory setting is the luminol test. Here, blood is indicated by luminescence upon contact with iron in hemoglobin. When chemiluminescence takes place in living organisms, the phenomenon is called bioluminescence. A light stick emits light by chemiluminescence.

Liquid-phase reactions

Chemiluminescence in aqueous system is mainly caused by redox reactions.[3]

 
Chemiluminescence after a reaction of hydrogen peroxide and luminol
 

Gas-phase reactions

 
Green and blue glow sticks
  • One of the oldest known chemiluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. This is a gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor, above the solid, with oxygen producing excited states of (PO)2 and HPO.[6]
  • Another gas phase reaction is the basis of nitric oxide detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air-quality testing. Ozone (O3) is combined with nitric oxide (NO) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in an activated state []:
 
The activated NO2[] luminesces broadband visible to infrared light as it reverts to a lower energy state. A photomultiplier and associated electronics counts the photons that are proportional to the amount of NO present. To determine the amount of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, in a sample (containing no NO) it must first be converted to nitric oxide, NO, by passing the sample through a converter before the above ozone activation reaction is applied. The ozone reaction produces a photon count proportional to NO that is proportional to NO2 before it was converted to NO. In the case of a mixed sample that contains both NO and NO2, the above reaction yields the amount of NO and NO2 combined in the air sample, assuming that the sample is passed through the converter. If the mixed sample is not passed through the converter, the ozone reaction produces activated NO2[] only in proportion to the NO in the sample. The NO2 in the sample is not activated by the ozone reaction. Though unactivated NO2 is present with the activated NO2[], photons are emitted only by the activated species that is proportional to original NO. Final step: Subtract NO from (NO + NO2) to yield NO2[7]

Infrared chemiluminescence

In chemical kinetics, infrared chemiluminiscence (IRCL) refers to the emission of infrared photons from vibrationally excited product molecules immediately after their formation. The intensities of infrared emission lines from vibrationally excited molecules are used to measure the populations of vibrational states of product molecules.[8][9]

The observation of IRCL was developed as a kinetic technique by John Polanyi, who used it to study the attractive or repulsive nature of the potential energy surface for gas-phase reactions. In general the IRCL is much more intense for reactions with an attractive surface, indicating that this type of surface leads to energy deposition in vibrational excitation. In contrast reactions with a repulsive potential energy surface lead to little IRCL, indicating that the energy is primarily deposited as translational energy.[10]

Enhanced chemiluminescence

Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology. A horseradish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) is tethered to an antibody that specifically recognizes the molecule of interest. This enzyme complex then catalyzes the conversion of the enhanced chemiluminescent substrate into a sensitized reagent in the vicinity of the molecule of interest, which on further oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, produces a triplet (excited) carbonyl, which emits light when it decays to the singlet carbonyl. Enhanced chemiluminescence allows detection of minute quantities of a biomolecule. Proteins can be detected down to femtomole quantities,[11][12] well below the detection limit for most assay systems.

Applications

  • Gas analysis: for determining small amounts of impurities or poisons in air. Other compounds can also be determined by this method (ozone, N-oxides, S-compounds). A typical example is NO determination with detection limits down to 1 ppb. Highly specialised chemiluminescence detectors have been used recently to determine concentrations as well as fluxes of NOx with detection limits as low as 5 ppt.[13][14][15]
  • Analysis of inorganic species in liquid phase
  • Analysis of organic species: useful with enzymes, where the substrate is not directly involved in the chemiluminescence reaction, but the product is
  • Detection and assay of biomolecules in systems such as ELISA and Western blots
  • DNA sequencing using pyrosequencing
  • Lighting objects. Chemiluminescence kites,[16] emergency lighting, glow sticks[17] (party decorations).
  • Combustion analysis: Certain radical species (such as CH* and OH*) give off radiation at specific wavelengths. The heat release rate is calculated by measuring the amount of light radiated from a flame at those wavelengths.[18]
  • Children's toys.
  • Glow sticks.

Biological applications

Chemiluminescence has been applied by forensic scientists to solve crimes. In this case, they use luminol and hydrogen peroxide. The iron from the blood acts as a catalyst and reacts with the luminol and hydrogen peroxide to produce blue light for about 30 seconds. Because only a small amount of iron is required for chemiluminescence, trace amounts of blood are sufficient.

In biomedical research, the protein that gives fireflies their glow and its co-factor, luciferin, are used to produce red light through the consumption of ATP. This reaction is used in many applications, including the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke off a tumor's blood supply[citation needed]. This form of bioluminescence imaging allows scientists to test drugs in the pre-clinical stages cheaply. Another protein, aequorin, found in certain jellyfish, produces blue light in the presence of calcium. It can be used in molecular biology to assess calcium levels in cells. What these biological reactions have in common is their use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source. Though the structure of the molecules that produce luminescence is different for each species, they are given the generic name of luciferin. Firefly luciferin can be oxidized to produce an excited complex. Once it falls back down to a ground state a photon is released. It is very similar to the reaction with luminol.

 

Many organisms have evolved to produce light in a range of colors. At the molecular level, the difference in color arises from the degree of conjugation of the molecule, when an electron drops down from the excited state to the ground state. Deep sea organisms have evolved to produce light to lure and catch prey, as camouflage, or to attract others. Some bacteria even use bioluminescence to communicate. The common colors for the light emitted by these animals are blue and green because they have shorter wavelengths than red and can transmit more easily in water.

In April 2020, researchers reported having genetically engineered plants glow much brighter than previously possible by inserting genes of the bioluminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi. The glow is self-sustained, works by converting plants' caffeic acid into luciferin and, unlike for bacterial bioluminescence genes used earlier, has a relatively high light output that is visible to the naked eye.[19][20][21][22]

Chemiluminescence is different from fluorescence. Hence, fluorescent proteins such as Green fluorescent protein are not chemiluminescent. However, combining GFP with luciferases allows bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which increases the quantum yield of light emitted in these systems.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vacher, Morgane; Fdez. Galván, Ignacio; Ding, Bo-Wen; Schramm, Stefan; Berraud-Pache, Romain; Naumov, Panče; Ferré, Nicolas; Liu, Ya-Jun; Navizet, Isabelle; Roca-Sanjuán, Daniel; Baader, Wilhelm J.; Lindh, Roland (March 2018). "Chemi- and Bioluminescence of Cyclic Peroxides". Chemical Reviews. 118 (15): 6927–6974. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00649. PMID 29493234.
  2. ^ Radziszewski, B. R. (1877). "Untersuchungen über Hydrobenzamid, Amarin und Lophin". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 10 (1): 70–75. doi:10.1002/cber.18770100122.
  3. ^ Shah, Syed Niaz Ali; Lin, Jin-Ming (2017). "Recent advances in chemiluminescence based on carbonaceous dots". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 241: 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2017.01.003. PMID 28139217.
  4. ^ "Luminol chemistry laboratory demonstration". Retrieved 2006-03-29.
  5. ^ (PDF). Salters Advanced Chemistry. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2004. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
  6. ^ Rauhut, Michael M. (1985), Chemiluminescence. In Grayson, Martin (Ed) (1985). Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed), pp 247 John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-51700-3
  7. ^ Air Zoom | Glowing with Pride 2014-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Fannation.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-22.
  8. ^ Atkins P. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry (8th ed., W.H.Freeman 2006) p.886 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8
  9. ^ Steinfeld J.I., Francisco J.S. and Hase W.L. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1998) p.263 ISBN 0-13-737123-3
  10. ^ Atkins P. and de Paula J. p.889-890
  11. ^ Enhanced CL review. Biocompare.com (2007-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-11-22.
  12. ^ High Intensity HRP-Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate 2016-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. Haemoscan.com (2016-02-11). Retrieved on 2016-03-29.
  13. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  14. ^ Stella, P., Kortner, M., Ammann, C., Foken, T., Meixner, F. X., and Trebs, I.: Measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone fluxes by eddy covariance at a meadow: evidence for an internal leaf resistance to NO2, Biogeosciences, 10, 5997-6017, doi:10.5194/bg-10-5997-2013, 2013.
  15. ^ Tsokankunku, Anywhere: Fluxes of the NO-O3-NO2 triad above a spruce forest canopy in south-eastern Germany. Bayreuth, 2014 . - XII, 184 P. ( Doctoral thesis, 2014, University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Earth Sciences) [1]
  16. ^ Kinn, John J "Chemiluminescent kite" U.S. Patent 4,715,564issued 12/29/1987
  17. ^ Kuntzleman, Thomas Scott; Rohrer, Kristen; Schultz, Emeric (2012-06-12). "The Chemistry of Lightsticks: Demonstrations To Illustrate Chemical Processes". Journal of Chemical Education. 89 (7): 910–916. Bibcode:2012JChEd..89..910K. doi:10.1021/ed200328d. ISSN 0021-9584.
  18. ^ Chemiluminescence as a Combustion Diagnostic 2011-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Venkata Nori and Jerry Seitzman - AIAA - 2008
  19. ^ "Sustainable light achieved in living plants". phys.org. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Scientists use mushroom DNA to produce permanently-glowing plants". New Atlas. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Scientists create glowing plants using mushroom genes". the Guardian. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ Mitiouchkina, Tatiana; Mishin, Alexander S.; Somermeyer, Louisa Gonzalez; Markina, Nadezhda M.; Chepurnyh, Tatiana V.; Guglya, Elena B.; Karataeva, Tatiana A.; Palkina, Kseniia A.; Shakhova, Ekaterina S.; Fakhranurova, Liliia I.; Chekova, Sofia V.; Tsarkova, Aleksandra S.; Golubev, Yaroslav V.; Negrebetsky, Vadim V.; Dolgushin, Sergey A.; Shalaev, Pavel V.; Shlykov, Dmitry; Melnik, Olesya A.; Shipunova, Victoria O.; Deyev, Sergey M.; Bubyrev, Andrey I.; Pushin, Alexander S.; Choob, Vladimir V.; Dolgov, Sergey V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Yampolsky, Ilia V.; Sarkisyan, Karen S. (27 April 2020). "Plants with genetically encoded autoluminescence". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (8): 944–946. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0500-9. ISSN 1546-1696. PMC 7610436. PMID 32341562. S2CID 216559981.

chemiluminescence, confused, with, fluorescence, also, chemoluminescence, emission, light, luminescence, result, chemical, reaction, there, also, limited, emission, heat, given, reactants, with, excited, intermediate, chemoluminescent, reaction, erlenmeyer, fl. Not to be confused with Fluorescence Chemiluminescence also chemoluminescence is the emission of light luminescence as the result of a chemical reaction There may also be limited emission of heat Given reactants A and B with an excited intermediate A chemoluminescent reaction in an Erlenmeyer flask A B products light displaystyle ce A B gt lozenge gt products light For example if A is luminol and B is hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitable catalyst we have C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2 luminol H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide 3 APA 3 APA light displaystyle ce underset luminol C8H7N3O2 underset hydrogen peroxide H2O2 gt 3 APA lozenge gt 3 APA light where 3 APA is 3 aminophthalate 3 APA is the vibronic excited state fluorescing as it decays to a lower energy level Contents 1 General description 2 Liquid phase reactions 3 Gas phase reactions 4 Infrared chemiluminescence 5 Enhanced chemiluminescence 6 Applications 7 Biological applications 8 See also 9 ReferencesGeneral description EditThe decay of this excited state to a lower energy level causes light emission 1 In theory one photon of light should be given off for each molecule of reactant This is equivalent to the Avogadro number of photons per mole of reactant In actual practice non enzymatic reactions seldom exceed 1 QC quantum efficiency In a chemical reaction reactants collide to form a transition state the enthalpic maximum in a reaction coordinate diagram which proceeds to the product Normally reactants form products of lesser chemical energy The difference in energy between reactants and products represented as D H r x n displaystyle Delta H rxn is turned into heat physically realized as excitations in the vibrational state of the normal modes of the product Since vibrational energy is generally much greater than the thermal agitation it rapidly disperses in the solvent through molecular rotation This is how exothermic reactions make their solutions hotter In a chemiluminescent reaction the direct product of the reaction is an excited electronic state This state then decays into an electronic ground state and emits light through either an allowed transition analogous to fluorescence or a forbidden transition analogous to phosphorescence depending partly on the spin state of the electronic excited state formed Chemiluminescence differs from fluorescence or phosphorescence in that the electronic excited state is the product of a chemical reaction rather than of the absorption of a photon It is the antithesis of a photochemical reaction in which light is used to drive an endothermic chemical reaction Here light is generated from a chemically exothermic reaction The chemiluminescence might be also induced by an electrochemical stimulus in this case is called electrochemiluminescence Bioluminescence in nature A male firefly mating with a female of the species Lampyris noctiluca The first chemiluminescent compound to be discovered was 2 4 5 triphenylimidazole lophine which was reported in 1877 to emit light when mixed with potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol in the presence of air 2 A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory setting is the luminol test Here blood is indicated by luminescence upon contact with iron in hemoglobin When chemiluminescence takes place in living organisms the phenomenon is called bioluminescence A light stick emits light by chemiluminescence Liquid phase reactions EditChemiluminescence in aqueous system is mainly caused by redox reactions 3 Chemiluminescence after a reaction of hydrogen peroxide and luminol Luminol in an alkaline solution with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron or copper 4 or an auxiliary oxidant 5 produces chemiluminescence The luminol reaction isC 8 H 7 N 3 O 2 luminol H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide 3 APA 3 APA light displaystyle ce underset luminol C8H7N3O2 underset hydrogen peroxide H2O2 gt 3 APA lozenge gt 3 APA light Gas phase reactions Edit Green and blue glow sticks One of the oldest known chemiluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air producing a green glow This is a gas phase reaction of phosphorus vapor above the solid with oxygen producing excited states of PO 2 and HPO 6 Another gas phase reaction is the basis of nitric oxide detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air quality testing Ozone O3 is combined with nitric oxide NO to form nitrogen dioxide NO2 in an activated state NO O 3 NO 2 O 2 displaystyle ce NO O3 gt NO2 lozenge O2 dd The activated NO2 luminesces broadband visible to infrared light as it reverts to a lower energy state A photomultiplier and associated electronics counts the photons that are proportional to the amount of NO present To determine the amount of nitrogen dioxide NO2 in a sample containing no NO it must first be converted to nitric oxide NO by passing the sample through a converter before the above ozone activation reaction is applied The ozone reaction produces a photon count proportional to NO that is proportional to NO2 before it was converted to NO In the case of a mixed sample that contains both NO and NO2 the above reaction yields the amount of NO and NO2 combined in the air sample assuming that the sample is passed through the converter If the mixed sample is not passed through the converter the ozone reaction produces activated NO2 only in proportion to the NO in the sample The NO2 in the sample is not activated by the ozone reaction Though unactivated NO2 is present with the activated NO2 photons are emitted only by the activated species that is proportional to original NO Final step Subtract NO from NO NO2 to yield NO2 7 Infrared chemiluminescence EditIn chemical kinetics infrared chemiluminiscence IRCL refers to the emission of infrared photons from vibrationally excited product molecules immediately after their formation The intensities of infrared emission lines from vibrationally excited molecules are used to measure the populations of vibrational states of product molecules 8 9 The observation of IRCL was developed as a kinetic technique by John Polanyi who used it to study the attractive or repulsive nature of the potential energy surface for gas phase reactions In general the IRCL is much more intense for reactions with an attractive surface indicating that this type of surface leads to energy deposition in vibrational excitation In contrast reactions with a repulsive potential energy surface lead to little IRCL indicating that the energy is primarily deposited as translational energy 10 Enhanced chemiluminescence EditEnhanced chemiluminescence ECL is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology A horseradish peroxidase enzyme HRP is tethered to an antibody that specifically recognizes the molecule of interest This enzyme complex then catalyzes the conversion of the enhanced chemiluminescent substrate into a sensitized reagent in the vicinity of the molecule of interest which on further oxidation by hydrogen peroxide produces a triplet excited carbonyl which emits light when it decays to the singlet carbonyl Enhanced chemiluminescence allows detection of minute quantities of a biomolecule Proteins can be detected down to femtomole quantities 11 12 well below the detection limit for most assay systems Applications EditGas analysis for determining small amounts of impurities or poisons in air Other compounds can also be determined by this method ozone N oxides S compounds A typical example is NO determination with detection limits down to 1 ppb Highly specialised chemiluminescence detectors have been used recently to determine concentrations as well as fluxes of NOx with detection limits as low as 5 ppt 13 14 15 Analysis of inorganic species in liquid phase Analysis of organic species useful with enzymes where the substrate is not directly involved in the chemiluminescence reaction but the product is Detection and assay of biomolecules in systems such as ELISA and Western blots DNA sequencing using pyrosequencing Lighting objects Chemiluminescence kites 16 emergency lighting glow sticks 17 party decorations Combustion analysis Certain radical species such as CH and OH give off radiation at specific wavelengths The heat release rate is calculated by measuring the amount of light radiated from a flame at those wavelengths 18 Children s toys Glow sticks Biological applications EditChemiluminescence has been applied by forensic scientists to solve crimes In this case they use luminol and hydrogen peroxide The iron from the blood acts as a catalyst and reacts with the luminol and hydrogen peroxide to produce blue light for about 30 seconds Because only a small amount of iron is required for chemiluminescence trace amounts of blood are sufficient In biomedical research the protein that gives fireflies their glow and its co factor luciferin are used to produce red light through the consumption of ATP This reaction is used in many applications including the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke off a tumor s blood supply citation needed This form of bioluminescence imaging allows scientists to test drugs in the pre clinical stages cheaply Another protein aequorin found in certain jellyfish produces blue light in the presence of calcium It can be used in molecular biology to assess calcium levels in cells What these biological reactions have in common is their use of adenosine triphosphate ATP as an energy source Though the structure of the molecules that produce luminescence is different for each species they are given the generic name of luciferin Firefly luciferin can be oxidized to produce an excited complex Once it falls back down to a ground state a photon is released It is very similar to the reaction with luminol Luciferin O 2 ATP Luciferase Oxyluciferin CO 2 AMP PPi light displaystyle ce Luciferin O2 ATP gt text Luciferase Oxyluciferin CO2 AMP PPi light Many organisms have evolved to produce light in a range of colors At the molecular level the difference in color arises from the degree of conjugation of the molecule when an electron drops down from the excited state to the ground state Deep sea organisms have evolved to produce light to lure and catch prey as camouflage or to attract others Some bacteria even use bioluminescence to communicate The common colors for the light emitted by these animals are blue and green because they have shorter wavelengths than red and can transmit more easily in water In April 2020 researchers reported having genetically engineered plants glow much brighter than previously possible by inserting genes of the bioluminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi The glow is self sustained works by converting plants caffeic acid into luciferin and unlike for bacterial bioluminescence genes used earlier has a relatively high light output that is visible to the naked eye 19 20 21 22 Chemiluminescence is different from fluorescence Hence fluorescent proteins such as Green fluorescent protein are not chemiluminescent However combining GFP with luciferases allows bioluminescence resonance energy transfer BRET which increases the quantum yield of light emitted in these systems See also EditEclox Electrochemiluminescence List of light sources Lyoluminescence Will o the wispReferences Edit Vacher Morgane Fdez Galvan Ignacio Ding Bo Wen Schramm Stefan Berraud Pache Romain Naumov Pance Ferre Nicolas Liu Ya Jun Navizet Isabelle Roca Sanjuan Daniel Baader Wilhelm J Lindh Roland March 2018 Chemi and Bioluminescence of Cyclic Peroxides Chemical Reviews 118 15 6927 6974 doi 10 1021 acs chemrev 7b00649 PMID 29493234 Radziszewski B R 1877 Untersuchungen uber Hydrobenzamid Amarin und Lophin Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft in German 10 1 70 75 doi 10 1002 cber 18770100122 Shah Syed Niaz Ali Lin Jin Ming 2017 Recent advances in chemiluminescence based on carbonaceous dots Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 241 24 36 doi 10 1016 j cis 2017 01 003 PMID 28139217 Luminol chemistry laboratory demonstration Retrieved 2006 03 29 Investigating luminol PDF Salters Advanced Chemistry Archived from the original PDF on September 20 2004 Retrieved 2006 03 29 Rauhut Michael M 1985 Chemiluminescence In Grayson Martin Ed 1985 Kirk Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 3rd ed pp 247 John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0 471 51700 3 Air Zoom Glowing with Pride Archived 2014 06 12 at the Wayback Machine Fannation com Retrieved on 2011 11 22 Atkins P and de Paula J Physical Chemistry 8th ed W H Freeman 2006 p 886 ISBN 0 7167 8759 8 Steinfeld J I Francisco J S and Hase W L Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics 2nd ed Prentice Hall 1998 p 263 ISBN 0 13 737123 3 Atkins P and de Paula J p 889 890 Enhanced CL review Biocompare com 2007 06 04 Retrieved on 2011 11 22 High Intensity HRP Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate Archived 2016 04 08 at the Wayback Machine Haemoscan com 2016 02 11 Retrieved on 2016 03 29 ECOPHYSICS CLD790SR2 NO NO2 analyser PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 04 30 Stella P Kortner M Ammann C Foken T Meixner F X and Trebs I Measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone fluxes by eddy covariance at a meadow evidence for an internal leaf resistance to NO2 Biogeosciences 10 5997 6017 doi 10 5194 bg 10 5997 2013 2013 Tsokankunku Anywhere Fluxes of the NO O3 NO2 triad above a spruce forest canopy in south eastern Germany Bayreuth 2014 XII 184 P Doctoral thesis 2014 University of Bayreuth Faculty of Biology Chemistry and Earth Sciences 1 Kinn John J Chemiluminescent kite U S Patent 4 715 564 issued 12 29 1987 Kuntzleman Thomas Scott Rohrer Kristen Schultz Emeric 2012 06 12 The Chemistry of Lightsticks Demonstrations To Illustrate Chemical Processes Journal of Chemical Education 89 7 910 916 Bibcode 2012JChEd 89 910K doi 10 1021 ed200328d ISSN 0021 9584 Chemiluminescence as a Combustion Diagnostic Archived 2011 03 02 at the Wayback Machine Venkata Nori and Jerry Seitzman AIAA 2008 Sustainable light achieved in living plants phys org Retrieved 18 May 2020 Scientists use mushroom DNA to produce permanently glowing plants New Atlas 28 April 2020 Retrieved 18 May 2020 Scientists create glowing plants using mushroom genes the Guardian 27 April 2020 Retrieved 18 May 2020 Mitiouchkina Tatiana Mishin Alexander S Somermeyer Louisa Gonzalez Markina Nadezhda M Chepurnyh Tatiana V Guglya Elena B Karataeva Tatiana A Palkina Kseniia A Shakhova Ekaterina S Fakhranurova Liliia I Chekova Sofia V Tsarkova Aleksandra S Golubev Yaroslav V Negrebetsky Vadim V Dolgushin Sergey A Shalaev Pavel V Shlykov Dmitry Melnik Olesya A Shipunova Victoria O Deyev Sergey M Bubyrev Andrey I Pushin Alexander S Choob Vladimir V Dolgov Sergey V Kondrashov Fyodor A Yampolsky Ilia V Sarkisyan Karen S 27 April 2020 Plants with genetically encoded autoluminescence Nature Biotechnology 38 8 944 946 doi 10 1038 s41587 020 0500 9 ISSN 1546 1696 PMC 7610436 PMID 32341562 S2CID 216559981 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemiluminescence amp oldid 1135691948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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