Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation

The Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation Limited was a British electricity undertaking. It was incorporated as a public company in 1889 to generate and supply electricity to parts of the City of Westminster, Holborn and later the City of London. From 1925 it worked jointly with other companies as part of the London Power Company. The company was abolished on 31 March 1948 when the British electricity industry was nationalised, and its assets were transferred to the British Electricity Authority and the London Electricity Board. The Charing Cross Corporation's Bow power station continued in operation until 1969.

Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation Limited

Formerly	Electricity Supply Corporation (1889)
Company type	Public limited company
Industry	Energy: electricity generation and supply
Founded	12 June 1889
Founder	Sir John and Stefano Gatti
Defunct	31 March 1948
Fate	Nationalisation
Successor	Charing Cross, West End and City Electricity Supply Company (1905, renamed) London Power Company (1925–48) British Electricity Authority (1948–55) London Electricity Board (1948–90)
Headquarters	60 St. Martin's Lane, London
Area served	City of London and West End
Key people	see text
Services	Generation, distribution and sales of electricity
Revenue	see table in text
Parent	London Power Company

History

The entrepreneurs Sir John Maria Emilio Gatti and his brother Rocco Joseph Stefano Gatti owned the Royal Adelphi theatre and the Adelaide restaurant in the Strand in the West End.^[1] From September 1883 they provided electric lighting for the restaurant from a small generating plant in the basement of the building. The plant comprised two multi-tubular Field boilers providing steam to two Armington and Sims engines each driving two 150-lamp Edison bipolar dynamos.^[2][3] The system was capable of operating 330 lamps. By 1886 the plant was supplying lighting at the Adelphi theatre. With growing electricity demand a new generating station was built in 1888 at Bull Inn Court, between Maiden Lane and The Strand.^[4] The station had three Babcock and Wilcox boilers providing steam at 140 psi (9.6 bar) to four compound Willans engines coupled to two 84 kW and two 50 kW Edison-Hopkinson dynamos. These machines generated direct current at 105 V.^[4]

Public electricity supplies

To extend supplies more widely in the area the Electric Supply Corporation was registered as an electricity undertaking on 12 June 1889 with statutory authority to supply electricity to parts of Holborn and Westminster.^[3] These areas were: the southern part of Holborn Metropolitan Borough except Lincoln's Inn and Staple Inn; the Strand district and the parish of St. Martin in the Fields in the City of Westminster.^[5] The Metropolitan Electric Supply Company Limited objected to the new undertaking as it already supplied the Strand district with electricity. The Charing Cross Company argued that it would provide low-tension current that would be an advantage for motive power over the high-tension supply from the Metropolitan Electric Supply Company.^[6] The Gatti brothers were directors and shareholders of the new company.^[7] The Electric Supply Corporation took over the ownership and operation of the Maiden Lane station, and soon after changed the company name to the Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation Limited. Further increases in demand were met by several extensions to the Maiden Lane station from 1892.^[4]

To supplement electricity supplies the Charing Cross Company built a new power station in 1896 at 85 Commercial Road, Lambeth on the south of the River Thames. Electricity was transferred across the river through ducts in Hungerford and Waterloo Bridges.^[4] The plant at Commercial Road had a capacity of 3,600 kW and operated at 1,000 V. The voltage was reduced to 200 V for distribution to customers by motor–generator sets located in local substations on the north side of the river.^[4] These substations were located at Maiden Lane; Short's Gardens, Drury Lane; and St. Martins Lane.^[7]

In 1897 the plant had a generating capacity of 2,575 kW and the maximum load was 1,377 kW. A total of 2615.51 MWh of electricity was sold to 719 customers which powered 107,542 lamps, this provided an income to the company of £48,026-16-6d. The growth of the undertaking is demonstrated in the table.^[8]

Growth of the Charing Cross undertaking

Year	No. of 8 candle power lamps	Gross revenue	Net revenue
1892	29,000	£20,658 13 8	£9,997 13 3
1893	34,570	£22,303 19 2	£8,654 8 4
1894	41,216	£26,532 0 5	£10,395 12 9
1895	51,302	£28,571 0 1	£12,587 3 11
1896	73,464	£38,804 13 4	£15,288 15 1
1897	107,542	£48,880 17 9	£18,907 2 11

In 1899 the company sought and received authority under the City of London Electric Lighting Act 1900 (63 & 64 Vict. c. lxxxviii) to supply electricity to the City of London. This supply was in competition with City of London Electric Lighting Company.^[5] One of the conditions of the act was that the company would provide, within two years, a power station to supply the City with electricity.^[7] Such an arrangement would allow the City Corporation to purchase a complete electricity supply system.^[9] Accordingly, a new station was constructed at Bow in the Borough of West Ham, about 4 miles north east of Charing Cross. A separate operating undertaking within the Charing Cross Company was established to manage this supply.

Bow power station

Bow power station (51°32'03"N 0°00'43"W) was built on a 7½ acre (3.04 ha) site in Marshgate Road, Bow, and was first commissioned in 1902.^[4] It generated 3-phase alternating current at 10 kV and 50 Hz.^[10] It was the first 3-phase plant in the UK.^[4] Initially the equipment comprised two 800 kW and two 1600 kW Lahmeyer generating sets.^[2] The 800 kW sets were driven by Bellis and Morcom high speed engines, and the 1600 kW sets by Sulzer Bros. engines.^[11] The boilers were manufactured by Richard Hornsby. In 1904–05 a pair of 4 MW generators were added, these were then the largest generating machines in the country. They were driven by Sulzer three cylinder compound engines. Steam was from a pair of Hornsby vertical boilers with an output capacity of 140,000 lb/h (17.6 kg/s) at 160 psi (11.0 bar) for each 4 MW set.^[11] Steam from the engines discharged into jet-condensers and cooling was by 16 fan driven circular steel cooling towers, 30 ft (11 m) in diameter and 85 ft (26 m) high.^[2][12] Coal was delivered to the power station by the River Lea and its channels.

The station transmitted electricity at 10 kV through underground cables through the districts of Poplar, Mile End and Whitechapel to four substations in the City and West End each with an 8.4 MW motor-generator. These were at Fenchurch Street, Upper Thames Street, Ludgate Hill and Beech Street.^[7] The 350 kW synchronous generators giving 400–440 V across the outer wires, supply was eventually 2 × 200 V on a three-wire system.^[11]

Following the First World War the reciprocating engines at Bow were gradually replaced with more efficient steam turbines.^[2] New Babcock and Wilcox boilers supplied steam at 270 psi (18.6 bar) and 650 °F (343 °C).^[2]

Operations

The company changed its name in February 1905 to the Charing Cross, West End and City Electricity Supply Company Limited to reflect its enlarged supply area in the City.

As new generating plant was commissioned so older and less efficient plant was retired: the advent of Bow power station led to the eventual closure of the Lambeth station by 1909.^[4]

It was reported in 1910 that the City of Westminster had transferred electric street lighting, comprising 66 arc lamps run by the St. James Electric Light Company, to a gas company for conversion back to gas lighting.^[13] The usual pattern at this period was the substitution of electricity in place of gas for street lighting. The Charing Cross Company confirmed they continued to operate 165 arc lamps in the City of Westminster.^[13]

A summary of operating data for the Charing Cross Company from 1903 to 1936 is as follows:^{[5][14][15][16][17]}

Charing Cross Electricity Company summary of operating data, 1903–36

Year	Undertaking	Generating capacity, MW	Maximum load, MW	No. of Customers	Electricity generated, GWh	Electricity sold, GWh
1903	West End	4.4	4.28	?	10.32	7.19
	City	8.0	5.71	?	5.80	3.56
1912–13	West End	3.76	6.33	3464	39.00	12.23
	City	19.72	7.38	4466		15.43
1919	West End	2.6	7.19	?	41.90	12.65
	City	20.9	9.4	?		17.54
1923–24	West End	2.60	10.92	4602	2.70 + 21.41 purchased	18.98
	City	30.5	24.93	5696	52.13	45.02
1931	West End	?	?	?	3.72 + 46.57 purchased	39.27
	City	?	?	?	0 + 52.24 purchased	43.50
1936	West End	6.4	48.99	5394	55.08 + 133.8 purchased	54.35
	City			6220		62.11

From the early 1920s interconnections between electricity undertakings enabled bulk supplies of electricity to be sold and purchased. For example, in 1923 the West End undertaking, in addition to its 2.6 MW generating capacity, had 10.7 MW of transformer capability enabling electricity to be imported.^[16]

In 1923 the generating plant comprised the following.^[18] At Bow there were 2 × 3.0 MW, 2 × 5.0 MW and 1 × 2.5 MW turbo generators, plus 2 × 4.0 MW reciprocating generators giving a total capacity of 36.52 MW. The maximum load on the system was 23,164 MW. These machines were supplied by boilers with a total steam output capacity of 575,000 lb/hr (72.45 kg/s). At St. Martins Lane there were 2 × 450 kV oil driven generators providing a DC supply, and at Shorts Gardens there were 4 × 450 kW and 2 × 530 kW oil driven generators also providing a DC supply.^[18]

In 1928 the company installed new substations in Soho Square (1500 kW) and Aldwych (3000 kW), and a new 1200 kW diesel engine at Shorts Gardens.^[19] The substation at Shorts Gardens was housed in a 3-storey red brick building (extant 2020) numbered 62–72 Shorts Gardens at the northeast end of Shorts Gardens near Drury Lane.^[20]

It was noted in 1931 that major rebuilding work in the City and the West End particularly the construction of substantially larger buildings provided with ‘lavish’ lighting had increased the demand for electricity from the company.^[21]

In 1935 the Charing Cross Company distributed electricity from 14 substations, these were located at: 12 Maiden Lane, Short's Gardens, St. Martins Lane, Chancery Lane, Soho Square, Aldwych, Trafalgar Buildings, 85 Fenchurch Street, 86 Upper Thames Street, 68/70 Ludgate Hill, Seacoal Lane, 9 Beech Street, Broad Street, and Smithfield Market.^[4] By 1936–7 the substation in St. Martin's Lane was equipped with three generator sets of 575 kW, 750 kW and 1200 kW, in that year they generated 2.38 MWh of power. The substation was severely damaged during the war.^[4]

Financial

In 1903 the Charing Cross Company charged 3.78 d./kWh for a private electricity supply and 1.77 d./kWh for public lighting. These were both less than that charged by the City of London Company: 3.87 and 1.98 d./kWh respectively.^[5]

By 1912–3 a more complex charging system was used.^[14] For the West End area the company charged 2.02 d./kWh for street lighting and 3.18 d./kWh for ‘other’ public lighting, it charged 3.15 d./kWh for private lighting, 1.22 d./kWh for power and heat to the Borough Council and 1.51 d./kWh for power and heat to private customers. For the City area the charges were 2.37 d./kWh other public lighting, 3.14 d./kWh for private lighting, 0.93 d./kWh for power and heat to the borough council, and 1.51 d./kWh for power and heat to private customers.^[14]

For 1918 the charging system was less complex, for the West End the company charged 3.47 d./kWh for public lighting, 6.26 d./kWh for private light, 2.45 d./kWh for power and heat; for the City undertaking the charges were 6.64 d./kWh for private lighting and 2.31 d./kWh for power and heat.^[15]

The financial revenue, expenditure and surplus over the period 1912–36 was as follows:^{[14][15][17][22]}

Charing Cross Electricity Company financial summary, 1912–36

Year	Undertaking	Revenue	Expenditure	Gross surplus
1912–13	West End	£146,265	£57,564	£79,801
	City	£148,513	£72,697	£66,673
1919	West End	£262,950	£152,911	£96,789
	City	£330,981	£258,250	£60,327
1921	West End	£312,500	£212,116
	City	£438,772
1922	West End	£333,000	£187,000
	City	£437,002
1936	West End	£410,674	£296,735	£190,740
	City	£388,618	£265,286	£184,449

The increase in expenditure between 1913 and 1919 is partly due to the rise in commodity prices during this period. The company noted that the bill for coal in 1914 was less than £40,000 but by 1918 it was £108,000 and in 1919 was £157,000.^[23]

Dividends to shareholders were paid throughout the operational life of the company. Dividends as a percentage of the total capital raised in a given year were as shown, together with the average dividends paid by the London company electricity undertakings.^[14][15]

Charing Cross company shareholder dividends, 1892–1919

Year	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905
West End dividend %	4.75	4.62	4.66	5.01	5.47	6.19	6.25	7.43	6.95	6.66	5.78	5.66	5.37	4.52
City dividend %	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.65	3.80	3.17	3.26	3.30
London average dividend %	2.10	2.68	3.40	4.01	4.66	5.54	5.10	5.15	4.60	5.29	5.55	5.51	5.79	5.65
Year	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919
West End dividend %	4.50	4.48	4.48	4.48	4.48	4.48	4.48	4.80	4.48	4.48	4.48	4.16	4.16	5.12
City dividend %	3.46	3.38	3.66	3.27	3.34	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37
London average dividend %	5.40	5.14	5.12	5.07	5.07	5.11	5.18	5.33	5.10	4.87	4.68	5.32	4.96	5.76

Amalgamation and joint working

In 1920 the company was one of nine electricity undertakings which formed the London Electricity Joint Committee to oppose schemes proposed by the Electricity Commissioners for reorganisation of electricity supplies in London.^[24] The Joint Committee acquired Bow generating station and the transmission system. In 1924 the company changed its name to the Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company Limited and was an authorised distribution supplying an electricity supply in bulk to Smithfield Markets Electric Supply Company.^[16]

In 1925 the Charing Cross Company and other undertakings formed, under the provisions of the London Electricity (No. 2) Act 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. lxiii), the London Power Company.^[25] The LPC amalgamated the ownership and management of the generating stations, but left the supply of electricity to customers with the constituent companies.^[26]  

From 1 January 1937 the Charing Cross Company acquired five other undertakings to coordinate the distribution of electricity in their areas of London.^[26] The other undertakings were: Brompton and Kensington Electricity Supply Company Limited; Chelsea Electricity Supply Company Limited; Kensington and Knightsbridge Electric Lighting Company Limited; St. James and Pall Mall Electric Light Company Limited; and Westminster Electric Supply Corporation Limited.^[26] The Charing Cross Company changed its name again to Central London Electricity Limited. All the shares of Central London Electricity were held by a non-statutory company known as London Associated Electricity Undertakings Limited.^[17] The company's supply area now included Chelsea, City of London, Holborn (south), Kensington (south), Westminster (east). However, the company failed to attract a wider range of London companies to the merger and therefore planning of London's electricity remained un-integrated.^[27]

Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 the Central London Electricity Limited undertaking was abolished and its generation and main transmission assets, including Bow power station, was transferred to the British Electricity Authority (1948–55),^[11] then to the Central Electricity Authority (1955–57), and finally to the Central Electricity Generating Board (1958–69). The electricity distribution and sales to customer assets of the Central London Electricity Limited were vested in the London Electricity Board.

Post-nationalisation

In 1954 the working capacity of the generators at Bow power station was 51.5 MW. The steam capacity of the chain gate stoked boilers was 785,000 lb/hr (98.9 kg/s) and the steam conditions at the turbine stop-valves was 250 psi (17.2 bar) and 343 °C. In 1954 the station burned 23,600 tons of coal.^[28] In 1954 the overall thermal efficiency of the station was 13.6 per cent, this had fallen to 9.84 percent in the final year of operation.^[28]

The electricity output of the station, in GWh, over the period 1946–68 was:^{[29][30][28][31][32][33]}

Bow power station ceased generating electricity in 1969 and was subsequently demolished.^[4]

The Shorts Gardens substation continued to generate electricity until the early 1960s, using internal combustion engines. There was one 550 kW and two 1,125 kW oil engines.^[34] It was used as a peak shaving plant: in 1954 it had a capacity 2.8 MW, was run for 604 hours and delivered 287 MWh.^[28] In 1961 the station had a capacity of 2.8 MW, it was run for 170 hours and delivered 62 MWh.^[31] In 1961/2 it generated 118 MWh, and in 1962/3 it delivered 252 MWh.^[35] The building is used (in 2020) by UK Power Networks.^[36]

Key people

The Directors of the Charing Cross Company in 1903 were:^[7]

• Sir William Francis Fladgate (1853–1937) (Chairman)^[37]
• G.H. Brougham Glasier (Vice-Chairman)
• Sir John M. Gatti (1872–1929) (Managing Director until at least 1928)
• Stefano Gatti
• Richard Chadwick

The Company Secretary was Edward Wilmot Seale, later Cecil G. Stanesby

The Engineer-in-Chief was W.H. Patchell.

The company office was at 60 St. Martin's Lane, London, WC.

The Gatti family, and their role in electricity supply, are commemorated on a Green Plaque in the Strand.^[38]

Company names

In summary the various names of the company were:

• Electric Supply Corporation (12 June 1889 – 1889)
• Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (1889–1905)
• Charing Cross, West End and City Electricity Supply Company Limited (February 1905 – 1924)
• Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company Limited (1924–1937)
• Central London Electricity Limited (1937–1948)

See also

• List of pre-nationalisation UK electric power companies
• Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
• County of London Electric Supply Company
• London Power Company
• London Electricity Board
• National Grid

References

1. "Charing Cross and Strand Electric Supply Co". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
2. Parsons, R.H. (1939). The Early Days of the Power Station Industry. Cambridge: Babcock and Wilcox. pp. 109–11.
3. "Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company". London Remembers. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
4. Horne, Mike (16 September 2016). "London's Power Stations". Metadyne. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
5. London County Council (1905). London Statistics vol XV. London: London County Council. pp. xc.
6. "Electric Lighting in The Strand District (p.12)". The Times. 21 March 1896.
7. "The Charing Cross and Strand Electricity Supply Corporation (p.13)". The Times. 14 July 1903.
8. Garcke, Emile (1898). Manual of Electrical Undertakings. London: P. S. King & son.
9. Bourne, R. (April 1996). "The beginnings of electric street lighting in the City of London". Engineering Science and Education Journal: 87.
10. Brooke, R.C.R. (September 1979). "Electricity supply in the City of Westminster". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 126 (9): 875–883. doi:10.1049/piee.1979.0267.
11. The Electricity Council (1987). Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom: a Chronology. London: The Electricity Council. pp. 21, 35, 45, 60. ISBN 085188105X.
12. Duffy, Michael C. (2003). "Thermodynamics and Powerhouse Design, 1890-1960". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 73 (2): 209–29. doi:10.1179/tns.2003.011. S2CID 110982087.
13. "Street Lighting in Westminster (p.13)". The Times. 24 August 1910.
14. London County Council (1915). London Statistics 1913-14 vol. XXIV. London: London County Council. pp. 546–554.
15. London County Council (1922). London Statistics 1920-21 vol. XXVII. London: London County Council. pp. 289–305.
16. London County Council (1926). London Statistics 1924-25 vol. 30. London: London County Council. pp. 299–303.
17. London County Council (1939). London Statistics 1936-8 vol. 41. London: London County Council. pp. 382–96.
18. Electricity Commission (1925). Electricity Supply - 1920-1923. London: HMSO. pp. 148–151, 376–381.
19. "Charing Cross Electricity Supply (p.22)". The Times. 9 March 1928.
20. "60-72 Shorts Gardens, London". Span Group. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
21. "Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company (p.20)". The Times. 12 March 1931.
22. "Charing Cross, West End & City Electricity Supply (p.22)". The Times. 9 March 1923.
23. "Charing Cross, West End, and City Electricity Company Limited (p.24)". The Times. 12 March 1920.
24. "Charing Cross, West End and City Electricity Supply Co". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
25. "Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company *p.22)". The Times. 5 March 1926.
26. "Law Report, Dec. 6 Amalgamation of London Electric Supply Companies (p.4)". The Times. 7 December 1937.
27. Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity before Nationalisation. London: Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 0333220862.
28. "Schedule of Power Stations as at 31 December 1954". Electrical Review. 24 June 1955: 1123. 1955.
29. CEGB Statistical Yearbook (1964–67), CEGB, London.
30. Garcke's Manual of Electricity Supply vol. 57. London: Garcke. 1960. pp. A-109.
31. "British Power Stations operating at 31 December 1961". Electrical Review. 1 June 1962: 931. 1962.
32. GEGB Annual report and accounts, various years
33. Electricity Commission, Generation of Electricity in Great Britain year ended 31st December 1946. London: HMSO, 1947.
34. Garrett, Frederick C., ed. (1959). Garke's Manual of Electricity Supply (vol. 56). London: Electrical Press. pp. A-92.
35. CEGB Annual Report and Accounts, various years
36. "UK Power Networks". UK Power Networks. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
37. "Sir William Francis Fladgate". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
38. "Gatti Family – Strand, London, UK". Waymarking.com. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2020.