The Celali rebellions (Turkish: Celalî ayaklanmaları) were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, celâli, or jelālī,[1] against the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries. The first revolt termed as such occurred in 1519, during Sultan Selim I's reign, near Tokat under the leadership of Celâl, an Alevi preacher. Celâl's name was later used by Ottoman histories as a general term for rebellious groups in Anatolia, most of whom bore no particular connection to the original Celâl.[2] As it is used by historians, the "Celali rebellions" refer primarily to the activity of bandits and warlords in Anatolia from c. 1590 to 1610, with a second wave of Celali activity, this time led by rebellious provincial governors rather than bandit chiefs, lasting from 1622 to the suppression of the revolt of Abaza Hasan Pasha in 1659. These rebellions were the largest and longest lasting in the history of the Ottoman Empire.
The major uprisings involved the sekbans (irregular troops of musketeers) and sipahis (cavalrymen maintained by land grants). The rebellions were not attempts to overthrow the Ottoman government but were reactions to a social and economic crisis stemming from a number of factors: demographic pressure following a period of unprecedented population growth during the 16th century, climatic hardship associated with the Little Ice Age, a depreciation of the currency, and the mobilization of thousands of sekban musketeers for the Ottoman army during its wars with the Habsburgs and Safavids, who turned to banditry when demobilized. Celali leaders often sought no more than to be appointed to provincial governorships within the empire, while others fought for specific political causes.[3] Such as Abaza Mehmed Pasha's effort to topple the Janissary government established after the regicide of Osman II in 1622, or Abaza Hasan Pasha's desire to overthrow the grand vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha.[citation needed] The Ottoman leaders understood why the Celali rebels were making demands, so they gave some of the Celali leaders government jobs to stop the rebellion and make them part of the system. The Ottoman army used force to defeat those who didn't get jobs and kept fighting. The Celali rebellions ended when the most powerful leaders became part of the Ottoman system and the weaker ones were defeated by the Ottoman army. The Janissaries and former rebels who had joined the Ottomans fought to keep their new government jobs.[3]
The Ottoman Empire in 1590, at the outset of the Celali rebellions.
In 1598 a sekban leader, Karayazıcı Abdülhalim, united the dissatisfied groups in the Anatolia Eyalet and established a base of power in Sivas and Dulkadir, where he was able to force towns to pay tribute to him.[1] He was offered the governorship of Çorum, but refused the post and when Ottoman forces were sent against them, he retreated with his forces to Urfa, seeking refuge in a fortified castle, which became the center of resistance for 18 months. Out of fear that his forces would mutiny against him, he left the castle, was defeated by government forces, and died some time later in 1602 from natural causes. His brother Deli Hasan then seized Kutahya, in western Anatolia, but later he and his followers were won over by grants of governorships.[1]
^Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010-05-21). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. ISBN9781438110257.
^ abAnderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East : rulers, rebels, and rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 40. ISBN978-0-8047-9875-4. OCLC 945376555.
Further readingedit
Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Cornell University Press, 1994.
İnalcık, Halil. “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700.” Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283–337.
Özel, Oktay. “The Reign of Violence: The Celalis c. 1550-1700.” In The Ottoman World, 184–202. Edited by Christine Woodhead. London: Routledge, 2011.
White, Sam. The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
January 01, 1970
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Celali rebellions news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2010 Learn how and when to remove this message The Celali rebellions Turkish Celali ayaklanmalari were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celali celali or jelali 1 against the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid 17th centuries The first revolt termed as such occurred in 1519 during Sultan Selim I s reign near Tokat under the leadership of Celal an Alevi preacher Celal s name was later used by Ottoman histories as a general term for rebellious groups in Anatolia most of whom bore no particular connection to the original Celal 2 As it is used by historians the Celali rebellions refer primarily to the activity of bandits and warlords in Anatolia from c 1590 to 1610 with a second wave of Celali activity this time led by rebellious provincial governors rather than bandit chiefs lasting from 1622 to the suppression of the revolt of Abaza Hasan Pasha in 1659 These rebellions were the largest and longest lasting in the history of the Ottoman Empire The major uprisings involved the sekbans irregular troops of musketeers and sipahis cavalrymen maintained by land grants The rebellions were not attempts to overthrow the Ottoman government but were reactions to a social and economic crisis stemming from a number of factors demographic pressure following a period of unprecedented population growth during the 16th century climatic hardship associated with the Little Ice Age a depreciation of the currency and the mobilization of thousands of sekban musketeers for the Ottoman army during its wars with the Habsburgs and Safavids who turned to banditry when demobilized Celali leaders often sought no more than to be appointed to provincial governorships within the empire while others fought for specific political causes 3 Such as Abaza Mehmed Pasha s effort to topple the Janissary government established after the regicide of Osman II in 1622 or Abaza Hasan Pasha s desire to overthrow the grand vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha citation needed The Ottoman leaders understood why the Celali rebels were making demands so they gave some of the Celali leaders government jobs to stop the rebellion and make them part of the system The Ottoman army used force to defeat those who didn t get jobs and kept fighting The Celali rebellions ended when the most powerful leaders became part of the Ottoman system and the weaker ones were defeated by the Ottoman army The Janissaries and former rebels who had joined the Ottomans fought to keep their new government jobs 3 Contents 1 Major revolts 1 1 Karayazici 1598 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingMajor revolts editKarayazici 1598 edit nbsp The Ottoman Empire in 1590 at the outset of the Celali rebellions In 1598 a sekban leader Karayazici Abdulhalim united the dissatisfied groups in the Anatolia Eyalet and established a base of power in Sivas and Dulkadir where he was able to force towns to pay tribute to him 1 He was offered the governorship of Corum but refused the post and when Ottoman forces were sent against them he retreated with his forces to Urfa seeking refuge in a fortified castle which became the center of resistance for 18 months Out of fear that his forces would mutiny against him he left the castle was defeated by government forces and died some time later in 1602 from natural causes His brother Deli Hasan then seized Kutahya in western Anatolia but later he and his followers were won over by grants of governorships 1 See also editSekban Janissary revolts DevsirmeReferences edit a b c Jelali Revolts Turkish history Encyclopedia Britannica 2012 10 25 Agoston Gabor Masters Bruce Alan 2010 05 21 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing ISBN 9781438110257 a b Anderson Betty S 2016 A history of the modern Middle East rulers rebels and rogues Stanford California Stanford University Press p 40 ISBN 978 0 8047 9875 4 OCLC 945376555 Further reading editBarkey Karen Bandits and Bureaucrats The Ottoman Route to State Centralization Cornell University Press 1994 Griswold William J The Great Anatolian Rebellion 1000 1020 1591 1611 Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 1983 K Schwarz Verlag ISBN 3 922968 34 1 Inalcik Halil Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire 1600 1700 Archivum Ottomanicum 6 1980 283 337 Ozel Oktay The Reign of Violence The Celalis c 1550 1700 In The Ottoman World 184 202 Edited by Christine Woodhead London Routledge 2011 White Sam The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Celali rebellions amp oldid 1188803464, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
