Capaci bombing
The Capaci bombing (Italian: Strage di Capaci) was a terror attack[2] by the Sicilian Mafia that took place on 23 May 1992 on Highway A29, close to the junction of Capaci, Sicily. It killed magistrate Giovanni Falcone, his wife Francesca Morvillo, and three police escort agents, Vito Schifani, Rocco Dicillo and Antonio Montinaro; agents Paolo Capuzza, Angelo Corbo, Gaspare Bravo and Giuseppe Costanza survived.
| Capaci bombing | |
|---|---|
Aerial view of the bombing site on Highway A29 | |
| Location | Capaci, Sicily, Italy |
| Coordinates | 38°10′58″N 13°14′41″E / 38.18278°N 13.24472°E |
| Date | 23 May 1992 5:58 PM[1] |
| Target | Giovanni Falcone |
Attack type | Assassination |
| Weapons | explosives (Semtex and TNT) |
| Deaths | 5 |
| Injured | 23 |
| Perpetrators |
|
| Motive | Retaliation against the anti-mafia fight |
Salvatore Cancemi, who later turned pentito, described the Mafia's victory celebration that followed the Capaci bombing; Totò Riina ordered champagne while they toasted.[3] Santino Di Matteo, who also later turned pentito, revealed all the details of the assassination: who tunnelled beneath the motorway, who packed the 13 drums with TNT and Semtex, who hauled them into place on a skateboard, and who pressed the button.[4]
Preparation edit
Falcone's killing was decided at meetings of the Sicilian Mafia Commission between September and December 1991, and orchestrated by boss Salvatore Riina, in which other targets were also identified.[5] Following the judgment of the Supreme Court of Cassation confirming the claims of the Maxi Trial (30 January 1992),[6] the Sicilian Mafia decided to start the attacks on political figures.
Between April and May 1992, Salvatore Biondino, Raffaele Ganci and Salvatore Cancemi conducted inspections at Highway A29 in the Capaci area to find a suitable place for the attack to be carried out.[7][8] During the same period, there were organizational meetings near Altofonte consisting of Giovanni Brusca, Antonino Gioè, Gioacchino La Barbera, Pietro Rampulla, Santino Di Matteo, and Leoluca Bagarella, where some 200 kilograms of quarry explosives were procured by Giuseppe Agrigento (mobster of San Cipirello).[8] The explosives were then taken to the house of Antonino Troia (under the Capaci family),[8] where another meeting took place also including Raffaele Ganci, Salvatore Cancemi, Giovan Battista Ferrante, Giovanni Battaglia, Salvatore Biondino and Salvatore Biondo, during which the transfer of the other part of the explosive (TNT and RDX)[9] was carried out by Biondino and Giuseppe Graviano (head of the Brancaccio Family).[9]
According to imprisoned ex-mafia informant Maurizio Avola, boss John Gotti of the powerful New York mafia Gambino family sent an explosives expert to train the Corleonesi Mafia clan killers in the use of explosives.[10][11]
Brusca, La Barbera, Di Matteo, Ferrante, Troia, Biondino and Rampulla repeatedly experimented with the functioning of the electrical devices that had been procured by Rampulla to be used for the explosion.[7] They also tested an electrical appliance at the agreed-upon site on the highway, and cut tree branches that blocked the view of the highway.[9] On the evening of 8 May, Brusca, Barbera, Gioè, Troia and Rampulla arranged 13 barrels loaded with about 400 kilograms of explosives onto a skateboard placed in a drainage tunnel under the highway.[9] In the middle of May, Raffaele Ganci, his sons Domenico and Calogero and his nephew Antonino Galliano took care of monitoring the movements of the Fiat Cromas which carried Falcone and his entourage returning from Rome to Palermo.[9]
Bombing edit
On 23 May, Domenico Ganci first heard from Ferrante and La Barbera that a Fiat Croma had left for Falcone.[8] Ferrante and Biondo, who were stationed near Punta Raisi Airport, later saw the cars from the airport and warned La Barbera that Falcone had arrived.[8][9] La Barbera followed Falcone's procession on a road parallel to Highway A29, staying in contact by telephone for 3–4 minutes with Gioè, who was stationed with Brusca on the hills above Capaci adjacent to the detonation site on the highway.[8][9] At the sight of the procession, Brusca activated the remote control that caused the explosion. The first car was hit by the full force of the explosion and thrown from the road surface into a garden of olive trees a few tens of meters away, instantly killing agents Antonio Montinaro, Vito Schifani and Rocco Dicillo.[12] The second car, carrying Falcone and his wife, crashed against the concrete wall and the debris, fatally ejecting Falcone and his wife, who were not wearing seat belts, through the windscreen.[12]
Thousands gathered at the Church of Saint Dominic for the funerals which were broadcast live on national TV. All regular television programs were suspended. Parliament declared a day of mourning.[13] Falcone's colleague Paolo Borsellino was killed 57 days later, along with five police officers: Agostino Catalano, Walter Cosina, Emanuela Loi, Vincenzo Li Muli, and Claudio Traina, in the Via D'Amelio bombing.[14]
Investigations edit
In 1993, the Direzione Investigativa Antimafia managed to locate and intercept Antonino Gioè, Santino Di Matteo and Gioacchino La Barbera, who were heard on phone calls referencing the Capaci bombing.[15] After being arrested, Gioè committed suicide in his cell, while Di Matteo and La Barbera decided to cooperate with the government, revealing the names of the other executors of the massacre. To force Di Matteo to retract his statements, Giovanni Brusca, Leoluca Bagarella, Giuseppe Graviano and Matteo Messina Denaro decided to abduct his son Giuseppe Di Matteo, who was brutally strangled and dissolved in acid after 779 days of being held hostage.[16] Despite this, Di Matteo continued to cooperate with justice.[17]
In 1997, the Corte d'Assise of Caltanissetta sentenced at first instance to life imprisonment: Salvatore Riina, Peter Aglieri, Bernardo Brusca, Leoluca Bagarella, Raphael and Domenico Ganci, John Battaglia, Salvatore Biondino, Salvatore Biondo, Giuseppe Calò, Philip and Joseph Gravano, Michelangelo La Barbera, Salvatore and Giuseppe Montalto, Matteo Motisi, Pietro Rampulla, Bernardo Provenzano, Benedetto Spera, Antonino Troia, Benedetto Santapaola and Giuseppe Madonia while Mariano Agate, Giuseppe Lucchese, Salvatore Sbeglia, Giusto Sciarrabba, Salvatore Buscemi, Giuseppe Farinella were acquitted, Antonino Giuffrè, Francesco Madonia and Giuseppe Agrigento.[9][18] Also sentenced were Giovanni Brusca (26 years), Salvatore Cancemi (21 years), Giovanbattista Ferrante (17 years), Gioacchino La Barbera (15 years and two months), Santino Di Matteo and Calogero Ganci (15 years).[9][19] In April 2000, the Court of Appeal of Caltanissetta upheld all the convictions and acquittals, but also sentenced to life imprisonment, Salvatore Buscemi, Francesco Madonia, Antonino Giuffrè, Mariano Agate and Giuseppe Farinella.[20]
In May 2002, the Court of Cassation annulled the convictions at Court of Appeal of Catania, of Pietro Aglieri, Salvatore Buscemi, Giuseppe Calò, Giuseppe Farinella, Antonino Giuffrè, Francesco Madonia, Giuseppe Madonia, Giuseppe and Salvatore Montalto, Matteo Motisi and Benedetto Spera.[21] In July 2003 a part of the process for the Capaci bombing and the massacre of Via d'Amelio were brought together in one trial because they had been accused in common:[22] in April 2006 the Court of Appeal of Catania condemned twelve people, as they were deemed to be mandated by both massacres: Giuseppe Montalto, Salvatore Montalto, Giuseppe Farinella, Salvatore Buscemi, Benedetto Spera, Giuseppe Madonia, Carlo Greco, Stefano Ganci, Antonino Giuffrè, Pietro Aglieri, Benedetto Santapaola and Mariano Agate; Giuseppe Lucchese was acquitted.[23]
On 20 October 2020, Messina Denaro was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Corte d'Assise for having been one of the instigators of the Capaci bombing.[24] After his capture in January 2023,[25] the sentence was confirmed on 18 July 2023.[26]
See also edit
- Via D'Amelio bombing, 1992 terrorist attack in which magistrate Paolo Borsellino was assassinated
References edit
- ^ The National Institute of Geophysics communicated that according to the findings of the Monte Cammarata (AG) station, determined by the temporal analysis of the recorded signals, it was possible to establish the exact moment of the explosion.
- ^ "New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack". corriere.it. 8 March 2012. from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 404-05
- ^ Freed mafia grass a marked man, The Guardian, March 14, 2002
- ^ "Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia - XVI LEGISLATURA" (PDF) (in Italian). (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Le dichiarazioni dei collaboratori di giustizia - Sentenza d'appello per la strage di Capaci" (PDF) (in Italian). (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "Gli esecutori materiali della strage di Capaci - Sentenza d'appello per la strage di Capaci" (PDF) (in Italian). (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ Lorenzo Tondo (23 May 2019). "US mafia explosives expert 'helped Sicilian mob kill judge'". The Guardian. from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ "American mafia 'sent explosives expert' to help Sicilian mob assassinate crusading investigator". The Telegraph. 22 May 2019. from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ a b "UNA STRAGE COME IN LIBANO - Repubblica.it » Ricerca". from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ Inside The Mafia 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic Channel, June 2005.
- ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 372
- ^ Antonino Gioè, boss "chiacchierone" si ammazzo' per paura della vendetta 2015-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, Corriere della Sera, 12 November 1993
- ^ "Presi i carcerieri di Di Matteo - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "BRUSCA AI DI MATTEO: 'PERDONATEMI' - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "STRAGE DI CAPACI, 24 ERGASTOLI - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "STRAGE DI CAPACI, 24 ERGASTOLI - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "Capaci, ergastolo a 29 boss e sconti di pena ai pentiti - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "gli errori dei politici - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "Processo unico per le stragi - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "la sentenza - La Repubblica.it". from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ "Stragi Falcone e Borsellino, ergastolo per Messina Denaro. Anche lui fra i mandanti delle bombe del 1992" (in Italian). palermo.repubblica.it. 20 October 2020.
- ^ agencies, Staff and (16 January 2023). "Italy's most-wanted mafia boss Matteo Messina Denaro arrested". the Guardian. from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Stragi '92: confermato ergastolo per Messina Denaro" (in Italian). ansa.it. 19 July 2023.