Cannabis consumption refers to the variety of ways cannabis is consumed, among which inhalation (smoking and vaporizing) and ingestion are most common. All consumption methods involve heating the plant's THCA to decarboxylate it into THC, either at the time of consumption or during preparation. Salves and absorption through the skin (transdermal) are increasingly common in medical uses, both of CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids. Each method leads to subtly different psychoactive effects due to the THC and other chemicals being activated, and then consumed through different administration routes. It is generally considered that smoking, which includes combustion toxins, comes on quickly but lasts for a short period of time, while eating delays the onset of effect but the duration of effect is typically longer.[1] In a 2007 ScienceDaily report of research conducted at the University of California–San Francisco, researchers reported that vaporizer users experience the same biological effect, but without the toxins associated with smoking.[2] Δ9-THC is the primary component when inhaled, but when eaten the liver converts this to the more psychoactive 11-hydroxy-THC form.
Cannabis can be smoked with implements such as joints, blunts, bongs, and pipes. Makeshift pipes or commercial pipes may be used, or cigarette-like joint or cigar-like blunt may be smoked. Local methods have differed by the preparation of the cannabis plant before use, the parts of the cannabis plant that are used, and the treatment of the smoke before inhalation. In early times, as in some parts of Africa today, a pile of cannabis was simply laid on a fire and the smoke inhaled.[3] Archaeological evidence confirms psychoactive cannabis was smoked at least 2,500 years ago in the Pamir Mountains.[4]
A Volcano forced-air vaporizer. The balloon, at top, fills with vapors and particulates, and can then be detached and inhaled from.
A vaporization pipe with flame filter. 28. Insert cannabis, other herbs or essential oils here 36. Flame filter prevents flame from igniting herb which instead is heated to vaporization temperature.
A vaporizer heats herbal cannabis to 157–210 °C (315–410 °F), which causes the active ingredients to evaporate into a gas without burning any plant material (the boiling point of THC is 157 °C (315 °F)).[5][6] Vaporizing releases a lower proportion of carbon monoxide and other toxic chemicals than does smoking, although the proportion may vary depending on the design of the vaporizer and the temperature at which it is set. A MAPS–NORML study using a Volcano vaporizer reported 95% THC and no toxins delivered in the vapor.[7] An older study using less sophisticated vaporizers found some toxins.[8]
A pocket-sized form of vaporizer is available as of September 2013—one particular model uses a rechargeable battery, is constructed from wood, and features a removable cover.[9] Typically, portable vaporizers can only be used for liquids, feature pre-soaked wicks, and require the user to operate a cartridge.
Hash cakes or popularly known as space cakes are sold in coffeeshops.
As an alternative to inhalation methods, cannabis may be ingested. However, herbal cannabis must be sufficiently heated or dehydrated to cause decarboxylation of its most abundant cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), into psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).[10]
Food
Various types of cannabis foods on display in a shop window in Amsterdam
Although hashish is sometimes eaten raw or mixed with boiling water, THC and other cannabinoids are more efficiently absorbed into the bloodstream when combined with butter and other lipids or, less so, dissolved in ethanol.[11] Chocolates, brownies, space cakes, and majoun are popular methods of ingestion - which are usually called edibles. The time to onset of effects depends strongly on stomach content, but is usually 1 to 2 hours, and may continue for a considerable length of time, whereas the effects of smoking or vaporizing cannabis are almost immediate, lasting a shorter length of time.[12]
All of the active constituents enter the body when cannabis is consumed orally. It has been shown that the primary active component of cannabis, Δ9-THC, is converted to the more psychoactive 11-hydroxy-THC by the liver.[13]Titration to the desired effect by ingestion is more difficult than through inhalation, due to the long onset time for the effects.[14]
Cannabis can also be consumed as a cannabis tea and many other beverages. Although THC is lipophilic and only slightly watersoluble (with a solubility of 2.8 mg per liter),[15] enough THC can be dissolved to make a mildly psychoactive tea. However, water-based infusions (liquid edibles) are generally considered to be an inefficient use of the herb.[16]
Traditional cannabis-infused drinks include the Indian drinks Bhang lassi and Bhang thandai when prepared with bhang. However, bhang, a decoction of cannabis and spices in milk, averts the issue, as milk contains the fat in which the THC is soluble and first dissolved by cooking in ghee.
This article incorporates public domain material from Marijuana (Weed, Cannabis) Drug Facts, Effects. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
^"Wellness Center - Marijuana". American University. American University. 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^"Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC, Fewer Toxins, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily®. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^"Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs". Culture & History. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
^(PDF). haworthpress.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
^1989. The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
^Gieringer, Dale H.; Joseph St. Laurent; Scott Goodrich (2004). "Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds" (PDF). Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 4 (1): 7–27. doi:10.1300/J175v04n01_02. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^Gieringer, Dale. "Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study". Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^Jeff Winkler (13 September 2013). "Stealth stoner". Aeon Magazine. Aeon Magazine Ltd. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^. Cannabisculture.com. 2003-01-02. Archived from the original on 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
^Cornbread, Hemp. "CBD Oil vs CBD Tincture, What's The Difference?". cornbreadhemp.com. Cornbread Hemp. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
^"Erowid Cannabis (Marijuana) Vault : Effects". Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^Paulo Borini; Romeu Cardoso Guimarães; Sabrina Bicalho Borini (May 2004). "Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 122 (3): 120–3. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802004000300007. PMID 15448809.
cannabis, consumption, some, this, article, listed, sources, reliable, please, help, this, article, looking, better, more, reliable, sources, unreliable, citations, challenged, deleted, june, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, refers, variety,. Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cannabis consumption refers to the variety of ways cannabis is consumed among which inhalation smoking and vaporizing and ingestion are most common All consumption methods involve heating the plant s THCA to decarboxylate it into THC either at the time of consumption or during preparation Salves and absorption through the skin transdermal are increasingly common in medical uses both of CBD THC and other cannabinoids Each method leads to subtly different psychoactive effects due to the THC and other chemicals being activated and then consumed through different administration routes It is generally considered that smoking which includes combustion toxins comes on quickly but lasts for a short period of time while eating delays the onset of effect but the duration of effect is typically longer 1 In a 2007 ScienceDaily report of research conducted at the University of California San Francisco researchers reported that vaporizer users experience the same biological effect but without the toxins associated with smoking 2 D9 THC is the primary component when inhaled but when eaten the liver converts this to the more psychoactive 11 hydroxy THC form A man smoking cannabis in Kolkata India Contents 1 Inhalation 1 1 Smoking 1 2 Vaporization 2 Ingestion 2 1 Food 2 2 Drink 3 See also 4 ReferencesInhalation Edit Sebsi a Moroccan long drawtube one hitter Smoking Edit Main article Cannabis smoking Cannabis can be smoked with implements such as joints blunts bongs and pipes Makeshift pipes or commercial pipes may be used or cigarette like joint or cigar like blunt may be smoked Local methods have differed by the preparation of the cannabis plant before use the parts of the cannabis plant that are used and the treatment of the smoke before inhalation In early times as in some parts of Africa today a pile of cannabis was simply laid on a fire and the smoke inhaled 3 Archaeological evidence confirms psychoactive cannabis was smoked at least 2 500 years ago in the Pamir Mountains 4 Vaporization Edit Main article Vaporizer inhalation device A Volcano forced air vaporizer The balloon at top fills with vapors and particulates and can then be detached and inhaled from A vaporization pipe with flame filter 28 Insert cannabis other herbs or essential oils here 36 Flame filter prevents flame from igniting herb which instead is heated to vaporization temperature A vaporizer heats herbal cannabis to 157 210 C 315 410 F which causes the active ingredients to evaporate into a gas without burning any plant material the boiling point of THC is 157 C 315 F 5 6 Vaporizing releases a lower proportion of carbon monoxide and other toxic chemicals than does smoking although the proportion may vary depending on the design of the vaporizer and the temperature at which it is set A MAPS NORML study using a Volcano vaporizer reported 95 THC and no toxins delivered in the vapor 7 An older study using less sophisticated vaporizers found some toxins 8 A pocket sized form of vaporizer is available as of September 2013 one particular model uses a rechargeable battery is constructed from wood and features a removable cover 9 Typically portable vaporizers can only be used for liquids feature pre soaked wicks and require the user to operate a cartridge Ingestion EditMain article Cannabis edible Hash cakes or popularly known as space cakes are sold in coffeeshops As an alternative to inhalation methods cannabis may be ingested However herbal cannabis must be sufficiently heated or dehydrated to cause decarboxylation of its most abundant cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinolic acid THCA into psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol THC 10 Food Edit Various types of cannabis foods on display in a shop window in Amsterdam Although hashish is sometimes eaten raw or mixed with boiling water THC and other cannabinoids are more efficiently absorbed into the bloodstream when combined with butter and other lipids or less so dissolved in ethanol 11 Chocolates brownies space cakes and majoun are popular methods of ingestion which are usually called edibles The time to onset of effects depends strongly on stomach content but is usually 1 to 2 hours and may continue for a considerable length of time whereas the effects of smoking or vaporizing cannabis are almost immediate lasting a shorter length of time 12 All of the active constituents enter the body when cannabis is consumed orally It has been shown that the primary active component of cannabis D9 THC is converted to the more psychoactive 11 hydroxy THC by the liver 13 Titration to the desired effect by ingestion is more difficult than through inhalation due to the long onset time for the effects 14 Drink Edit A bhang lassi cannabis infused drink shop in Jaisalmer Rajasthan Cannabis material can be leached in high proof spirits often grain alcohol to create a Green Dragon Cannabis can also be consumed as a cannabis tea and many other beverages Although THC is lipophilic and only slightly water soluble with a solubility of 2 8 mg per liter 15 enough THC can be dissolved to make a mildly psychoactive tea However water based infusions liquid edibles are generally considered to be an inefficient use of the herb 16 Traditional cannabis infused drinks include the Indian drinks Bhang lassi and Bhang thandai when prepared with bhang However bhang a decoction of cannabis and spices in milk averts the issue as milk contains the fat in which the THC is soluble and first dissolved by cooking in ghee See also Edit Cannabis portalCannabis smokingReferences Edit This article incorporates public domain material from Marijuana Weed Cannabis Drug Facts Effects National Institutes of Health Retrieved 2022 05 12 Wellness Center Marijuana American University American University 2013 Retrieved 2 December 2013 Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC Fewer Toxins Study Shows ScienceDaily ScienceDaily 16 May 2007 Retrieved 2 December 2013 Cannabis Vault Spiritual Use 2 erowid org Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs Culture amp History 2019 06 12 Retrieved 2019 06 13 Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts PDF haworthpress com Archived from the original PDF on 2010 09 02 Retrieved 2011 01 25 1989 The Merck Index 11th ed Merck amp Co Rahway New Jersey Gieringer Dale H Joseph St Laurent Scott Goodrich 2004 Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds PDF Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 4 1 7 27 doi 10 1300 J175v04n01 02 Retrieved 2006 04 21 Gieringer Dale Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study Retrieved 2006 04 21 Jeff Winkler 13 September 2013 Stealth stoner Aeon Magazine Aeon Magazine Ltd Retrieved 14 September 2013 Does marijuana have to be heated to become psychoactive Cannabisculture com 2003 01 02 Archived from the original on 2011 02 23 Retrieved 2011 02 23 Cornbread Hemp CBD Oil vs CBD Tincture What s The Difference cornbreadhemp com Cornbread Hemp Retrieved 14 June 2020 Erowid Cannabis Marijuana Vault Effects Retrieved 28 April 2012 Paulo Borini Romeu Cardoso Guimaraes Sabrina Bicalho Borini May 2004 Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122 3 120 3 doi 10 1590 S1516 31802004000300007 PMID 15448809 Barrus DG Capogrossi KL Cates SC Gourdet CK Peiper NC Novak SP Lefever TW Wiley JL November 2016 Tasty THC Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles Methods Rep RTI Press 2016 doi 10 3768 rtipress 2016 op 0035 1611 PMC 5260817 PMID 28127591 Cannabis consumption in the ChemIDplus database Leslie Iversen 2003 04 08 Cannabis and the brain Invited review Brain Brain Brain Oxford Journals 126 6 1252 1270 doi 10 1093 brain awg143 PMID 12764049 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cannabis consumption amp oldid 1136611433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
