The Calles Law (Spanish: Ley Calles), or Law for Reforming the Penal Code (ley de tolerancia de cultos, "law of worship tolerance"), was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926, under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles,[1] to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate. To that end, it required all "churches and religious groupings" to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions. Priests and ministers were prohibited from holding public office, canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates, or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives. President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation.[2]
Ley reformando el Código Penal para el Distrito y Territorios Federales sobre delitos del fuero común y delitos contra la Federación en materia de culto religioso y disciplina externa
In June 1926, he signed the "Law for Reforming the Penal Code", which became known unofficially as the "Calles Law." This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution. For example, wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos (approximately 250 U.S. dollars at the time, or worth $4,250 in 2010). A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned up to five years.[3][better source needed] Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation. Chihuahua, for example, enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state.[4]Tabasco, on the other hand, introduced a law whereby all priests were required to be married to exercise their office.[5] To help enforce the law, Calles seized Church properties, expelled foreign priests, and closed monasteries, convents, and religious schools.[6]
The Church saw the law as a trap to conform the Church to a tyrannical state.[7] One result of the Calles Law was the Cristero War, a popular uprising of Catholic peasants in regions of central Mexico against the federal Mexican government. Between 1926 and 1934, at least 40 priests were killed during the war.[8] Whereas Mexico had some 4,500 Catholic priests prior to the Cristero War, by 1934 only 334 Catholic priests were licensed by the government to serve Mexico's 15 million people.[8][9] By 1935, 17 states were left with no priest at all.[6] Under President Lázaro Cárdenas, the Calles Law was repealed in 1938.[10]
^Gonzales, Michael J., The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940, p. 203, UNM Press, 2002
^Warnock, John W. The Other Mexico: The North American Triangle Completed p. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd); ISBN978-1-55164-028-0
^Tuck, Jim THE CRISTERO REBELLION - PART 1 Mexico Connect 1996
^U.S. Library of Congress "Country Studies" Mexico, Religion
^Gloria M, Delgado de Cantú (2004). Historia de México: legado histórico y pasado reciente (in Spanish). Mexico: Pearson Educación. p. 342. ISBN970-26-0523-7.
^ abWarnock, John W. The Other Mexico: The North American Triangle Completed p. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd) ISBN1-55164-028-7
^Jean A. Meyer (18 December 2008). The Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People Between Church and State 1926–1929. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–. ISBN978-1-107-26809-8.
^ abVan Hove, Brian Blood-Drenched Altars Faith & Reason 1994
^Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) ISBN1-57488-452-2
calles, further, information, cristero, spanish, calles, reforming, penal, code, tolerancia, cultos, worship, tolerance, statute, enacted, mexico, 1926, under, presidency, plutarco, elías, calles, enforce, restrictions, against, catholic, church, article, mexi. Further information Cristero War The Calles Law Spanish Ley Calles or Law for Reforming the Penal Code ley de tolerancia de cultos law of worship tolerance was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926 under the presidency of Plutarco Elias Calles 1 to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate To that end it required all churches and religious groupings to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions Priests and ministers were prohibited from holding public office canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation 2 Law for Reforming the Penal CodeLong title Ley reformando el Codigo Penal para el Distrito y Territorios Federales sobre delitos del fuero comun y delitos contra la Federacion en materia de culto religioso y disciplina externaCitationDOF 2 7 1926Signed byPlutarco Elias CallesSigned14 June 1926Effective31 July 1926Repealed26 December 1938 DOF 15 7 1992Status RepealedIn June 1926 he signed the Law for Reforming the Penal Code which became known unofficially as the Calles Law This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution For example wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos approximately 250 U S dollars at the time or worth 4 250 in 2010 A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned up to five years 3 better source needed Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation Chihuahua for example enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state 4 Tabasco on the other hand introduced a law whereby all priests were required to be married to exercise their office 5 To help enforce the law Calles seized Church properties expelled foreign priests and closed monasteries convents and religious schools 6 The Church saw the law as a trap to conform the Church to a tyrannical state 7 One result of the Calles Law was the Cristero War a popular uprising of Catholic peasants in regions of central Mexico against the federal Mexican government Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed during the war 8 Whereas Mexico had some 4 500 Catholic priests prior to the Cristero War by 1934 only 334 Catholic priests were licensed by the government to serve Mexico s 15 million people 8 9 By 1935 17 states were left with no priest at all 6 Under President Lazaro Cardenas the Calles Law was repealed in 1938 10 See also editPlutarco Elias Calles Cristero War Red Shirts Mexico Tomas Garrido CanabalReferences edit Gonzales Michael J The Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 p 203 UNM Press 2002 Warnock John W The Other Mexico The North American Triangle Completed p 27 1995 Black Rose Books Ltd ISBN 978 1 55164 028 0 Tuck Jim THE CRISTERO REBELLION PART 1 Mexico Connect 1996 U S Library of Congress Country Studies Mexico Religion Gloria M Delgado de Cantu 2004 Historia de Mexico legado historico y pasado reciente in Spanish Mexico Pearson Educacion p 342 ISBN 970 26 0523 7 a b Warnock John W The Other Mexico The North American Triangle Completed p 27 1995 Black Rose Books Ltd ISBN 1 55164 028 7 Jean A Meyer 18 December 2008 The Cristero Rebellion The Mexican People Between Church and State 1926 1929 Cambridge University Press pp 46 ISBN 978 1 107 26809 8 a b Van Hove Brian Blood Drenched Altars Faith amp Reason 1994 Scheina Robert L Latin America s Wars The Age of the Caudillo 1791 1899 p 33 2003 Brassey s ISBN 1 57488 452 2 Time Monday 26 Dec 1938 Religion Where Is He Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calles Law amp oldid 1189703885, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
