The Calchaquí or Kalchakí were a tribe of South AmericanIndians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina. Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree of civilization. Under the leadership of Juan Calchaquí they offered a vigorous resistance to the first Spanish colonists coming from Chile.[1]
Their language, known as Cacán, became extinct in the mid-17th century or beginning of 18th century. Its genetic classification remains unclear. The language was supposedly documented by the JesuitAlonso de Bárcena, but the manuscript is lost.
Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind[2] reported in 1896 that among the Calchaquis of Northern Argentina is found pottery painted with line drawings of birds, reptiles, and human faces, which remind one of Peruvian and Malay work. The Calchaqui people had Bronze Age technology.[3]
The name of "Calchaquí" was not given until the 17th century. The Europeans called "Calchaquíes" to a set of Diaguita cultures, such as Yocavil, Quilme, Tafí, Chicoana, Tilcara, Purmamarca, among others. The denomination "Calchaquí" seems to derive from one of the main kuraka (chief) who opposed the Spaniards: Kalchakí called by the Spaniards Juan Calchaquí, who dominated in the valley of Yocavil. Kalcha means "courageous" or "brave" and Qui means "very" or "much".
Life and Cultureedit
They were farmers, herders, and great potters. They worshipped the sun, the moon, thunder and the earth, and spoke their own language called kakán. With the third expansion of the Inca territory, in 1480, they were incorporated into the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), from which they received a strong cultural influence.[4]
During the whole period of the conquest the Spaniards had not been able to penetrate in the Calchaquí Valleys, where the Diaguita culture (Pazioca or Pazioc) had taken refuge, an advanced confederation of independent agro-pottery lordships belonging to the Santa María culture, united by a common language, the Kakán, and in turn part of the great group of the Andean civilizations. The Spaniards referred to their members, incorrectly, as Calchaquíes, name corresponding to one of the Pazioca lordships (called "curacazgos" by the Spanish). These lordships were gathered in three great nations: Pular to the north, Diaguita to the west and Calchaquí to the east. Minor groups were the Ocloy formed by 2,000 people and the Calchaquí, some 12,500 people (2,500 tributary Indians), according to Sotelo Narváez (1583).[5] An ancestral tradition of self-sufficiency of the Paziocas and the scarce number of Spaniards in Tucumán, allowed a series of defense acts of its territory by the Pular-Diaguita-Calchaquí confederation, known as Calchachi by the Spanish. These fights have been historically known as the Calchaquí Wars that extended for more than a century.
The First Calchaquí War was unleashed in 1560 and was led by the kuraka Juan Calchaquí along with the kurakas Quipildor and Viltipoco. The confederation managed to keep the Europeans out of its territory, razing the three new cities founded by the Spaniards: Cañete, Córdoba de Calchaquí, and Londres.
The Viltipoco rebellion. Later in 1594 Viltipoco, chief of the Omaguaca, initiated a new uprising gathering an army of 10,000 lances, however, 25 Spaniards and their native allies under the command of the captain Francisco de Argañaras y Murguía infiltrated the Quebrada de Humahuaca where they attacked by surprise the enemy camp, killing the chiefs and capturing Viltipoco, who was taken to San Salvador de Jujuy where he died in prison some years later.[6]
The Second Calchaquí War lasted 7 years (1630-1637) and was directed by the kuraka Chalamín. The Paziocas again destroyed the cities installed by the Spaniards, Londres II and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. In 1637 the Spanish army captured and executed Chalamín. The inhabitants who participated in the war were deported and reduced to slavery by the Spaniards.
The Third Calchaquí War lasted for eight years (1658-1667). This war had the particularity that, in its beginnings, the Spanish adventurer Pedro Bohórquez, who claimed to be Inca, the "Inca Hualpa" (Inka Wallpa), was accepted as a military leader by the Paziocas. Bohórquez maneuvered cunningly, obtained even the support of the Jesuits and organized a solid indigenous army of 6,000 warriors with which he maintained control of the region for several years.[7] However, in 1659, Bohórquez handed over to the Spaniards with the intention of being forgiven, who sent him to Lima and finally executed him. The confederation continued the war led by José Henriquez. When the lordship of Quilme was defeated in 1665, the Spaniards ordered their complete uprooting and deportation of all its 11,000 members to the Pampean territories close to Buenos Aires, where the city of Quilmes stands today, and where they finally disappeared as an ethnic group.[8] The war ended on January 2, 1667, when the last of the Pazioca lordships, Acali or Calian, was defeated.[9] The Spaniards took the decision to divide, deport, and reduce all the Diaguita peoples to slavery.
^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Calchaqui". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 969.
^Ratzel, Friedrich. The History of Mankind. (London: MacMillan, 1896). URL: www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/racial_oceania.htm 2009-10-13 at the Wayback Machine accessed 15 December 2009.
^Ambrosetti, El Bronce en la Región Calchaqui. Buenos Aires, Anales del Museo Nacional, serie 3a, IV, 163-312. (in Spanish)
^Revista de la Junta Provincial de Historia de Córdoba (in Spanish). Junta Provincial de Historia de Córdoba. 2004.
^Historia andina en Chile. Jorge Hidalgo Lehuedé, pp. 42-45, Editorial Universitaria, 2004.
^Sandra Sánchez & Gabriela Sica (1994). "Entre águilas y halcones. Relaciones y representaciones del poder en los Andes Centro Sur"[]. Estudios Atacameños. Nº 11, pp. 165-178.
^Juan Ignacio Quintían. Andes - Articulación política y etnogénesis en los Valles Calchaquíes. Los Pulares durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Andes. Enero-diciembre de 2008, nº 19, Salta. Referencia nº8
^Las ruinas de los Quilmes, una historia de heroísmo y destierro
calchaquí, kalchakí, were, tribe, south, american, indians, diaguita, group, extinct, formerly, occupied, northern, argentina, stone, other, remains, prove, them, have, reached, high, degree, civilization, under, leadership, juan, they, offered, vigorous, resi. The Calchaqui or Kalchaki were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group now extinct who formerly occupied northern Argentina Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree of civilization Under the leadership of Juan Calchaqui they offered a vigorous resistance to the first Spanish colonists coming from Chile 1 Their language known as Cacan became extinct in the mid 17th century or beginning of 18th century Its genetic classification remains unclear The language was supposedly documented by the Jesuit Alonso de Barcena but the manuscript is lost Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind 2 reported in 1896 that among the Calchaquis of Northern Argentina is found pottery painted with line drawings of birds reptiles and human faces which remind one of Peruvian and Malay work The Calchaqui people had Bronze Age technology 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Life and Culture 3 Calchaqui Wars 4 See also 5 ReferencesEtymology editThe name of Calchaqui was not given until the 17th century The Europeans called Calchaquies to a set of Diaguita cultures such as Yocavil Quilme Tafi Chicoana Tilcara Purmamarca among others The denomination Calchaqui seems to derive from one of the main kuraka chief who opposed the Spaniards Kalchaki called by the Spaniards Juan Calchaqui who dominated in the valley of Yocavil Kalcha means courageous or brave and Qui means very or much Life and Culture editThey were farmers herders and great potters They worshipped the sun the moon thunder and the earth and spoke their own language called kakan With the third expansion of the Inca territory in 1480 they were incorporated into the Inca Empire Tawantinsuyu from which they received a strong cultural influence 4 Calchaqui Wars editMain article Calchaqui Wars During the whole period of the conquest the Spaniards had not been able to penetrate in the Calchaqui Valleys where the Diaguita culture Pazioca or Pazioc had taken refuge an advanced confederation of independent agro pottery lordships belonging to the Santa Maria culture united by a common language the Kakan and in turn part of the great group of the Andean civilizations The Spaniards referred to their members incorrectly as Calchaquies name corresponding to one of the Pazioca lordships called curacazgos by the Spanish These lordships were gathered in three great nations Pular to the north Diaguita to the west and Calchaqui to the east Minor groups were the Ocloy formed by 2 000 people and the Calchaqui some 12 500 people 2 500 tributary Indians according to Sotelo Narvaez 1583 5 An ancestral tradition of self sufficiency of the Paziocas and the scarce number of Spaniards in Tucuman allowed a series of defense acts of its territory by the Pular Diaguita Calchaqui confederation known as Calchachi by the Spanish These fights have been historically known as the Calchaqui Wars that extended for more than a century The First Calchaqui War was unleashed in 1560 and was led by the kuraka Juan Calchaqui along with the kurakas Quipildor and Viltipoco The confederation managed to keep the Europeans out of its territory razing the three new cities founded by the Spaniards Canete Cordoba de Calchaqui and Londres The Viltipoco rebellion Later in 1594 Viltipoco chief of the Omaguaca initiated a new uprising gathering an army of 10 000 lances however 25 Spaniards and their native allies under the command of the captain Francisco de Arganaras y Murguia infiltrated the Quebrada de Humahuaca where they attacked by surprise the enemy camp killing the chiefs and capturing Viltipoco who was taken to San Salvador de Jujuy where he died in prison some years later 6 The Second Calchaqui War lasted 7 years 1630 1637 and was directed by the kuraka Chalamin The Paziocas again destroyed the cities installed by the Spaniards Londres II and Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe In 1637 the Spanish army captured and executed Chalamin The inhabitants who participated in the war were deported and reduced to slavery by the Spaniards The Third Calchaqui War lasted for eight years 1658 1667 This war had the particularity that in its beginnings the Spanish adventurer Pedro Bohorquez who claimed to be Inca the Inca Hualpa Inka Wallpa was accepted as a military leader by the Paziocas Bohorquez maneuvered cunningly obtained even the support of the Jesuits and organized a solid indigenous army of 6 000 warriors with which he maintained control of the region for several years 7 However in 1659 Bohorquez handed over to the Spaniards with the intention of being forgiven who sent him to Lima and finally executed him The confederation continued the war led by Jose Henriquez When the lordship of Quilme was defeated in 1665 the Spaniards ordered their complete uprooting and deportation of all its 11 000 members to the Pampean territories close to Buenos Aires where the city of Quilmes stands today and where they finally disappeared as an ethnic group 8 The war ended on January 2 1667 when the last of the Pazioca lordships Acali or Calian was defeated 9 The Spaniards took the decision to divide deport and reduce all the Diaguita peoples to slavery See also editDiaguita Pedro Bohorquez Tucuman ProvinceReferences edit nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Calchaqui Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 04 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 969 Ratzel Friedrich The History of Mankind London MacMillan 1896 URL www inquirewithin biz history american pacific oceania racial oceania htm Archived 2009 10 13 at the Wayback Machine accessed 15 December 2009 Ambrosetti El Bronce en la Region Calchaqui Buenos Aires Anales del Museo Nacional serie 3a IV 163 312 in Spanish Revista de la Junta Provincial de Historia de Cordoba in Spanish Junta Provincial de Historia de Cordoba 2004 Historia andina en Chile Jorge Hidalgo Lehuede pp 42 45 Editorial Universitaria 2004 Sandra Sanchez amp Gabriela Sica 1994 Entre aguilas y halcones Relaciones y representaciones del poder en los Andes Centro Sur dead link Estudios Atacamenos Nº 11 pp 165 178 Juan Ignacio Quintian Andes Articulacion politica y etnogenesis en los Valles Calchaquies Los Pulares durante los siglos XVII y XVIII Andes Enero diciembre de 2008 nº 19 Salta Referencia nº8 Las ruinas de los Quilmes una historia de heroismo y destierro Tres Guerras Equipo Nacional de Pastoral Aborigen ENDEPA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calchaqui amp oldid 1084708009, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
