In France, the cabinet noir (French for "black room", also known as the "dark chamber" or "black chamber") was a government intelligence-gathering office, usually within a postal service, where correspondence between persons or entities was opened and read by government officials before being forwarded to its destination.[1] However, this had to be done with some sophistication, as it was considered undesirable if the subjects of the practice knew about it, and important "that the black chamber not interrupt the smooth running of the postal service."[2] This practice had been in vogue since the establishment of postal and telegraphy services, and was frequently used by the ministers of Louis XIII and Louis XIV; but it was not until the reign of Louis XV that a separate office for this purpose was created. This was called the cabinet du secret des postes, or more popularly the cabinet noir. Although declaimed against at the time of the French Revolution, it was used both by the revolutionary leaders and by Napoleon.[3][4]
By the 1700s, cryptanalysis was becoming industrialized, with teams of government cryptanalysts working together to crack the most complex monoalphabetic ciphers. Each European power had its own so called black chamber, a nerve centre for deciphering messages and gathering intelligence. The most celebrated, disciplined and efficient was the Geheime Kabinettskanzlei in Vienna. It operated according to a strict timetable, because it was vital that its activities should not interrupt the smooth running of the postal service. Letters which were supposed to be delivered to embassies in Vienna were first routed via the black chamber, arriving at 7 am. Secretaries melted seals, and a team of stenographers worked in parallel to make copies of the letters. Within three hours the letters had been resealed and returned to the central post office to be delivered to their intended destination. As well as supplying the emperors of Austria with vital intelligence, the Viennese black chamber sold the information it harvested to other European powers. In 1774, for example, an arrangement was made with Abbot Georgel, the secretary in the French embassy, who had access to a biweekly package on information for 1,000 ducats.
In 1911, the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition took the view that the cabinet noir had disappeared, but that the right to open letters in cases of emergency still appeared to be retained by the French government; and a similar right was occasionally exercised in England under the direction of a Secretary of State. In England, this power was frequently employed during the eighteenth century and was confirmed by the Post Office Act 1837; its most notorious use was, perhaps, the opening of Mazzini's letters in 1844.[3]
Such postal censorship became common during World War I. Governments claimed that the total war which was waged required such censorship to preserve the civilian population's morale from heart-breaking news up from the front. Whatever the justification, this meant that not a single letter sent from a soldier to his family escaped previous reading by a government official, destroying any notion of privacy or secrecy of correspondence. Post censorship was retained during the interwar period and afterwards, but without being done on such a massive scale.[6][7]
The opening of international mail outgoing and incoming from the United States by US Customs[8] under the Trade Act of 2002 occurs under the border search exception to the Fourth Amendment.[9] This practice has had some criticism (including allegations that it adds to the expense of conducting the Postal Service and can thus affect postage rates),[10] of which the USPS apparently informed Congress before passage of the legislation.[11] However, this criticism may be tempered by the fact that the act prohibits agents searching for contraband from reading mail incidentally included in the package or envelope including it, or allowing others to read it.[8] The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2004 has also been characterized as unconstitutionally permitting the opening of domestic mail.[8]
^Kent, Neil (2019-01-02). "The Secret World: A History of Intelligence". The RUSI Journal. 164 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1080/03071847.2019.1605039. ISSN 0307-1847. S2CID 151126570.
^de Leeuw, Karl (1999). "The Black Chamber in the Dutch Republic during the War of the Spanish Succession and Its Aftermath, 1707-1715". The Historical Journal. 42 (1): 133–156. doi:10.1017/S0018246X98008292. JSTOR 3020898.
^"Censorship | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
^"international censorship". from the original on 2014-10-14.
^ abc"U.S. Customs Opening International Mail". Schneier.com. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^"Feds Use Border Search Exception to Nab Pedophile". Volokh.com. 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^. United States Postal Service. 2002-05-02. Archived from the original (Word document) on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cabinet Noir". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 920.
External links
"Back when spies played by the rules" by David Kahn, published in The New York Times - a history of black chambers
cabinet, noir, france, cabinet, noir, french, black, room, also, known, dark, chamber, black, chamber, government, intelligence, gathering, office, usually, within, postal, service, where, correspondence, between, persons, entities, opened, read, government, o. In France the cabinet noir French for black room also known as the dark chamber or black chamber was a government intelligence gathering office usually within a postal service where correspondence between persons or entities was opened and read by government officials before being forwarded to its destination 1 However this had to be done with some sophistication as it was considered undesirable if the subjects of the practice knew about it and important that the black chamber not interrupt the smooth running of the postal service 2 This practice had been in vogue since the establishment of postal and telegraphy services and was frequently used by the ministers of Louis XIII and Louis XIV but it was not until the reign of Louis XV that a separate office for this purpose was created This was called the cabinet du secret des postes or more popularly the cabinet noir Although declaimed against at the time of the French Revolution it was used both by the revolutionary leaders and by Napoleon 3 4 1815 caricature of the cabinet noir Bodleian Libraries Contents 1 Outside France 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksOutside France EditBy the 1700s cryptanalysis was becoming industrialized with teams of government cryptanalysts working together to crack the most complex monoalphabetic ciphers Each European power had its own so called black chamber a nerve centre for deciphering messages and gathering intelligence The most celebrated disciplined and efficient was the Geheime Kabinettskanzlei in Vienna It operated according to a strict timetable because it was vital that its activities should not interrupt the smooth running of the postal service Letters which were supposed to be delivered to embassies in Vienna were first routed via the black chamber arriving at 7 am Secretaries melted seals and a team of stenographers worked in parallel to make copies of the letters Within three hours the letters had been resealed and returned to the central post office to be delivered to their intended destination As well as supplying the emperors of Austria with vital intelligence the Viennese black chamber sold the information it harvested to other European powers In 1774 for example an arrangement was made with Abbot Georgel the secretary in the French embassy who had access to a biweekly package on information for 1 000 ducats Black chambers were also employed by the Dutch Republic 5 In 1911 the Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition took the view that the cabinet noir had disappeared but that the right to open letters in cases of emergency still appeared to be retained by the French government and a similar right was occasionally exercised in England under the direction of a Secretary of State In England this power was frequently employed during the eighteenth century and was confirmed by the Post Office Act 1837 its most notorious use was perhaps the opening of Mazzini s letters in 1844 3 Such postal censorship became common during World War I Governments claimed that the total war which was waged required such censorship to preserve the civilian population s morale from heart breaking news up from the front Whatever the justification this meant that not a single letter sent from a soldier to his family escaped previous reading by a government official destroying any notion of privacy or secrecy of correspondence Post censorship was retained during the interwar period and afterwards but without being done on such a massive scale 6 7 The opening of international mail outgoing and incoming from the United States by US Customs 8 under the Trade Act of 2002 occurs under the border search exception to the Fourth Amendment 9 This practice has had some criticism including allegations that it adds to the expense of conducting the Postal Service and can thus affect postage rates 10 of which the USPS apparently informed Congress before passage of the legislation 11 However this criticism may be tempered by the fact that the act prohibits agents searching for contraband from reading mail incidentally included in the package or envelope including it or allowing others to read it 8 The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2004 has also been characterized as unconstitutionally permitting the opening of domestic mail 8 See also EditBlack Chamber Black room Bulgarian medieval cryptography Postal censorship Secrecy of correspondenceReferences Edit Dwyer Philip 2014 Napoleon and Europe Abingdon UK Routladge p 84 ISBN 978 0 5823 1837 3 Black Chamber Everything2 2001 01 14 Retrieved 2012 12 24 a b Chisholm 1911 Kent Neil 2019 01 02 The Secret World A History of Intelligence The RUSI Journal 164 1 86 93 doi 10 1080 03071847 2019 1605039 ISSN 0307 1847 S2CID 151126570 de Leeuw Karl 1999 The Black Chamber in the Dutch Republic during the War of the Spanish Succession and Its Aftermath 1707 1715 The Historical Journal 42 1 133 156 doi 10 1017 S0018246X98008292 JSTOR 3020898 Censorship International Encyclopedia of the First World War WW1 encyclopedia 1914 1918 online net Retrieved 2021 04 24 international censorship Archived from the original on 2014 10 14 a b c U S Customs Opening International Mail Schneier com Retrieved 2012 12 24 Feds Use Border Search Exception to Nab Pedophile Volokh com 2006 08 29 Retrieved 2012 12 24 mininggazette com Minutes of the Mailers Technical Advisory Committee United States Postal Service 2002 05 02 Archived from the original Word document on 2009 01 15 Retrieved 2012 12 24 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Cabinet Noir Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 920 External links Edit Back when spies played by the rules by David Kahn published in The New York Times a history of black chambers AT amp T Whistle Blower s Evidence Discussion of cabinets noirs and Napoleon Usurped Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cabinet noir amp oldid 1127660852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
