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Wikipedia

CXCL1

January 01, 1970

The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small peptide belonging to the CXC chemokine family that acts as a chemoattractant for several immune cells, especially neutrophils[3][4] or other non-hematopoietic cells to the site of injury or infection and plays an important role in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It was previously called GRO1 oncogene, GROα, neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MGSA-α). CXCL1 was first cloned from a cDNA library of genes induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation of BALB/c-3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts and named "KC" for its location in the nitrocellulose colony hybridization assay.[5] This designation is sometimes erroneously believed to be an acronym and defined as "keratinocytes-derived chemokine". Rat CXCL1 was first reported when NRK-52E (normal rat kidney-52E) cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to generate a cytokine that was chemotactic for rat neutrophils, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC).[6] In humans, this protein is encoded by the gene CXCL1 [7] and is located on human chromosome 4 among genes for other CXC chemokines.[8]

CXCL1
Available structures
PDBHuman UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCXCL1, FSP, GRO1, GROa, MGSA, MGSA-a, NAP-3, SCYB1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
External IDsOMIM: 155730 HomoloGene: 136748 GeneCards: CXCL1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2919

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000163739

n/a

UniProt

P09341

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001511

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001502

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 4: 73.87 – 73.87 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Structure and expression edit

CXCL1 exists as both monomer and dimer and both forms are able to bind chemokine receptor CXCR2.[9] However, CXCL1 chemokine is able to dimerize only at higher (micromolar) concentrations and its concentrations are only nanomolar or picomolar upon normal conditions, which means that the form of WT CXCL1 is more likely monomeric while dimeric CXCL1 is present only during infection or injury. CXCL1 monomer consists of three antiparallel β-strands followed by C- terminal α-helix and this α-helix together with the first β-strand are involved in forming a dimeric globular structure.[10]

Upon normal conditions, CXCL1 is not expressed constitutively. It's produced by a variety of immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells,[11][12] or Th17 population. Moreover, its expression can be also induced indirectly by IL-1, TNF-α or IL-17 produced again by Th17 cells [13] and is triggered mainly by activation of NF-κB or C/EBPβ signaling pathways predominantly involved in inflammation and leading to production of other inflammatory cytokines.[13]

Function edit

CXCL1 has a potentially similar role as interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8). After binding to its receptor CXCR2, CXCL1 activates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ)/Akt, MAP kinases such as ERK1/ERK2 or phospholipase-β (PLCβ) signaling pathways. CXCL1 is expressed at higher levels during inflammatory responses thus contributing to the process of inflammation.[14] CXCL1 is also involved in the processes of wound healing and tumorigenesis.[15][16][17]

Role in cancer edit

CXCL1 has a role in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis [18] and thus has been shown to act in the process of tumor progression. The role of CXCL1 was described by several studies in the development of various tumors, such as breast cancer, gastric and colorectal carcinoma or lung cancer.[19][20][21] Also, CXCL1 is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis.[22][23][24]

Role in nervous system and sensitization edit

CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors.[9] CXCR2 receptor for CXCL1 is expressed in the brain and spinal cord by neurons and oligodendrocytes and during CNS pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and brain injury also by microglia. An initial study in mice showed evidence that CXCL1 decreased the severity of multiple sclerosis and may offer a neuro-protective function.[25] On the other hand, on the periphery, CXCL1 contributes to the release of prostaglandins and thus causes increased sensitivity to pain and drives nociceptive sensitization via recruitment of neutrophils to the tissue. Phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 kinases and activation of NMDA receptors leads to transcription of genes inducing chronic pain, such as c-Fos or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).[14]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163739 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ Moser B, Clark-Lewis I, Zwahlen R, Baggiolini M (May 1990). "Neutrophil-activating properties of the melanoma growth-stimulatory activity". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 171 (5): 1797–1802. doi:10.1084/jem.171.5.1797. PMC 2187876. PMID 2185333.
  4. ^ Schumacher C, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B (November 1992). "High- and low-affinity binding of GRO alpha and neutrophil-activating peptide 2 to interleukin 8 receptors on human neutrophils". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (21): 10542–10546. Bibcode:1992PNAS...8910542S. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.21.10542. PMC 50375. PMID 1438244.
  5. ^ Cochran BH, Reffel AC, Stiles CD (July 1983). "Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet-derived growth factor". Cell. 33 (3): 939–947. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90037-5. PMID 6872001. S2CID 38719612.
  6. ^ Watanabe K, Kinoshita S, Nakagawa H (June 1989). "Purification and characterization of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant produced by epithelioid cell line of normal rat kidney (NRK-52E cell)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 161 (3): 1093–1099. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)91355-7. PMID 2662972.
  7. ^ Haskill S, Peace A, Morris J, Sporn SA, Anisowicz A, Lee SW, et al. (October 1990). "Identification of three related human GRO genes encoding cytokine functions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (19): 7732–7736. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.7732H. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7732. PMC 54822. PMID 2217207.
  8. ^ Richmond A, Balentien E, Thomas HG, Flaggs G, Barton DE, Spiess J, et al. (July 1988). "Molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of melanoma growth stimulatory activity, a growth factor structurally related to beta-thromboglobulin". The EMBO Journal. 7 (7): 2025–2033. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03042.x. PMC 454478. PMID 2970963.
  9. ^ a b Tsai HH, Frost E, To V, Robinson S, Ffrench-Constant C, Geertman R, et al. (August 2002). "The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration". Cell. 110 (3): 373–383. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00838-3. PMID 12176324. S2CID 16880392.
  10. ^ Ravindran A, Sawant KV, Sarmiento J, Navarro J, Rajarathnam K (April 2013). "Chemokine CXCL1 dimer is a potent agonist for the CXCR2 receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (17): 12244–12252. doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.443762. PMC 3636908. PMID 23479735.
  11. ^ Iida N, Grotendorst GR (October 1990). "Cloning and sequencing of a new gro transcript from activated human monocytes: expression in leukocytes and wound tissue". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 10 (10): 5596–5599. doi:10.1128/mcb.10.10.5596. PMC 361282. PMID 2078213.
  12. ^ Becker S, Quay J, Koren HS, Haskill JS (March 1994). "Constitutive and stimulated MCP-1, GRO alpha, beta, and gamma expression in human airway epithelium and bronchoalveolar macrophages". The American Journal of Physiology. 266 (3 Pt 1): L278–L286. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.3.L278. PMID 8166297.
  13. ^ a b Ma K, Yang L, Shen R, Kong B, Chen W, Liang J, et al. (March 2018). "Th17 cells regulate the production of CXCL1 in breast cancer". International Immunopharmacology. 56: 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.026. PMID 29438938. S2CID 3568978.
  14. ^ a b Silva RL, Lopes AH, Guimarães RM, Cunha TM (September 2017). "CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in pathological pain: Role in peripheral and central sensitization". Neurobiology of Disease. 105: 109–116. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.001. PMID 28587921. S2CID 4916646.
  15. ^ Devalaraja RM, Nanney LB, Du J, Qian Q, Yu Y, Devalaraja MN, Richmond A (August 2000). "Delayed wound healing in CXCR2 knockout mice". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 115 (2): 234–244. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00034.x. PMC 2664868. PMID 10951241.
  16. ^ Haghnegahdar H, Du J, Wang D, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Nanney LB, et al. (January 2000). "The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 67 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.53. PMC 2669312. PMID 10647998.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Owen JD, Strieter R, Burdick M, Haghnegahdar H, Nanney L, Shattuck-Brandt R, Richmond A (September 1997). "Enhanced tumor-forming capacity for immortalized melanocytes expressing melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated cytokine beta and gamma proteins". International Journal of Cancer. 73 (1): 94–103. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<94::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 9334815.
  18. ^ Vries MH, Wagenaar A, Verbruggen SE, Molin DG, Dijkgraaf I, Hackeng TH, Post MJ (April 2015). "CXCL1 promotes arteriogenesis through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the peri-collateral space". Angiogenesis. 18 (2): 163–171. doi:10.1007/s10456-014-9454-1. PMID 25490937. S2CID 52835567.
  19. ^ Chen X, Jin R, Chen R, Huang Z (2018-02-01). "Complementary action of CXCL1 and CXCL8 in pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 11 (2): 1036–1045. PMC 6958037. PMID 31938199.
  20. ^ Hsu YL, Chen YJ, Chang WA, Jian SF, Fan HL, Wang JY, Kuo PL (August 2018). "Interaction between Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells and Colon Cancer Cells Contributes to Tumor Progression via CXCL1". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (8): 2427. doi:10.3390/ijms19082427. PMC 6121631. PMID 30115896.
  21. ^ Spaks A (April 2017). "Role of CXC group chemokines in lung cancer development and progression". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 9 (Suppl 3): S164–S171. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.03.61. PMC 5392545. PMID 28446981.
  22. ^ Anisowicz A, Bardwell L, Sager R (October 1987). "Constitutive overexpression of a growth-regulated gene in transformed Chinese hamster and human cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (20): 7188–7192. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.7188A. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7188. PMC 299255. PMID 2890161.
  23. ^ Richmond A, Thomas HG (February 1988). "Melanoma growth stimulatory activity: isolation from human melanoma tumors and characterization of tissue distribution". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 36 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1002/jcb.240360209. PMID 3356754. S2CID 10674236.
  24. ^ Dhawan P, Richmond A (July 2002). "Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 72 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1189/jlb.72.1.9. PMC 2668262. PMID 12101257.
  25. ^ Omari KM, Lutz SE, Santambrogio L, Lira SA, Raine CS (January 2009). "Neuroprotection and remyelination after autoimmune demyelination in mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1". The American Journal of Pathology. 174 (1): 164–176. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080350. PMC 2631329. PMID 19095949.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
cxcl1, chemokine, motif, ligand, small, peptide, belonging, chemokine, family, that, acts, chemoattractant, several, immune, cells, especially, neutrophils, other, hematopoietic, cells, site, injury, infection, plays, important, role, regulation, immune, infla. The chemokine C X C motif ligand 1 CXCL1 is a small peptide belonging to the CXC chemokine family that acts as a chemoattractant for several immune cells especially neutrophils 3 4 or other non hematopoietic cells to the site of injury or infection and plays an important role in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses It was previously called GRO1 oncogene GROa neutrophil activating protein 3 NAP 3 and melanoma growth stimulating activity alpha MGSA a CXCL1 was first cloned from a cDNA library of genes induced by platelet derived growth factor PDGF stimulation of BALB c 3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts and named KC for its location in the nitrocellulose colony hybridization assay 5 This designation is sometimes erroneously believed to be an acronym and defined as keratinocytes derived chemokine Rat CXCL1 was first reported when NRK 52E normal rat kidney 52E cells were stimulated with interleukin 1b IL 1b and lipopolysaccharide LPS to generate a cytokine that was chemotactic for rat neutrophils cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant CINC 6 In humans this protein is encoded by the gene CXCL1 7 and is located on human chromosome 4 among genes for other CXC chemokines 8 CXCL1Available structuresPDBHuman UniProt search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes1MGS 1MSG 1MSHIdentifiersAliasesCXCL1 FSP GRO1 GROa MGSA MGSA a NAP 3 SCYB1 C X C motif chemokine ligand 1External IDsOMIM 155730 HomoloGene 136748 GeneCards CXCL1Gene location Human Chr Chromosome 4 human 1 Band4q13 3Start73 869 393 bp 1 End73 871 308 bp 1 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inperiodontal fiberspleenpalpebral conjunctivabronchial epithelial cellappendixislet of Langerhanstracheapancreatic epithelial cellpancreatic ductal cellrectumn aMore reference expression dataBioGPSn aGene ontologyMolecular functionsignaling receptor binding growth factor activity cytokine activity enzyme activator activity CXCR chemokine receptor binding chemokine activityCellular componentextracellular region extracellular space specific granule lumen tertiary granule lumenBiological processnegative regulation of cell population proliferation intracellular signal transduction response to lipopolysaccharide signal transduction G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway nervous system development positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis cell population proliferation actin cytoskeleton organization immune response chemokine mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of catalytic activity cell chemotaxis chemotaxis defense response inflammatory response neutrophil degranulation antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide regulation of signaling receptor activity cytokine mediated signaling pathway neutrophil chemotaxis leukocyte chemotaxis cellular response to lipopolysaccharideSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez2919n aEnsemblENSG00000163739n aUniProtP09341n aRefSeq mRNA NM 001511n aRefSeq protein NP 001502n aLocation UCSC Chr 4 73 87 73 87 Mbn aPubMed search 2 n aWikidataView Edit Human Contents 1 Structure and expression 2 Function 3 Role in cancer 4 Role in nervous system and sensitization 5 References 6 External linksStructure and expression editCXCL1 exists as both monomer and dimer and both forms are able to bind chemokine receptor CXCR2 9 However CXCL1 chemokine is able to dimerize only at higher micromolar concentrations and its concentrations are only nanomolar or picomolar upon normal conditions which means that the form of WT CXCL1 is more likely monomeric while dimeric CXCL1 is present only during infection or injury CXCL1 monomer consists of three antiparallel b strands followed by C terminal a helix and this a helix together with the first b strand are involved in forming a dimeric globular structure 10 Upon normal conditions CXCL1 is not expressed constitutively It s produced by a variety of immune cells such as macrophages neutrophils and epithelial cells 11 12 or Th17 population Moreover its expression can be also induced indirectly by IL 1 TNF a or IL 17 produced again by Th17 cells 13 and is triggered mainly by activation of NF kB or C EBPb signaling pathways predominantly involved in inflammation and leading to production of other inflammatory cytokines 13 Function editCXCL1 has a potentially similar role as interleukin 8 IL 8 CXCL8 After binding to its receptor CXCR2 CXCL1 activates phosphatidylinositol 4 5 bisphosphate 3 kinase g PI3Kg Akt MAP kinases such as ERK1 ERK2 or phospholipase b PLCb signaling pathways CXCL1 is expressed at higher levels during inflammatory responses thus contributing to the process of inflammation 14 CXCL1 is also involved in the processes of wound healing and tumorigenesis 15 16 17 Role in cancer editCXCL1 has a role in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis 18 and thus has been shown to act in the process of tumor progression The role of CXCL1 was described by several studies in the development of various tumors such as breast cancer gastric and colorectal carcinoma or lung cancer 19 20 21 Also CXCL1 is secreted by human melanoma cells has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis 22 23 24 Role in nervous system and sensitization editCXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors 9 CXCR2 receptor for CXCL1 is expressed in the brain and spinal cord by neurons and oligodendrocytes and during CNS pathologies such as Alzheimer s disease multiple sclerosis and brain injury also by microglia An initial study in mice showed evidence that CXCL1 decreased the severity of multiple sclerosis and may offer a neuro protective function 25 On the other hand on the periphery CXCL1 contributes to the release of prostaglandins and thus causes increased sensitivity to pain and drives nociceptive sensitization via recruitment of neutrophils to the tissue Phosphorylation of ERK1 ERK2 kinases and activation of NMDA receptors leads to transcription of genes inducing chronic pain such as c Fos or cyclooxygenase 2 COX 2 14 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000163739 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Moser B Clark Lewis I Zwahlen R Baggiolini M May 1990 Neutrophil activating properties of the melanoma growth stimulatory activity The Journal of Experimental Medicine 171 5 1797 1802 doi 10 1084 jem 171 5 1797 PMC 2187876 PMID 2185333 Schumacher C Clark Lewis I Baggiolini M Moser B November 1992 High and low affinity binding of GRO alpha and neutrophil activating peptide 2 to interleukin 8 receptors on human neutrophils Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 21 10542 10546 Bibcode 1992PNAS 8910542S doi 10 1073 pnas 89 21 10542 PMC 50375 PMID 1438244 Cochran BH Reffel AC Stiles CD July 1983 Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet derived growth factor Cell 33 3 939 947 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 83 90037 5 PMID 6872001 S2CID 38719612 Watanabe K Kinoshita S Nakagawa H June 1989 Purification and characterization of cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant produced by epithelioid cell line of normal rat kidney NRK 52E cell Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 161 3 1093 1099 doi 10 1016 0006 291X 89 91355 7 PMID 2662972 Haskill S Peace A Morris J Sporn SA Anisowicz A Lee SW et al October 1990 Identification of three related human GRO genes encoding cytokine functions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 19 7732 7736 Bibcode 1990PNAS 87 7732H doi 10 1073 pnas 87 19 7732 PMC 54822 PMID 2217207 Richmond A Balentien E Thomas HG Flaggs G Barton DE Spiess J et al July 1988 Molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of melanoma growth stimulatory activity a growth factor structurally related to beta thromboglobulin The EMBO Journal 7 7 2025 2033 doi 10 1002 j 1460 2075 1988 tb03042 x PMC 454478 PMID 2970963 a b Tsai HH Frost E To V Robinson S Ffrench Constant C Geertman R et al August 2002 The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration Cell 110 3 373 383 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 02 00838 3 PMID 12176324 S2CID 16880392 Ravindran A Sawant KV Sarmiento J Navarro J Rajarathnam K April 2013 Chemokine CXCL1 dimer is a potent agonist for the CXCR2 receptor The Journal of Biological Chemistry 288 17 12244 12252 doi 10 1074 jbc m112 443762 PMC 3636908 PMID 23479735 Iida N Grotendorst GR October 1990 Cloning and sequencing of a new gro transcript from activated human monocytes expression in leukocytes and wound tissue Molecular and Cellular Biology 10 10 5596 5599 doi 10 1128 mcb 10 10 5596 PMC 361282 PMID 2078213 Becker S Quay J Koren HS Haskill JS March 1994 Constitutive and stimulated MCP 1 GRO alpha beta and gamma expression in human airway epithelium and bronchoalveolar macrophages The American Journal of Physiology 266 3 Pt 1 L278 L286 doi 10 1152 ajplung 1994 266 3 L278 PMID 8166297 a b Ma K Yang L Shen R Kong B Chen W Liang J et al March 2018 Th17 cells regulate the production of CXCL1 in breast cancer International Immunopharmacology 56 320 329 doi 10 1016 j intimp 2018 01 026 PMID 29438938 S2CID 3568978 a b Silva RL Lopes AH Guimaraes RM Cunha TM September 2017 CXCL1 CXCR2 signaling in pathological pain Role in peripheral and central sensitization Neurobiology of Disease 105 109 116 doi 10 1016 j nbd 2017 06 001 PMID 28587921 S2CID 4916646 Devalaraja RM Nanney LB Du J Qian Q Yu Y Devalaraja MN Richmond A August 2000 Delayed wound healing in CXCR2 knockout mice The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 115 2 234 244 doi 10 1046 j 1523 1747 2000 00034 x PMC 2664868 PMID 10951241 Haghnegahdar H Du J Wang D Strieter RM Burdick MD Nanney LB et al January 2000 The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA GRO proteins in melanoma Journal of Leukocyte Biology 67 1 53 62 doi 10 1002 jlb 67 1 53 PMC 2669312 PMID 10647998 permanent dead link Owen JD Strieter R Burdick M Haghnegahdar H Nanney L Shattuck Brandt R Richmond A September 1997 Enhanced tumor forming capacity for immortalized melanocytes expressing melanoma growth stimulatory activity growth regulated cytokine beta and gamma proteins International Journal of Cancer 73 1 94 103 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 0215 19970926 73 1 lt 94 AID IJC15 gt 3 0 CO 2 5 PMID 9334815 Vries MH Wagenaar A Verbruggen SE Molin DG Dijkgraaf I Hackeng TH Post MJ April 2015 CXCL1 promotes arteriogenesis through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the peri collateral space Angiogenesis 18 2 163 171 doi 10 1007 s10456 014 9454 1 PMID 25490937 S2CID 52835567 Chen X Jin R Chen R Huang Z 2018 02 01 Complementary action of CXCL1 and CXCL8 in pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 11 2 1036 1045 PMC 6958037 PMID 31938199 Hsu YL Chen YJ Chang WA Jian SF Fan HL Wang JY Kuo PL August 2018 Interaction between Tumor Associated Dendritic Cells and Colon Cancer Cells Contributes to Tumor Progression via CXCL1 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19 8 2427 doi 10 3390 ijms19082427 PMC 6121631 PMID 30115896 Spaks A April 2017 Role of CXC group chemokines in lung cancer development and progression Journal of Thoracic Disease 9 Suppl 3 S164 S171 doi 10 21037 jtd 2017 03 61 PMC 5392545 PMID 28446981 Anisowicz A Bardwell L Sager R October 1987 Constitutive overexpression of a growth regulated gene in transformed Chinese hamster and human cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84 20 7188 7192 Bibcode 1987PNAS 84 7188A doi 10 1073 pnas 84 20 7188 PMC 299255 PMID 2890161 Richmond A Thomas HG February 1988 Melanoma growth stimulatory activity isolation from human melanoma tumors and characterization of tissue distribution Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 36 2 185 198 doi 10 1002 jcb 240360209 PMID 3356754 S2CID 10674236 Dhawan P Richmond A July 2002 Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma Journal of Leukocyte Biology 72 1 9 18 doi 10 1189 jlb 72 1 9 PMC 2668262 PMID 12101257 Omari KM Lutz SE Santambrogio L Lira SA Raine CS January 2009 Neuroprotection and remyelination after autoimmune demyelination in mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1 The American Journal of Pathology 174 1 164 176 doi 10 2353 ajpath 2009 080350 PMC 2631329 PMID 19095949 External links editHuman CXCL1 genome location and CXCL1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser Portal nbsp Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CXCL1 amp oldid 1219264072, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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