Byers–Yang theorem

In quantum mechanics, the Byers–Yang theorem states that all physical properties of a doubly connected system (an annulus) enclosing a magnetic flux ${\displaystyle \Phi }$ through the opening are periodic in the flux with period ${\displaystyle \Phi _{0}=hc/e}$ (the magnetic flux quantum). The theorem was first stated and proven by Nina Byers and Chen-Ning Yang (1961),^[1] and further developed by Felix Bloch (1970).^[2]

Proof

An enclosed flux ${\displaystyle \Phi }$  corresponds to a vector potential ${\displaystyle A(r)}$  inside the annulus with a line integral ${\textstyle \oint _{C}A\cdot dl=\Phi }$  along any path ${\displaystyle C}$  that circulates around once. One can try to eliminate this vector potential by the gauge transformation

${\displaystyle \psi '(\{r_{n}\})=\exp \left({\frac {ie}{\hbar }}\sum _{j}\chi (r_{j})\right)\psi (\{r_{n}\})}$ 

of the wave function ${\displaystyle \psi (\{r_{n}\})}$  of electrons at positions ${\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2},\ldots }$ . The gauge-transformed wave function satisfies the same Schrödinger equation as the original wave function, but with a different magnetic vector potential ${\displaystyle A'(r)=A(r)+\nabla \chi (r)}$ . It is assumed that the electrons experience zero magnetic field ${\displaystyle B(r)=\nabla \times A(r)=0}$  at all points ${\displaystyle r}$  inside the annulus, the field being nonzero only within the opening (where there are no electrons). It is then always possible to find a function ${\displaystyle \chi (r)}$  such that ${\displaystyle A'(r)=0}$  inside the annulus, so one would conclude that the system with enclosed flux ${\displaystyle \Phi }$  is equivalent to a system with zero enclosed flux.

However, for any arbitrary ${\displaystyle \Phi }$  the gauge transformed wave function is no longer single-valued: The phase of ${\displaystyle \psi '}$  changes by

${\displaystyle \delta \phi =(e/\hbar )\oint _{C}\nabla \chi (r)\cdot dl=-(e/\hbar )\oint _{C}A(r)\cdot dl=-2\pi \Phi /\Phi _{0}}$ 

whenever one of the coordinates ${\displaystyle r_{n}}$  is moved along the ring to its starting point. The requirement of a single-valued wave function therefore restricts the gauge transformation to fluxes ${\displaystyle \Phi }$  that are an integer multiple of ${\displaystyle \Phi _{0}}$ . Systems that enclose a flux differing by a multiple of ${\displaystyle h/e}$  are equivalent.

Applications

An overview of physical effects governed by the Byers–Yang theorem is given by Yoseph Imry.^[3] These include the Aharonov–Bohm effect, persistent current in normal metals, and flux quantization in superconductors.

References

1. Byers, N.; Yang, C. N. (1961). "Theoretical Considerations Concerning Quantized Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Cylinders". Physical Review Letters. 7 (2): 46–49. Bibcode:1961PhRvL...7...46B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.46.
2. Bloch, F. (1970). "Josephson Effect in a Superconducting Ring". Physical Review B. 2 (1): 109–121. Bibcode:1970PhRvB...2..109B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.2.109.
3. Imry, Y. (1997). Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510167-7.