The Brushed Pottery culture was a European Bronze Agearchaeological culture found in present-day eastern Lithuania, Belarus, and southeastern Latvia. It succeeded the NeolithicNarva culture. It got its name from its characteristic flat-bottomed pottery, the outer surface of which is generally brushed with strokes, believed to be applied with bundles of straw or grass during pottery making.[1]
Brushed Pottery pot from Dievukalns, Lielvarde, Latvia, 1st century BCBaltic groups during the Early Iron Age (600–400 BC and later) based on archaeological finds, according to Gimbutas 1963.[2]
The Sembian-Notangian group
The west Masurian group, probably connected with the later Prussian Galindians
The east Masurian or Sudovian group (Jatvingian) group
The lower Neman and western Latvian group connected with the early Curonians (Kurshians)
The Brushed Pottery group ancestral to Lithuanians, Selians, Lettigallians and Semigallians
The 'Milograd' group of the 7th–6th centuries BCE.
The Plain Pottery culture to be identified with the easternmost Balts
The 'Face-urn' group of Pomerania and lower Vistula
Expansion area of the 'Bell-grave' group, successor of the 'Face-urn' group, in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE
The oldest settlements considered to be a part of Early Brushed Pottery culture are dated to 1300-1100 BC, and are found along the rivers Neris and Šventoji.[3] It replaced the Narva culture, which existed in the region to 1700 BC. While traditionally it is believed that the Narva culture was replaced by Indo-European influence carried by Corded Ware culture, this viewpoint has been challenged, and a distinction is made between Corded Ware-influenced Western Baltic culture, and separate Brushed Pottery culture.[4]
Technology and cultureedit
The Brushed Pottery culture was conservative and changed very little during its lifespan, only adopting new technologies (such as bronzeworking and ironworking) from nearby cultures.[5]
The most recognizable feature of the culture are hillforts, which were first established circa 1000 BC. They are believed to have been able to house from 80 to 120 inhabitants, in rectangle shaped houses of wooden pole construction, and were fortified. 110 hillforts belonging to Brushed Pottery culture have been found in Eastern Lithuania.[6] The most studied Brushed Pottery culture hillforts are Nevieriškė [lt], Narkūnai [lt] and Sokiškiai [lt].
Extensive findings of stone axes and bones of sheep, pigs, cattle as well as hunted animals in hillfort excavations show that Brushed Pottery peoples engaged in a mix of hunting-gathering and animal husbandry, with less focus on agriculture. Some Brushed Pottery hillforts show signs of intensive metallurgy, such as numerous clay casting molds.[7] Animal bone was used as a substitute for metals and bone tools were used, likely borrowed from late Narva culture, which extensively used bone as raw material.
Very little is known about the burial practices of Brushed Pottery culture, as no graves dated to this culture have been found. Several theories have been suggested to explain this, such as cremation, or exotic burial practices, such as burial at water or burial trees.[8]
Declineedit
The Brushed Pottery culture disappeared in 3rd-5th centuries AD. According to Aleksejus Luchtanas [lt], it ended in 3rd century AD after influence from Western Baltic culture, and was replaced by East Lithuanian Kurgan culture [lt] and Bantserovo-Tushemliya culture [lt].[9] It is considered to correspond to ancestral Baltic tribes and Proto-Baltic language.
^ (in Belarusian). 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
^Marija Gimbutas, The Balts (1963), page 83. New York.
^Podėnas, Vytenis; Čivilytė, Agnė; Luchtanas, Aleksejus (2016). "Pottery from Narkūnai hillforts and foot settlement: some reflections on behaviour" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos archeologija.
^Jovaiša, Eugenijus (2003). Cultures of the early Balts (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla. ISBN9986-571-89-8.
^Luchtanas, Aleksejus (1981). "Žalvario apdirbimas ankstyvuosiuose Rytų Lietuvos piliakalniuose". Lietuvos archeologija (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History. 2: 5–17.
brushed, pottery, culture, european, bronze, archaeological, culture, found, present, eastern, lithuania, belarus, southeastern, latvia, succeeded, neolithic, narva, culture, name, from, characteristic, flat, bottomed, pottery, outer, surface, which, generally. The Brushed Pottery culture was a European Bronze Age archaeological culture found in present day eastern Lithuania Belarus and southeastern Latvia It succeeded the Neolithic Narva culture It got its name from its characteristic flat bottomed pottery the outer surface of which is generally brushed with strokes believed to be applied with bundles of straw or grass during pottery making 1 Brushed Pottery cultureGeographical rangeEuropePeriodBronze AgeDatesc 1000 BC c 500 ADPreceded byNarva culture Corded Ware cultureFollowed byBalts Contents 1 Formation 2 Technology and culture 3 Decline 4 See also 5 ReferencesFormation edit nbsp Brushed Pottery pot from Dievukalns Lielvarde Latvia 1st century BC nbsp Baltic groups during the Early Iron Age 600 400 BC and later based on archaeological finds according to Gimbutas 1963 2 The Sembian Notangian group The west Masurian group probably connected with the later Prussian Galindians The east Masurian or Sudovian group Jatvingian group The lower Neman and western Latvian group connected with the early Curonians Kurshians The Brushed Pottery group ancestral to Lithuanians Selians Lettigallians and Semigallians The Milograd group of the 7th 6th centuries BCE The Plain Pottery culture to be identified with the easternmost Balts The Face urn group of Pomerania and lower Vistula Expansion area of the Bell grave group successor of the Face urn group in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCEThe oldest settlements considered to be a part of Early Brushed Pottery culture are dated to 1300 1100 BC and are found along the rivers Neris and Sventoji 3 It replaced the Narva culture which existed in the region to 1700 BC While traditionally it is believed that the Narva culture was replaced by Indo European influence carried by Corded Ware culture this viewpoint has been challenged and a distinction is made between Corded Ware influenced Western Baltic culture and separate Brushed Pottery culture 4 Technology and culture editThe Brushed Pottery culture was conservative and changed very little during its lifespan only adopting new technologies such as bronzeworking and ironworking from nearby cultures 5 The most recognizable feature of the culture are hillforts which were first established circa 1000 BC They are believed to have been able to house from 80 to 120 inhabitants in rectangle shaped houses of wooden pole construction and were fortified 110 hillforts belonging to Brushed Pottery culture have been found in Eastern Lithuania 6 The most studied Brushed Pottery culture hillforts are Nevieriske lt Narkunai lt and Sokiskiai lt Extensive findings of stone axes and bones of sheep pigs cattle as well as hunted animals in hillfort excavations show that Brushed Pottery peoples engaged in a mix of hunting gathering and animal husbandry with less focus on agriculture Some Brushed Pottery hillforts show signs of intensive metallurgy such as numerous clay casting molds 7 Animal bone was used as a substitute for metals and bone tools were used likely borrowed from late Narva culture which extensively used bone as raw material Very little is known about the burial practices of Brushed Pottery culture as no graves dated to this culture have been found Several theories have been suggested to explain this such as cremation or exotic burial practices such as burial at water or burial trees 8 Decline editThe Brushed Pottery culture disappeared in 3rd 5th centuries AD According to Aleksejus Luchtanas lt it ended in 3rd century AD after influence from Western Baltic culture and was replaced by East Lithuanian Kurgan culture lt and Bantserovo Tushemliya culture lt 9 It is considered to correspond to ancestral Baltic tribes and Proto Baltic language See also editCorded Ware culture Milograd culture Pomeranian culture Western Baltic cultureReferences edit Kultura shtryhavanaj keramiki in Belarusian 2010 Archived from the original on 2015 04 02 Marija Gimbutas The Balts 1963 page 83 New York Podenas Vytenis Civilyte Agne Luchtanas Aleksejus 2016 Pottery from Narkunai hillforts and foot settlement some reflections on behaviour in Lithuanian Lietuvos archeologija Jovaisa Eugenijus 2003 Cultures of the early Balts in Lithuanian Vilniaus dailes akademijos leidykla ISBN 9986 571 89 8 Girininkas Algirdas 2005 Bruksniuotosios keramikos kultura Lietuvos istorija Akmens amzius ir ankstyvasis metalu laikotarpis in Lithuanian Vol I Baltos lankos p 308 ISBN 9955 584 90 4 Girininkas Algirdas 2005 Bruksniuotosios keramikos kultura Lietuvos istorija Akmens amzius ir ankstyvasis metalu laikotarpis in Lithuanian Vol I Baltos lankos p 302 ISBN 9955 584 90 4 Luchtanas Aleksejus 1981 Zalvario apdirbimas ankstyvuosiuose Rytu Lietuvos piliakalniuose Lietuvos archeologija in Lithuanian Lithuanian Institute of History 2 5 17 Girininkas Algirdas 2005 Bruksniuotosios keramikos kultura Lietuvos istorija Akmens amzius ir ankstyvasis metalu laikotarpis in Lithuanian Vol I Baltos lankos p 306 ISBN 9955 584 90 4 Luchtanas Aleksejus 2003 Bruksniuotosios keramikos kultura in Lithuanian Visuotine lietuviu enciklopedija Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brushed Pottery culture amp oldid 1174486448, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
