Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulatea area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.
Brodmann area 25
Brodmann area 25 is shown in orange.
Medial surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered.
It is the 25th "Brodmann area" defined by Korbinian Brodmann (thus its name). BA25 is located in the cingulate region as a narrow band in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus. The posterior parolfactory sulcus separates the paraterminal gyrus from BA25. Rostrally it is bound by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann.[1]
Brodmann described this area as it is labeled now in 1909. Originally in 1905, Brodmann labeled the area as part of area 24. In 1909, he divided the area into area 24 and 25.[2]
Function
This region is extremely rich in serotonin transporters and is considered as a governor for a vast network involving areas like hypothalamus and brain stem, which influences changes in appetite and sleep; the amygdala and insula, which affect the mood and anxiety; the hippocampus, which plays an important role in memory formation; and some parts of the frontal cortex responsible for self-esteem.[3] This region is particularly implicated in the normal processing of sadness.[4][5]
Involvement in depression
The subcallosal cingulate gyrus CG25 which consists of BA25 as well as parts of BA24 and BA32 has been implicated as playing an important role in major depression and has been the target of deep brain stimulation to treat the disorder.[6]
In 2005 Helen S. Mayberg and collaborators described how they successfully treated a number of depressed people—individuals virtually catatonic with depression despite years of talk therapy, drugs, and electroconvulsive therapy—with pacemaker-like electrodes (deep brain stimulation) in area 25.[9]
In 2013, Walker and Lawson conducted neurofeedback research with 183 subjects experiencing drug resistant depression. The neurofeedback specifically targeted Brodmann area 25. The treatment consisted of 6 neurofeedback sessions that were 20min long each over the course of 3 weeks. 1 year after the treatment 84% of subjects experienced over a 50% reduction in depression symptoms. 9% reported a 20-50% reduction in depression symptoms. 7% reported a 0-20% improvement. 1% initially reported positive effects, but had a depression relapse before the year follow up completed. There were no side effects or complications reported from the treatment.[10]
A recent study found that transcranial magnetic stimulation is more clinically effective treating depression when targeted specifically to Brodmann area 46, because this area has intrinsic functional connectivity (negative correlation) with area 25.[11]
Another recent study has found that the responses of area 25 to viewing sad stimuli are affected by cortisol.[12] This suggests that depression related changes in the activity in area 25 could be due to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation.
Image
Animation.
Medial view.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brodmann area 25.
^subgen1ual area 25. January 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine braininfo.rprc.washington.edu, retrieved November 18, 2006.
^area 25 of Brodmann-1909. January 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine braininfo.rprc.washington.edu, retrieved November 19, 2006.
^"Faulty Circuits", Scientific American, April 2010
^Mayberg, HS; Liotti M; Brannan SK; McGinnis S; Mahurin RK; Jerabek PA; et al. (May 1999). "Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness". Am J Psychiatry. 156 (5): 675–82. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.675. PMID 10327898. S2CID 16258492.
^Phan, KL; Wager T; Taylor SF; Liberzon I (June 2002). "Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI". NeuroImage. 16 (2): 331–48. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087. PMID 12030820. S2CID 7150871.
^Hamani C, Mayberg H, Stone S, Laxton A, Haber S, Lozano AM (15 February 2011). "The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression". Biological Psychiatry. 69 (4): 301–309. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.034. PMID 21145043. S2CID 35458273.
^Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression neuron.org, March 3, 2005. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH, Segal ZV, Lau MA, Bieling PJ, McIntyre RS, Mayberg HS (2009). "Predictors of nonresponse to cognitive behavioural therapy or venlafaxine using glucose metabolism in major depressive disorder". J Psychiatry Neurosci. 34 (3): 175–80. PMC2674969. PMID 19448846.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Lozano, Andres M; Peter Giacobbe; Clement Hamani; Sakina J Rizvi; Sidney H Kennedy; Theodore T Kolivakis; Guy Debonnel; Abbas F Sadikot; Raymond W Lam; Andrew K Howard; Magda Ilcewicz-Klimek; Christopher R Honey; Helen S Mayberg (2011-11-18). "A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression". Journal of Neurosurgery. 116 (2): 315–22. doi:10.3171/2011.10.JNS102122. PMID 22098195. S2CID 9778445.
^Walker, Jonathan (2013). "FP02 Beta Training for Drug-Resistant Depression—A New Protocol That Usually Reduces Depression and Keeps It Reduced". Journal of Neurotherapy. 17:3 (3): 198-200. doi:10.1080/10874208.2013.785784.
^Fox, MD; Buckner, RL; White, MP; Greicius, MD; Pascual-Leone, A (2012). "Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate". Biological Psychiatry. 72 (7): 595–603. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.028. PMC4120275. PMID 22658708.
^Sudheimer, KD; Abelson JL; Taylor SF; Martis B; Welsh RC; Warner C; et al. (April 2013). "Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (5): 826–45. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.249. PMC3599059. PMID 23303057.
March 14, 2023
brodmann, area, ba25, subgenual, area, area, subgenualis, subgenual, cingulatea, area, cerebral, cortex, brain, delineated, based, cytoarchitectonic, characteristics, shown, orange, medial, surface, brain, with, brodmann, areas, numbered, detailsidentifierslat. Brodmann area 25 BA25 is the subgenual area area subgenualis or subgenual cingulatea area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics Brodmann area 25Brodmann area 25 is shown in orange Medial surface of the brain with Brodmann s areas numbered DetailsIdentifiersLatinArea subgenualisNeuroNames1029FMA68622Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy edit on Wikidata It is the 25th Brodmann area defined by Korbinian Brodmann thus its name BA25 is located in the cingulate region as a narrow band in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus The posterior parolfactory sulcus separates the paraterminal gyrus from BA25 Rostrally it is bound by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann 1 Contents 1 History 2 Function 3 Involvement in depression 4 Image 5 See also 6 Notes and referencesHistory EditBrodmann described this area as it is labeled now in 1909 Originally in 1905 Brodmann labeled the area as part of area 24 In 1909 he divided the area into area 24 and 25 2 Function EditThis region is extremely rich in serotonin transporters and is considered as a governor for a vast network involving areas like hypothalamus and brain stem which influences changes in appetite and sleep the amygdala and insula which affect the mood and anxiety the hippocampus which plays an important role in memory formation and some parts of the frontal cortex responsible for self esteem 3 This region is particularly implicated in the normal processing of sadness 4 5 Involvement in depression EditThe subcallosal cingulate gyrus CG25 which consists of BA25 as well as parts of BA24 and BA32 has been implicated as playing an important role in major depression and has been the target of deep brain stimulation to treat the disorder 6 One study found that BA25 is metabolically overactive in treatment resistant depression 7 A different study found that metabolic hyperactivity in this area is associated with poor therapeutic response of persons with major depressive disorder to cognitive behavioral therapy and venlafaxine 8 In 2005 Helen S Mayberg and collaborators described how they successfully treated a number of depressed people individuals virtually catatonic with depression despite years of talk therapy drugs and electroconvulsive therapy with pacemaker like electrodes deep brain stimulation in area 25 9 In 2013 Walker and Lawson conducted neurofeedback research with 183 subjects experiencing drug resistant depression The neurofeedback specifically targeted Brodmann area 25 The treatment consisted of 6 neurofeedback sessions that were 20min long each over the course of 3 weeks 1 year after the treatment 84 of subjects experienced over a 50 reduction in depression symptoms 9 reported a 20 50 reduction in depression symptoms 7 reported a 0 20 improvement 1 initially reported positive effects but had a depression relapse before the year follow up completed There were no side effects or complications reported from the treatment 10 A recent study found that transcranial magnetic stimulation is more clinically effective treating depression when targeted specifically to Brodmann area 46 because this area has intrinsic functional connectivity negative correlation with area 25 11 Another recent study has found that the responses of area 25 to viewing sad stimuli are affected by cortisol 12 This suggests that depression related changes in the activity in area 25 could be due to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation Image Edit Animation Medial view See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brodmann area 25 Brodmann area List of regions in the human brain Biology of depressionNotes and references Edit subgen1ual area 25 Archived January 21 2007 at the Wayback Machine braininfo rprc washington edu retrieved November 18 2006 area 25 of Brodmann 1909 Archived January 21 2007 at the Wayback Machine braininfo rprc washington edu retrieved November 19 2006 Faulty Circuits Scientific American April 2010 Mayberg HS Liotti M Brannan SK McGinnis S Mahurin RK Jerabek PA et al May 1999 Reciprocal limbic cortical function and negative mood converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness Am J Psychiatry 156 5 675 82 doi 10 1176 ajp 156 5 675 PMID 10327898 S2CID 16258492 Phan KL Wager T Taylor SF Liberzon I June 2002 Functional neuroanatomy of emotion a meta analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI NeuroImage 16 2 331 48 doi 10 1006 nimg 2002 1087 PMID 12030820 S2CID 7150871 Hamani C Mayberg H Stone S Laxton A Haber S Lozano AM 15 February 2011 The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression Biological Psychiatry 69 4 301 309 doi 10 1016 j biopsych 2010 09 034 PMID 21145043 S2CID 35458273 Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment Resistant Depression neuron org March 3 2005 Retrieved November 18 2018 Konarski JZ Kennedy SH Segal ZV Lau MA Bieling PJ McIntyre RS Mayberg HS 2009 Predictors of nonresponse to cognitive behavioural therapy or venlafaxine using glucose metabolism in major depressive disorder J Psychiatry Neurosci 34 3 175 80 PMC 2674969 PMID 19448846 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lozano Andres M Peter Giacobbe Clement Hamani Sakina J Rizvi Sidney H Kennedy Theodore T Kolivakis Guy Debonnel Abbas F Sadikot Raymond W Lam Andrew K Howard Magda Ilcewicz Klimek Christopher R Honey Helen S Mayberg 2011 11 18 A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression Journal of Neurosurgery 116 2 315 22 doi 10 3171 2011 10 JNS102122 PMID 22098195 S2CID 9778445 Walker Jonathan 2013 FP02 Beta Training for Drug Resistant Depression A New Protocol That Usually Reduces Depression and Keeps It Reduced Journal of Neurotherapy 17 3 3 198 200 doi 10 1080 10874208 2013 785784 Fox MD Buckner RL White MP Greicius MD Pascual Leone A 2012 Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate Biological Psychiatry 72 7 595 603 doi 10 1016 j biopsych 2012 04 028 PMC 4120275 PMID 22658708 Sudheimer KD Abelson JL Taylor SF Martis B Welsh RC Warner C et al April 2013 Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness Neuropsychopharmacology 38 5 826 45 doi 10 1038 npp 2012 249 PMC 3599059 PMID 23303057 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brodmann area 25 amp oldid 1136204703, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
