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Breastfeeding and HIV

May 11, 2024

Breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is the practice of breastfeeding of HIV-infected mothers and include those who may want to or are currently breastfeeding. HIV can be transmitted to the infant through breastfeeding.[1] The risk of transmission varies and depends on the viral load in the mother's milk.[2] An infant can be infected with HIV throughout the duration of the pregnancy or during childbirth (intrapartum).[3][4]

Background edit

Breastfeeding with HIV guidelines established by the WHO suggest that HIV-infected mothers (particularly those in resource-poor countries) practice exclusive breastfeeding only, rather than mixed breastfeeding practices that involve other dietary supplements or fluids.[5] Many studies have revealed the high benefit of exclusive breastfeeding to both mother and child, documenting that exclusive breastfeeding for a period of 6 months significantly reduces transmission, provides the infant with a greater chance of survival in the first year of life, and helps the mother to recover from the negative health effects of birth much more quickly.[6]

Despite these positive indicators, other studies have determined that bottle-fed babies of HIV-infected mothers approximately has a 19 percent chance of becoming infected, in comparison to breastfed babies who had an approximate 49 percent chance of infection.[3] Such a variance in findings makes it difficult to institute a proper set of guidelines for HIV-infected women in third-world or developing countries, where alternative forms of feeding are not always acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe (AFASS).[5] Thus after much research, the benefits and/or consequences of breastfeeding with HIV are still currently under debate.[citation needed]

PMTCT policy challenges edit

The practice of breastfeeding for HIV positive mothers is a highly contested and controversial global public health concern. Programs for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) and other international guidelines offer preventative interventions to address mother to child transmission(MTCT) of HIV in Third World countries.[7] PMTCT programs provide HIV-positive women with recommendations and services including antiretroviral therapy (ART), modifications in infant feeding practices (i.e., exclusive breastfeeding or exclusive replacement feeding), and counseling.[8]

Although prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programs have been implemented across different regions, their success in resource-constrained settings is still widely debated upon.[9] In 2008, the majority of sub-Saharan Africa as a whole had an estimate of 430,000 HIV infections among children under the age of 15.[9] HIV-positive women's lack of participation and adherence to PMTCT services and infant feeding guidelines has made the success of these policies difficult, despite the knowledge and technology that has been dedicated to them.[9] Many women fear knowing their HIV status.[9] Generally speaking, HIV-positive mothers lack support, especially from males, thus resulting in their stigmatization and exclusion by members of the community.[9] It is because of this that most women end up losing contact with development programs, which end soon after the mother delivers.[9] The discontinuation of these programs makes a knowledge and understanding of different feeding options difficult for these mothers, because these programs are not there to present them with the necessary information.[9]

Cross-cultural experiences edit

Access to available resources for the prevention of MTCT of HIV varies across different cultural regions. "MTCT of HIV has been virtually eliminated in well-resourced settings such as the United States and Europe".[9] Available medical and therapeutic resources in developed countries can include drugs for HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy and labour, cesarean delivery to reduce the infant's exposure to infection; and modifications in infant feeding practices.[10] In third world settings, medical resources and technology can be very hard to find and can serve as a financial burden to HIV-positive mothers. HIV-infected mothers refer to counselors for expert knowledge and recommendations on infant feeding and health.[11] Treatment amenities in resource-constrained settings are also available to HIV-positive mothers in the form of antiretroviral therapy (ART) which is one resource that has contributed to the elimination of MTCT of HIV in first world countries.[10] In order to have access to resources, HIV-positive mothers must be able maintain follow up appointments regularly, however, this is problematic in resource-limited settings due to weak infrastructure in health care systems in countries such as India, Tanzania and Nigeria.[10] This can also serve as a dilemma for HIV-positive mothers because although limited resources are available to them, financial constraint can prevent women from accessing available treatments. This can influence HIV-positive mother's decision to rely solely on breastfeeding as a primary feeding option due to financial instability.[12]

Anthropological research demonstrates that in contexts where breastfeeding is essential to infant survival, such as in resource poor settings, PMTCT infant feeding guidelines challenge notions of motherhood and women's decision-making power over infant care, and colour HIV positive mothers' infant feeding experiences.[13] In eastern Africa, infant mortality is high and breastfeeding is vital for infant survival.[14] Here, motherhood is defined as the responsibility for ensuring the child's proper growth and health.[14] Breastfeeding is also seen as a cultural practice that helps create a social bond between mother and child.[15] However, there is a disjuncture between PMTCT policy's infant feeding guideline and what is considered to be good mothering behaviour.[5] The PMTCT policy promotes replacement feeding because it is believed to prevent the risk of transmission of HIV. However, adhering to such guidelines are difficult for mothers in resource-limited settings who believe that not breastfeeding one's child would be harmful to their health and survival, as well as threaten the "development of close bodily and emotional bonds between mother and child".[16] As such, not breastfeeding, for HIV-positive women, is perceived as failing to be a good mother.[14] Thus, PMTCT programs impact HIV-positive women's agency and decision-making in infant care, as well as challenge their cultural conceptions of good motherhood.[citation needed]

World Health Organization guideline edit

In an effort to further refine the United Nations guideline for optimal infant feeding options for HIV-infected mothers, the World Health Organization (WHO) held a three-day convention in Geneva in 2006 to review new evidence that had been established since they last established a guideline in 2000. Participants included UN agencies, representative from nongovernmental organizations, researchers, infant feeding experts, and WHO headquarters departments. The convention concluded with the following recommendations: If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable and safe, HIV-infected mothers are recommended to use replacement feeding. Otherwise, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. At six months, if replacement feeding is still not available, HIV-infected mothers are encouraged to slowly introduce food while continuing breastfeeding. Those with HIV-infected infants are recommended to continue breastfeeding even after 6 months.[17]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Health, Australian Government Department of. "Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)". www.health.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  2. ^ Moland, K, Blystad A (2008). "Counting on Mother's Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa". In Hahn R, Inhorn M (eds.). Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 449.
  3. ^ a b White, E. (1999). Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: The Research, the Politics, the Women's Perspectives. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 12.
  4. ^ Polin, Richard (2014). Fetal and neonatal secrets. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-09139-8.
  5. ^ a b c Moland K, De Paoli M, Sellen D, Van Esterik P, Leshbari S, Blystad A (2010). "Breastfeeding and HIV: Experiences from a Decade of Prevention of Postnatal HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Breastfeeding Journal. 5 (10): 4. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-5-10. PMC 2987846. PMID 20977709.
  6. ^ Stein Z, Kuhn L (2009). "Breast feeding: A time to craft new policies". J Public Health Policy. 30 (3): 300–10. doi:10.1057/jphp.2009.23. PMC 2813715. PMID 19806071.
  7. ^ Moland, K, Blystad A (2008). "Counting on Mother's Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa". In Hahn R, Inhorn M (eds.). Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 468.
  8. ^ Moland, K, Blystad A (2008). "Counting on Mother's Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa". In Hahn R, Inhorn M (eds.). Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 450.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Baek C, Rutenberg N (2010). "Implementing programs for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-constrained settings: Horizons studies, 1999-2007". Public Health Rep. 125 (2): 293–304. doi:10.1177/003335491012500220. PMC 2821859. PMID 20297758.
  10. ^ a b c Bulhões AC, Goldani HA, Oliveira FS, Matte US, Mazzuca RB, Silveira TR (2007). "Correlation between lactose absorption and the C/T-13910 and G/A-22018 mutations of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LCT) gene in adult-type hypolactasia". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 40 (11): 1441–6. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2007001100004. hdl:10183/21217. PMID 17934640.
  11. ^ Hollen C (2011). "HIV-Positive Women's Responses to Global Policy in Infant Feeding in Canada". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 5 (4): 503. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1387.2011.01182.x. PMID 22338292.
  12. ^ Krocker L, Beckwith A (2011). "Safe Infant Feeding in Lesotho in the Eras of HIV/AIDS". Annals of Anthropological Practice. 35 (1): 59. doi:10.1111/j.2153-9588.2011.01066.x.
  13. ^ Blystad A, Moland K (2011). "Technologies of Hope? Motherhood, HIV and Infant Feeding in Eastern Africa". Anthropology & Medicine. 16 (2): 105–118. doi:10.1080/13648470902940655. hdl:11250/2481714. PMID 27276404. S2CID 25899112.
  14. ^ a b c Moland, K, Blystad A (2008). "Counting on Mother's Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa". In Hahn R, Inhorn M (eds.). Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ Van Esterik P (2002). "Contemporary Trends in Infant Feeding Research". Annual Review of Anthropology. 31: INSERT. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085428.
  16. ^ Moland, K, Blystad A (2008). "Counting on Mother's Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa". In Hahn R, Inhorn M (eds.). Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 471.
  17. ^ "HIV and infant feeding: new evidence and programmatic experience" (PDF). WHO. Geneva, Switzerland. October 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

External links edit

  • Breast-Feeding Content Resources WHO reports on Breast Feeding
  • Health risks of not breastfeeding 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine US Department of Health & Human Services
  • The World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) is a global network of individuals & organisations concerned with the protection, promotion & support of breastfeeding worldwide.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention Breastfeeding CDC
  • LactMed, a database of the safety of drugs to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed, by the U.S. National Library of Medicine

May 11, 2024
breastfeeding, breastfeeding, infected, mothers, practice, breastfeeding, infected, mothers, include, those, want, currently, breastfeeding, transmitted, infant, through, breastfeeding, risk, transmission, varies, depends, viral, load, mother, milk, infant, in. Breastfeeding by HIV infected mothers is the practice of breastfeeding of HIV infected mothers and include those who may want to or are currently breastfeeding HIV can be transmitted to the infant through breastfeeding 1 The risk of transmission varies and depends on the viral load in the mother s milk 2 An infant can be infected with HIV throughout the duration of the pregnancy or during childbirth intrapartum 3 4 Contents 1 Background 2 PMTCT policy challenges 3 Cross cultural experiences 4 World Health Organization guideline 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBackground editBreastfeeding with HIV guidelines established by the WHO suggest that HIV infected mothers particularly those in resource poor countries practice exclusive breastfeeding only rather than mixed breastfeeding practices that involve other dietary supplements or fluids 5 Many studies have revealed the high benefit of exclusive breastfeeding to both mother and child documenting that exclusive breastfeeding for a period of 6 months significantly reduces transmission provides the infant with a greater chance of survival in the first year of life and helps the mother to recover from the negative health effects of birth much more quickly 6 Despite these positive indicators other studies have determined that bottle fed babies of HIV infected mothers approximately has a 19 percent chance of becoming infected in comparison to breastfed babies who had an approximate 49 percent chance of infection 3 Such a variance in findings makes it difficult to institute a proper set of guidelines for HIV infected women in third world or developing countries where alternative forms of feeding are not always acceptable feasible affordable sustainable and safe AFASS 5 Thus after much research the benefits and or consequences of breastfeeding with HIV are still currently under debate citation needed PMTCT policy challenges editThe practice of breastfeeding for HIV positive mothers is a highly contested and controversial global public health concern Programs for prevention of mother to child transmission PMTCT and other international guidelines offer preventative interventions to address mother to child transmission MTCT of HIV in Third World countries 7 PMTCT programs provide HIV positive women with recommendations and services including antiretroviral therapy ART modifications in infant feeding practices i e exclusive breastfeeding or exclusive replacement feeding and counseling 8 Although prevention of mother to child transmission PMTCT programs have been implemented across different regions their success in resource constrained settings is still widely debated upon 9 In 2008 the majority of sub Saharan Africa as a whole had an estimate of 430 000 HIV infections among children under the age of 15 9 HIV positive women s lack of participation and adherence to PMTCT services and infant feeding guidelines has made the success of these policies difficult despite the knowledge and technology that has been dedicated to them 9 Many women fear knowing their HIV status 9 Generally speaking HIV positive mothers lack support especially from males thus resulting in their stigmatization and exclusion by members of the community 9 It is because of this that most women end up losing contact with development programs which end soon after the mother delivers 9 The discontinuation of these programs makes a knowledge and understanding of different feeding options difficult for these mothers because these programs are not there to present them with the necessary information 9 Cross cultural experiences editAccess to available resources for the prevention of MTCT of HIV varies across different cultural regions MTCT of HIV has been virtually eliminated in well resourced settings such as the United States and Europe 9 Available medical and therapeutic resources in developed countries can include drugs for HIV positive mothers during pregnancy and labour cesarean delivery to reduce the infant s exposure to infection and modifications in infant feeding practices 10 In third world settings medical resources and technology can be very hard to find and can serve as a financial burden to HIV positive mothers HIV infected mothers refer to counselors for expert knowledge and recommendations on infant feeding and health 11 Treatment amenities in resource constrained settings are also available to HIV positive mothers in the form of antiretroviral therapy ART which is one resource that has contributed to the elimination of MTCT of HIV in first world countries 10 In order to have access to resources HIV positive mothers must be able maintain follow up appointments regularly however this is problematic in resource limited settings due to weak infrastructure in health care systems in countries such as India Tanzania and Nigeria 10 This can also serve as a dilemma for HIV positive mothers because although limited resources are available to them financial constraint can prevent women from accessing available treatments This can influence HIV positive mother s decision to rely solely on breastfeeding as a primary feeding option due to financial instability 12 Anthropological research demonstrates that in contexts where breastfeeding is essential to infant survival such as in resource poor settings PMTCT infant feeding guidelines challenge notions of motherhood and women s decision making power over infant care and colour HIV positive mothers infant feeding experiences 13 In eastern Africa infant mortality is high and breastfeeding is vital for infant survival 14 Here motherhood is defined as the responsibility for ensuring the child s proper growth and health 14 Breastfeeding is also seen as a cultural practice that helps create a social bond between mother and child 15 However there is a disjuncture between PMTCT policy s infant feeding guideline and what is considered to be good mothering behaviour 5 The PMTCT policy promotes replacement feeding because it is believed to prevent the risk of transmission of HIV However adhering to such guidelines are difficult for mothers in resource limited settings who believe that not breastfeeding one s child would be harmful to their health and survival as well as threaten the development of close bodily and emotional bonds between mother and child 16 As such not breastfeeding for HIV positive women is perceived as failing to be a good mother 14 Thus PMTCT programs impact HIV positive women s agency and decision making in infant care as well as challenge their cultural conceptions of good motherhood citation needed World Health Organization guideline editIn an effort to further refine the United Nations guideline for optimal infant feeding options for HIV infected mothers the World Health Organization WHO held a three day convention in Geneva in 2006 to review new evidence that had been established since they last established a guideline in 2000 Participants included UN agencies representative from nongovernmental organizations researchers infant feeding experts and WHO headquarters departments The convention concluded with the following recommendations If replacement feeding is acceptable feasible affordable and safe HIV infected mothers are recommended to use replacement feeding Otherwise exclusive breastfeeding is recommended At six months if replacement feeding is still not available HIV infected mothers are encouraged to slowly introduce food while continuing breastfeeding Those with HIV infected infants are recommended to continue breastfeeding even after 6 months 17 See also editBreastfeeding and HIV transmission avoidance to prevent malnutrition in South Africa Breastfeeding difficulties Breastfeeding promotion controversies Breastfeeding and HIV HIV AIDS Mother to child Management of HIV AIDS Pregnant women Marian Tompson leader of AnotherLook at Breastfeeding and HIV AIDSReferences edit Health Australian Government Department of Human Immunodeficiency virus HIV www health gov au Retrieved 2017 12 16 Moland K Blystad A 2008 Counting on Mother s Love The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa In Hahn R Inhorn M eds Anthropology and Public Health Bridging Differences in Culture and Society Oxford University Press p 449 a b White E 1999 Breastfeeding and HIV AIDS The Research the Politics the Women s Perspectives McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers p 12 Polin Richard 2014 Fetal and neonatal secrets Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders ISBN 978 0 323 09139 8 a b c Moland K De Paoli M Sellen D Van Esterik P Leshbari S Blystad A 2010 Breastfeeding and HIV Experiences from a Decade of Prevention of Postnatal HIV Transmission in Sub Saharan Africa International Breastfeeding Journal 5 10 4 doi 10 1186 1746 4358 5 10 PMC 2987846 PMID 20977709 Stein Z Kuhn L 2009 Breast feeding A time to craft new policies J Public Health Policy 30 3 300 10 doi 10 1057 jphp 2009 23 PMC 2813715 PMID 19806071 Moland K Blystad A 2008 Counting on Mother s Love The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa In Hahn R Inhorn M eds Anthropology and Public Health Bridging Differences in Culture and Society Oxford University Press p 468 Moland K Blystad A 2008 Counting on Mother s Love The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa In Hahn R Inhorn M eds Anthropology and Public Health Bridging Differences in Culture and Society Oxford University Press p 450 a b c d e f g h Baek C Rutenberg N 2010 Implementing programs for the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission in resource constrained settings Horizons studies 1999 2007 Public Health Rep 125 2 293 304 doi 10 1177 003335491012500220 PMC 2821859 PMID 20297758 a b c Bulhoes AC Goldani HA Oliveira FS Matte US Mazzuca RB Silveira TR 2007 Correlation between lactose absorption and the C T 13910 and G A 22018 mutations of the lactase phlorizin hydrolase LCT gene in adult type hypolactasia Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 40 11 1441 6 doi 10 1590 S0100 879X2007001100004 hdl 10183 21217 PMID 17934640 Hollen C 2011 HIV Positive Women s Responses to Global Policy in Infant Feeding in Canada Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5 4 503 doi 10 1111 j 1548 1387 2011 01182 x PMID 22338292 Krocker L Beckwith A 2011 Safe Infant Feeding in Lesotho in the Eras of HIV AIDS Annals of Anthropological Practice 35 1 59 doi 10 1111 j 2153 9588 2011 01066 x Blystad A Moland K 2011 Technologies of Hope Motherhood HIV and Infant Feeding in Eastern Africa Anthropology amp Medicine 16 2 105 118 doi 10 1080 13648470902940655 hdl 11250 2481714 PMID 27276404 S2CID 25899112 a b c Moland K Blystad A 2008 Counting on Mother s Love The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa In Hahn R Inhorn M eds Anthropology and Public Health Bridging Differences in Culture and Society Oxford University Press Van Esterik P 2002 Contemporary Trends in Infant Feeding Research Annual Review of Anthropology 31 INSERT doi 10 1146 annurev anthro 31 040402 085428 Moland K Blystad A 2008 Counting on Mother s Love The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa In Hahn R Inhorn M eds Anthropology and Public Health Bridging Differences in Culture and Society Oxford University Press p 471 HIV and infant feeding new evidence and programmatic experience PDF WHO Geneva Switzerland October 2006 Retrieved 9 September 2020 External links editBreast Feeding Content Resources WHO reports on Breast Feeding Health risks of not breastfeeding Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine US Department of Health amp Human Services The World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action WABA is a global network of individuals amp organisations concerned with the protection promotion amp support of breastfeeding worldwide Center for Disease Control and Prevention Breastfeeding CDC LactMed a database of the safety of drugs to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed by the U S National Library of Medicine WHO Guidelines on HIV and infant feeding 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Breastfeeding and HIV amp oldid 1193510781, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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