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Brahmagiri archaeological site

July 10, 2023

For other places with the same name, see Brahmagiri.

Brahmagiri is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district of the state of Karnataka, India.[1] Legend has it that this is the site where sage Gautama Maharishi (also spelt Gauthama Maharshi) and his wife Ahalya lived. He was one among seven noted Hindu saints (Saptharshi mandalam). This site was first explored by Benjamin L. Rice in 1891, who discovered rock edicts of Emperor Ashoka here. These rock edicts indicated that the locality was termed as Isila and denoted the southernmost extent of the Mauryan empire.[1][2] The Brahmagiri site is a granite outcrop elevated about 180 m. above the surrounding plains and measures around 500 m east-west and 100 m north-south.[3] It is well known for the large number of megalithic monuments that have been found here.[4] The earliest settlement found here has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BC.[5]

Excavation history

In 1947, Mortimer Wheeler further excavated the site on behalf of the Archaeological Survey of India.[2] The region was excavated again in 1956 by Seshadri and by Amalananda Ghosh in 1965 and 1978.[2]

Architectural significance

Excavation has revealed medieval stone temples, pottery, terracota beads and figurines, semiprecious stones and megalithic structures.[2] There have been traces of cultures: Microlithic, Neolithic, Iron Age, Maurya and Chalukya-Hoysala. Amlanandan Ghosh named the microlithic culture as Roppa culture after the Roppa village within which the microlithic trench was located.[2] He also found out that the neoliths found in this region were evidence of the occupation of this region by farming-herding communities in the pre-megalithic period.[4]

In 1947, Mortimer Wheeler did further excavations at Brahmagiri, found ten domestic structures and classified them as belonging to a sequence of three cultural periods: Period I - Neolithic or Neolithic-Chalcolithic, Period II - Megalithic and Period III - an early historical culture.[1][6] Brahmagiri was identified to contain a mortuary of 300 tombs with burials made in rectangular cists, cist-circles (stones surrounding granite cists) and pit-circles. The cists also included artefacts like vessels with graffiti, stone beads and iron and copper tools.[6]

Period I (Neolithic)

Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 1st millennium B.C. to 2nd century B.C. The objects found in this period included a large number of polished stone axes made of dolerite, microliths like crescents, gravers and blades made of jasper, agate carnelian and opal, and ornaments worn by humans like bronze rings and beads of magnesite, agate and shell.[2] Handmade vessels made of coarse grey fabric and with shapes like globular vase, shallow bowl and spouted bowl were also found. The infants who died in this period, had their body folded and were buried in urns while the adults were buried in pits in an extended way.[2]

Period II (Megalithic)

Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B.C. to the middle of 1st century A. D. It was found that the humans who inhabited Brahmagiri during this period used iron for agricultural tools like sickles and for weapons like spears, swords and arrowheads.[2] Pottery of this period were made in shapes like hemi-spherical deep bowl, funnel shaped lid, shallow dish and three-legged pots among others. The vessels appear in three kinds of fabrics: polished black and red ware, all-black ware, and bright and coarse dull-red ware.[2] The burials in this period were done in stone cists or excavated pits which were surrounded by boulders arranged in the shape of a circle or concentric circles. The cists also contained funeral pots and objects like iron implements and beads.[2]

Period III

Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B.C. to the middle of 1st century A. D. In this period, sophisticated pottery was made using fast wheels. The vessels were made in shapes like shallow dish, cups and vases, coated in a russet colour and painted with geometrical designs in white colour. Ornaments found included bangles of shell, clay, bones, glass and gold, and beads of magnesite, agate, carnelian and terracotta.[citation needed]

Recent archaeological studies in Brahmagiri identified multiple natural rock shelter inhabited by the humans and left with rock art panels assigned to the period of Iron Age. [7] New archaeological features such as cupules are also discovered on megaliths and granite boulders.[8]

Other megalithic sites in Karnataka

Notes

  1. ^ a b c . Archaeological survey of India. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p82
  3. ^ Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Human Relations Area Files Inc. (2001), p367
  4. ^ a b Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (2000), p267
  5. ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer (2000), p78
  6. ^ a b Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson (1999), p122
  7. ^ R, Arjun (1 September 2018). "Archaeological Investigations at the Brahmagiri rock shelter: Prospecting for its context in South India late prehistory and early history". Archaeological Research in Asia. 15: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2016.12.003. ISSN 2352-2267.
  8. ^ Arjun, R. (2017). "New approaches towards measuring cupule volume for empirical analysis: an experimental study from Brahmagiri, Southern India". Current Science. 113 (12): 2335–2341. ISSN 0011-3891.

References

  • Ghosh, Amalananda (1990) [1990]. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09262-5.
  • Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. (2000) [2000]. God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11013-6.
  • Peter N. Peregrine; Melvin Ember; Human Relations Area Files Inc. (2001) [2001]. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46262-1.
  • Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000) [2000]. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46158-7.
  • Ian Shaw; Robert Jameson (1999) [1999]. A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23583-3.


14°48′50″N 76°48′23″E / 14.81389°N 76.80639°E / 14.81389; 76.80639

July 10, 2023
brahmagiri, archaeological, site, other, places, with, same, name, brahmagiri, brahmagiri, archaeological, site, located, chitradurga, district, state, karnataka, india, legend, that, this, site, where, sage, gautama, maharishi, also, spelt, gauthama, maharshi. For other places with the same name see Brahmagiri Brahmagiri is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district of the state of Karnataka India 1 Legend has it that this is the site where sage Gautama Maharishi also spelt Gauthama Maharshi and his wife Ahalya lived He was one among seven noted Hindu saints Saptharshi mandalam This site was first explored by Benjamin L Rice in 1891 who discovered rock edicts of Emperor Ashoka here These rock edicts indicated that the locality was termed as Isila and denoted the southernmost extent of the Mauryan empire 1 2 The Brahmagiri site is a granite outcrop elevated about 180 m above the surrounding plains and measures around 500 m east west and 100 m north south 3 It is well known for the large number of megalithic monuments that have been found here 4 The earliest settlement found here has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BC 5 Contents 1 Excavation history 2 Architectural significance 2 1 Period I Neolithic 2 2 Period II Megalithic 2 3 Period III 3 Other megalithic sites in Karnataka 4 Notes 5 ReferencesExcavation history EditIn 1947 Mortimer Wheeler further excavated the site on behalf of the Archaeological Survey of India 2 The region was excavated again in 1956 by Seshadri and by Amalananda Ghosh in 1965 and 1978 2 Architectural significance EditExcavation has revealed medieval stone temples pottery terracota beads and figurines semiprecious stones and megalithic structures 2 There have been traces of cultures Microlithic Neolithic Iron Age Maurya and Chalukya Hoysala Amlanandan Ghosh named the microlithic culture as Roppa culture after the Roppa village within which the microlithic trench was located 2 He also found out that the neoliths found in this region were evidence of the occupation of this region by farming herding communities in the pre megalithic period 4 In 1947 Mortimer Wheeler did further excavations at Brahmagiri found ten domestic structures and classified them as belonging to a sequence of three cultural periods Period I Neolithic or Neolithic Chalcolithic Period II Megalithic and Period III an early historical culture 1 6 Brahmagiri was identified to contain a mortuary of 300 tombs with burials made in rectangular cists cist circles stones surrounding granite cists and pit circles The cists also included artefacts like vessels with graffiti stone beads and iron and copper tools 6 Period I Neolithic Edit Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 1st millennium B C to 2nd century B C The objects found in this period included a large number of polished stone axes made of dolerite microliths like crescents gravers and blades made of jasper agate carnelian and opal and ornaments worn by humans like bronze rings and beads of magnesite agate and shell 2 Handmade vessels made of coarse grey fabric and with shapes like globular vase shallow bowl and spouted bowl were also found The infants who died in this period had their body folded and were buried in urns while the adults were buried in pits in an extended way 2 Period II Megalithic Edit Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B C to the middle of 1st century A D It was found that the humans who inhabited Brahmagiri during this period used iron for agricultural tools like sickles and for weapons like spears swords and arrowheads 2 Pottery of this period were made in shapes like hemi spherical deep bowl funnel shaped lid shallow dish and three legged pots among others The vessels appear in three kinds of fabrics polished black and red ware all black ware and bright and coarse dull red ware 2 The burials in this period were done in stone cists or excavated pits which were surrounded by boulders arranged in the shape of a circle or concentric circles The cists also contained funeral pots and objects like iron implements and beads 2 Period III Edit Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B C to the middle of 1st century A D In this period sophisticated pottery was made using fast wheels The vessels were made in shapes like shallow dish cups and vases coated in a russet colour and painted with geometrical designs in white colour Ornaments found included bangles of shell clay bones glass and gold and beads of magnesite agate carnelian and terracotta citation needed Recent archaeological studies in Brahmagiri identified multiple natural rock shelter inhabited by the humans and left with rock art panels assigned to the period of Iron Age 7 New archaeological features such as cupules are also discovered on megaliths and granite boulders 8 Other megalithic sites in Karnataka EditMorera Thatte Sidlaphadi Sanganakallu Kupgal petroglyphs Hirebenkal Khyad Kupgal petroglyphs Sonda Byse Anegundi South Asian Stone Age Archaeology in India Timeline of Indian history List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites List of archaeological sites by country India List of archaeological sites by continent and age World Heritage Sites by country IndiaNotes Edit a b c Excavations Important Karnataka Archaeological survey of India Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Retrieved 14 March 2008 a b c d e f g h i j Amalananda Ghosh 1990 p82 Peter N Peregrine Melvin Ember Human Relations Area Files Inc 2001 p367 a b Kenneth A R Kennedy 2000 p267 Barbara Ann Kipfer 2000 p78 a b Ian Shaw Robert Jameson 1999 p122 R Arjun 1 September 2018 Archaeological Investigations at the Brahmagiri rock shelter Prospecting for its context in South India late prehistory and early history Archaeological Research in Asia 15 1 12 doi 10 1016 j ara 2016 12 003 ISSN 2352 2267 Arjun R 2017 New approaches towards measuring cupule volume for empirical analysis an experimental study from Brahmagiri Southern India Current Science 113 12 2335 2341 ISSN 0011 3891 References Edit India portalGhosh Amalananda 1990 1990 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology BRILL ISBN 90 04 09262 5 Kennedy Kenneth A R 2000 2000 God Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology of South Asia University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 11013 6 Peter N Peregrine Melvin Ember Human Relations Area Files Inc 2001 2001 Encyclopedia of Prehistory Springer ISBN 0 306 46262 1 Kipfer Barbara Ann 2000 2000 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology Springer ISBN 0 306 46158 7 Ian Shaw Robert Jameson 1999 1999 A Dictionary of Archaeology Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 23583 3 14 48 50 N 76 48 23 E 14 81389 N 76 80639 E 14 81389 76 80639 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brahmagiri archaeological site amp oldid 1104980942, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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