Cyanoboletus pulverulentus, commonly known as the ink stain bolete, is an edibleboletemushroom. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests, particularly on moist soil on slopes and under beech and oak trees. A common species, it is found in northern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Central and northern South America, and eastern North America. All parts of the mushroom will stain dark bluish-black after handling. A recent study has revealed this mushroom hyperaccumulates arsenic and therefore it's consumption should be limited.[2]
Boletus pulverulentus was first described by German mycologist Wilhelm Opatowski in 1836. The specific epithetpulverulentus means "covered with powder" and refers to the somewhat dry powdery surface of the young cap and stalk.[3] The fungus was transferred to the newly created genus Cyanoboletus in 2014, where it is the type species.[4] Based on the 28S rDNA, North American collection of this fungus reported in the Genbank database (accession number KF030313) does not match that from Europe.[2]
Descriptionedit
The cap is convex, flat when old, dark reddish-brown becoming lighter with age, and grows up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter. The flesh is yellow, with a mild taste and immediately turns blackish-blue when handled.[5] The spore print colour is olive brown, and the stalk is long and slender, bright yellow to orange yellow at the top, and reddish-brown at the base.[3] The mushrooms are edible, but not particularly desirable.[6]Spores are smooth, fusoid (fuse shaped) to elliptical, and measure 11–15 by 4–6 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 22–35 by 6–9 µm. The cap cuticle comprises a tissue layer of undifferentiated hyphae measuring 3–7 µm wide.[7]
Similar speciesedit
The eastern North American lookalike Boletus oliveisporus can be distinguished from C. pulverulentus by the pink to reddish colour in the center section of its stipe.[6]
Habitat and distributionedit
An ectomycorrhizal species, Cyanoboletus pulverulentus forms associations with coniferous and deciduous trees, particularly oak. Fruit bodies appear on the ground, usually singly, in woodland. The bolete is widely distributed, having been reported from northern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Central and northern South America, and eastern North America. Reports of appearances in western North American could refer to the similar Cyanoboletus rainsii, which stains greenish-black instead of bluish-black.[6]
^de Bary A. (1836). Vergleichende Morphologie und Biologie der Pilze Mycetozoen und Bacterien (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann. p. 27.
^ abBraeuer S, Goessler W, Kameník J, Konvalinková T, Žigová A, Borovička J (1 March 2018). "Arsenic hyperaccumulation and speciation in the edible ink stain bolete (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus)". Food Chemistry. 242: 225–231. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.038. PMC6118325. PMID 29037683.
^ abMetzler S. (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. University of Texas Press. p. 214. ISBN978-0-292-75125-5.
^Vizzini A. (7 June 2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (176): 1. ISSN 2049-2375.
^Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 222–3. ISBN978-0-8156-3112-5.
^ abcRoberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 336. ISBN978-0-226-72117-0.
^Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 144–5. ISBN978-0-8156-0588-1.
cyanoboletus, pulverulentus, commonly, known, stain, bolete, edible, bolete, mushroom, found, deciduous, mixed, forests, particularly, moist, soil, slopes, under, beech, trees, common, species, found, northern, asia, europe, north, africa, central, northern, s. Cyanoboletus pulverulentus commonly known as the ink stain bolete is an edible bolete mushroom It is found in deciduous and mixed forests particularly on moist soil on slopes and under beech and oak trees A common species it is found in northern Asia Europe North Africa Central and northern South America and eastern North America All parts of the mushroom will stain dark bluish black after handling A recent study has revealed this mushroom hyperaccumulates arsenic and therefore it s consumption should be limited 2 Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Scientific classification Kingdom Fungi Division Basidiomycota Class Agaricomycetes Order Boletales Family Boletaceae Genus Cyanoboletus Species C pulverulentus Binomial name Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Opat Gelardi Vizzini amp Simonini 2014 Synonyms Boletus pulverulentus Opat 1836 1 Xerocomus pulverulentus Opat E J Gilbert 1931 Tubiporus pulverulentus Opat S Imai 1968 Cyanoboletus PulverulentusMycological characteristicsPores on hymeniumCap is convexHymenium is adnateStipe is bareEcology is mycorrhizalEdibility is edible Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2 1 Similar species 3 Habitat and distribution 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy editBoletus pulverulentus was first described by German mycologist Wilhelm Opatowski in 1836 The specific epithet pulverulentus means covered with powder and refers to the somewhat dry powdery surface of the young cap and stalk 3 The fungus was transferred to the newly created genus Cyanoboletus in 2014 where it is the type species 4 Based on the 28S rDNA North American collection of this fungus reported in the Genbank database accession number KF030313 does not match that from Europe 2 Description editThe cap is convex flat when old dark reddish brown becoming lighter with age and grows up to 8 cm 3 1 in in diameter The flesh is yellow with a mild taste and immediately turns blackish blue when handled 5 The spore print colour is olive brown and the stalk is long and slender bright yellow to orange yellow at the top and reddish brown at the base 3 The mushrooms are edible but not particularly desirable 6 Spores are smooth fusoid fuse shaped to elliptical and measure 11 15 by 4 6 µm The basidia spore bearing cells measure 22 35 by 6 9 µm The cap cuticle comprises a tissue layer of undifferentiated hyphae measuring 3 7 µm wide 7 Similar species edit The eastern North American lookalike Boletus oliveisporus can be distinguished from C pulverulentus by the pink to reddish colour in the center section of its stipe 6 Habitat and distribution editAn ectomycorrhizal species Cyanoboletus pulverulentus forms associations with coniferous and deciduous trees particularly oak Fruit bodies appear on the ground usually singly in woodland The bolete is widely distributed having been reported from northern Asia Europe North Africa Central and northern South America and eastern North America Reports of appearances in western North American could refer to the similar Cyanoboletus rainsii which stains greenish black instead of bluish black 6 See also editList of North American boletesReferences edit de Bary A 1836 Vergleichende Morphologie und Biologie der Pilze Mycetozoen und Bacterien in German 2nd ed Leipzig Germany Engelmann p 27 a b Braeuer S Goessler W Kamenik J Konvalinkova T Zigova A Borovicka J 1 March 2018 Arsenic hyperaccumulation and speciation in the edible ink stain bolete Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Food Chemistry 242 225 231 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2017 09 038 PMC 6118325 PMID 29037683 a b Metzler S 1992 Texas Mushrooms A Field Guide University of Texas Press p 214 ISBN 978 0 292 75125 5 Vizzini A 7 June 2014 Nomenclatural novelties PDF Index Fungorum 176 1 ISSN 2049 2375 Bessette AE Roody WC Bessette AR 2007 Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States Syracuse New York Syracuse University Press pp 222 3 ISBN 978 0 8156 3112 5 a b c Roberts P Evans S 2011 The Book of Fungi Chicago University of Chicago Press p 336 ISBN 978 0 226 72117 0 Bessette AE Roody WC Bessette AR 2000 North American Boletes Syracuse Syracuse University Press pp 144 5 ISBN 978 0 8156 0588 1 External links editCyanoboletus pulverulentus in Index Fungorum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cyanoboletus pulverulentus amp oldid 1194754112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
