"Coffee stain" redirects here. For the video game company, see Coffee Stain Studios.
A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Accidental staining may make materials appear used, degraded or permanently unclean. Intentional staining is used in biochemical research and for artistic effect, such as wood staining, rust staining and stained glass.
Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering.[citation needed]
Stained navywaistcoatFrom a copy of "Decorative Patterns of the Ancient world," by Sir Flinders Petrie.[4]
Formationedit
The primary method of stain formation is surface stains, where the staining substance is spilled out onto the surface or material and is trapped in the fibers, pores, indentations, or other capillary structures on the surface.[1] The material that is trapped coats the underlying material, and the stain reflects backlight according to its own color. Applying paint, spilled food, and wood stains are of this nature.[5]
A secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between the material and the staining material. Many types of natural stains fall into this category.[citation needed]
Finally, there can also be molecular attraction between the material and the staining material, involving being held in a covalent bond and showing the color of the bound substance.[6]
Propertiesedit
In many cases, stains are affected by heat and may become reactive enough to bond with the underlying material. Applied heat, such as from ironing, dry cleaning or sunlight, can cause a chemical reaction on an otherwise removable stain, turning it into a chemical.
Removaledit
Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or reduce existing stains. Stain remover is an important type of chemical in laundry detergents and some removers are formulated to be applied directly onto stains. The removal of some stains require other chemicals or special techniques. Use of an inappropriate technique could make permanent an otherwise removable stain or cause unwanted discoloration of the clothing.[7]
^ abBob Flexner (1999). "Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish". Reader's Digest: 121. ISBN978-0-7621-0191-7.
^George Clark, James W. Bartholomew (1981). Staining Procedures Used by the Biological Stain Commission: Published for the Biological Stain Commission. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 32–33. ISBN978-0-683-01707-6.
^"Decorative patterns of the Ancient World : Flinders, Petrie : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
^NACE International (1987). Materials Performance. Vol. 26. National Association of Corrosion Engineers. p. 33.
^Max Alth, Simon Alth (1977). The Stain Removal Handbook. Hawthorn Books. p. 22. ISBN978-0-8015-7071-1.
Stain & Spot Removal Handbook: Consumer guide. by the editors of Consumer Guide. Skokie, Ill: Beekman House, 1981. 9780517316832
Zia, Stephanie. Stain Removal. London: Hamlyn, 2005. Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Sterling Pub. Co., 2005. 9780600611240
Soto, Anne MarieStain Rescue!: The A-Z Guide to Removing Smudges, Spots & Other Spills By good Housekeeping Institute (New York, N.Y.). Published by Sterling Publishing Company, 2007 ISBN
Mendelson, Cheryl Laundry: The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens Simon & Schuster, 2005 ISBN978-0-7432-7145-5
stain, other, uses, disambiguation, coffee, stain, redirects, here, video, game, company, coffee, studios, stain, discoloration, that, clearly, distinguished, from, surface, material, medium, found, upon, they, caused, chemical, physical, interaction, dissimil. For other uses see Stain disambiguation Coffee stain redirects here For the video game company see Coffee Stain Studios A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface material or medium it is found upon They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials Accidental staining may make materials appear used degraded or permanently unclean Intentional staining is used in biochemical research and for artistic effect such as wood staining rust staining and stained glass Coffee stains Contents 1 Types 2 Formation 3 Properties 4 Removal 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksTypes editThere can be intentional stains such as wood stains or paint 1 indicative stains such as food coloring dye or adding a substance to make bacteria visible under a microscope 2 natural stains such as rust on iron or a patina on bronze 3 and accidental stains such as ketchup and synthetic oil on clothing Different types of material can be stained by different substances and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering citation needed nbsp Stained navy waistcoat nbsp From a copy of Decorative Patterns of the Ancient world by Sir Flinders Petrie 4 Formation editThe primary method of stain formation is surface stains where the staining substance is spilled out onto the surface or material and is trapped in the fibers pores indentations or other capillary structures on the surface 1 The material that is trapped coats the underlying material and the stain reflects backlight according to its own color Applying paint spilled food and wood stains are of this nature 5 A secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between the material and the staining material Many types of natural stains fall into this category citation needed Finally there can also be molecular attraction between the material and the staining material involving being held in a covalent bond and showing the color of the bound substance 6 Properties editIn many cases stains are affected by heat and may become reactive enough to bond with the underlying material Applied heat such as from ironing dry cleaning or sunlight can cause a chemical reaction on an otherwise removable stain turning it into a chemical Removal editVarious laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or reduce existing stains Stain remover is an important type of chemical in laundry detergents and some removers are formulated to be applied directly onto stains The removal of some stains require other chemicals or special techniques Use of an inappropriate technique could make permanent an otherwise removable stain or cause unwanted discoloration of the clothing 7 See also editBiodegradation Bleach Dye Foxing Permanent marker Weathering steelReferences edit a b Bob Flexner 1999 Understanding Wood Finishing How to Select and Apply the Right Finish Reader s Digest 121 ISBN 978 0 7621 0191 7 George Clark James W Bartholomew 1981 Staining Procedures Used by the Biological Stain Commission Published for the Biological Stain Commission Williams amp Wilkins pp 32 33 ISBN 978 0 683 01707 6 L William Zahner 1997 Architectural Metals A Guide to Selection Specification and Performance Wiley p 101 ISBN 978 0 471 04506 9 Decorative patterns of the Ancient World Flinders Petrie Free Download Borrow and Streaming Internet Archive Internet Archive 2023 03 25 Retrieved 2024 02 17 NACE International 1987 Materials Performance Vol 26 National Association of Corrosion Engineers p 33 Max Alth Simon Alth 1977 The Stain Removal Handbook Hawthorn Books p 22 ISBN 978 0 8015 7071 1 Solutions for Clothing and Laundry Stain RemovalFurther reading editStain amp Spot Removal Handbook Consumer guide by the editors of Consumer Guide Skokie Ill Beekman House 1981 9780517316832 Zia Stephanie Stain Removal London Hamlyn 2005 Distributed in the U S and Canada by Sterling Pub Co 2005 9780600611240 Soto Anne MarieStain Rescue The A Z Guide to Removing Smudges Spots amp Other Spills By good Housekeeping Institute New York N Y Published by Sterling Publishing Company 2007 ISBN Mendelson Cheryl Laundry The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens Simon amp Schuster 2005 ISBN 978 0 7432 7145 5External links editStain removal guide American Cleaning Institute nbsp The dictionary definition of stain at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to stain at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stain amp oldid 1209711882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
