Blacklisting,[1] or the system of the chorna doshka (Ukrainian: чорна дошка, lit. 'black board') synonymous with a "board of infamy", was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the Soviet Union, and especially Ukraine and the ethnically Ukrainian[citation needed]Kuban region in the 1930s, coinciding with the Holodomor. Blacklisting was also used in Soviet Kazakhstan.[2]
A "black board" published in the newspaper "Under the Flag of Lenin" in January 1933 — a "blacklist" identifying specific kolhozes and their punishment in Bashtanka Raion, Mykolayiv oblast, Ukraine.
A blacklisted collective farm, village, or raion (district) had its monetary loans and grain advances called in, stores closed, grain supplies, livestock, and food confiscated as a "penalty", and was cut off from trade. Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest, and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the OGPU secret police.[1] Although nominally targeting collective farms failing to meet grain quotas and independent farmers with outstanding tax-in-kind, in practice the punishment was applied to all residents of affected villages and raions, including teachers, tradespeople, and children.[1]
The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the November 20 decree "The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms",[1] and supplemented in January 1933 by Stalin's "Preventing the Mass Exodus of Peasants who are Starving," banning travel by peasants from affected regions in Ukraine and the Kuban. The blacklist policy was part of the collectivization process and the fight with kulaks (kurkuls). The "black boards" were installed at entrances to a settlement and identified the residents that were accused of counter-revolutionary activity and who were labelled enemies of the people, allegedly trying to undermine the process of collectivization. The fact of nominating of such settlements was published in the oblast newspapers listing the names of collective farms that resisted collectivization and the Soviet regime.
However some of the archives reflect that "black boards" were used precisely as a repressive element in the fight not only against the collectivization resistance, but also against the nationality factor of the local population. For example, in 1932 the Vinnytsia Oblast Communist Party Committee suggested the local village of Mazurivka to be nominated to "black boards", because there was born one of Symon Petliura's generals Khmara, while the village of Karpivtsi (Chudniv Raion) in Volyn was known as one of the Petliura's. The village of Turbiv (Lypovets Raion), for example, deserved such a penalty for its "high infestation of the Petlyura element and participation in the Plyskiv affair in spring". Each settlement or an administrative unit with black boards was encircled by armed squads and was subjected to complete food requisitioning.
In the end 37 out of 392 districts[3] along with at least 400 collective farms where put on the "black board" in Ukraine, more than half of the blacklisted farms being in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast alone.[4] Every single raion in Dnipropetrovsk had at least one blacklisted village, and in Vinnytsia oblast five entire raions were blacklisted.[1] This oblast is situated right in the middle of traditional lands of the Zaporizhian Cossacks. Cossack villages were also blacklisted in the Volga and Kuban regions of Russia.[1] In 1932, 32 (out of less than 200) districts in Kazakhstan that did not meet grain production quotas were blacklisted.[2] Some blacklisted areas[3] in Kharkiv could have death rates exceeding 40%[5] while in other areas such as Vinnytsia blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality.[5] The only blacklisted district in the Stalino oblast[3] had a mortality rate that was roughly 2 to 3 times higher than most of the oblast with only 2 districts in the oblast having a comparable death rate.[5]
^ abcdefAndriewsky, Olga (2015-01-23). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N.
^ abEnvironment, Empire, and the Great Famine in Stalin's Kazakhstan Niccolò Pianciola
^ abc"Blacklisted Localities (Gallery)". gis.huri.harvard.edu. Retrieved Oct 23, 2022.
^Papakin, Heorhii (2010-11-27). ""Chorni doshky" Holodomoru – ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR (SPYSOK)" ["Black boards" of the Holodomor: An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR (list)]. Istorychna Pravda (in Ukrainian). from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
^ abc"Population Losses (Gallery)". gis.huri.harvard.edu. Retrieved Oct 23, 2022.
Referencesedit
Pyrih, P., ed. (2007). "Postanova Politbiuro TsK KP(b)U pro zakhody z posylennia khlibozahotivelʹ vid 18.11.1932 r." Постанова Політбюро ЦК КП(б)У про заходи з посилення хлібозаготівель від 18.11.1932 р.. Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Dokumenty i materialy Голодомор 1932-1933 років в Україні: Документи і матеріали (in Ukrainian). Kyïv: VD Kyievo-Mohyliansʹka akademiia.
"Arkush 532". Fond 806, Box: opys 1, File: sprava 22. Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine.
Vasylʹiev, V.; Shapoval, Yu., eds. (2001). Komandyry velykoho holodu: Poïzdka V. Molotova ta L. Kahanovycha v Ukraïnu ta na Pivnichnyi Kavkaz. 1932–1933 r. Командири великого голоду: Поїздка В. Молотова та Л. Кагановича в Україну та на Північний Кавказ. 1932-1933 рр. (in Ukrainian). Kyïv: Heneza.
Pyrih, P., ed. (2007). "Postanova TsK KP(b)U ta RNK USRR pro zniattia z "chornoï doshky" s. Kamiani Potoky Kremenchutskoho raionu Kharkivsʹkoï oblasti, 17.10.1933" Постанова ЦК КП(б)У та РНК УСРР про зняття з "чорної дошки" с. Кам'яні Потоки Кременчуцького району Харківської області, 17.10.1933. Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Dokumenty i materialy Голодомор 1932-1933 років в Україні: Документи і матеріали (in Ukrainian). Kyïv: VD Kyievo-Mohyliansʹka akademiia.
Pokydchenko, L. A., ed. (2006). Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv na Sumshchyni Голодомор 1932-1933 років на Сумщині (in Ukrainian). Sumy: Iaroslavna.
Spokuta: Holodomory na Zaporizhzhi (1921–1922, 1932–1933, 1946–1947 rr.): Statti, dokumenty, spohady Спокута: Голодомори на Запоріжжі (1921-1922, 1932-1933, 1946-1947 рр.) / Статті, документи, спогади (in Ukrainian). Zaporizhzhia: Dniprovsʹkyi metalurh. 2008.
Further readingedit
Papakin, Heorhii (2009). ""Blacklists" as a Tool of the Soviet Genocide in Ukraine" (PDF). Holodomor Studies. Vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2009). Translated by Marta D. Olynyk. pp. 55–75. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
External linksedit
Blacklisted Entities in Ukraine, 1932-1933
Serhiy Bilokin. The armed man as the first and main enemy of Bolshevism (in Ukrainian)
(in Ukrainian)
October 28, 2023
blacklisting, soviet, policy, blacklisting, system, chorna, doshka, ukrainian, чорна, дошка, black, board, synonymous, with, board, infamy, elements, agitation, propaganda, soviet, union, especially, ukraine, ethnically, ukrainian, citation, needed, kuban, reg. Blacklisting 1 or the system of the chorna doshka Ukrainian chorna doshka lit black board synonymous with a board of infamy was one of the elements of agitation propaganda in the Soviet Union and especially Ukraine and the ethnically Ukrainian citation needed Kuban region in the 1930s coinciding with the Holodomor Blacklisting was also used in Soviet Kazakhstan 2 A black board published in the newspaper Under the Flag of Lenin in January 1933 a blacklist identifying specific kolhozes and their punishment in Bashtanka Raion Mykolayiv oblast Ukraine A blacklisted collective farm village or raion district had its monetary loans and grain advances called in stores closed grain supplies livestock and food confiscated as a penalty and was cut off from trade Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the OGPU secret police 1 Although nominally targeting collective farms failing to meet grain quotas and independent farmers with outstanding tax in kind in practice the punishment was applied to all residents of affected villages and raions including teachers tradespeople and children 1 The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the November 20 decree The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms 1 and supplemented in January 1933 by Stalin s Preventing the Mass Exodus of Peasants who are Starving banning travel by peasants from affected regions in Ukraine and the Kuban The blacklist policy was part of the collectivization process and the fight with kulaks kurkuls The black boards were installed at entrances to a settlement and identified the residents that were accused of counter revolutionary activity and who were labelled enemies of the people allegedly trying to undermine the process of collectivization The fact of nominating of such settlements was published in the oblast newspapers listing the names of collective farms that resisted collectivization and the Soviet regime However some of the archives reflect that black boards were used precisely as a repressive element in the fight not only against the collectivization resistance but also against the nationality factor of the local population For example in 1932 the Vinnytsia Oblast Communist Party Committee suggested the local village of Mazurivka to be nominated to black boards because there was born one of Symon Petliura s generals Khmara while the village of Karpivtsi Chudniv Raion in Volyn was known as one of the Petliura s The village of Turbiv Lypovets Raion for example deserved such a penalty for its high infestation of the Petlyura element and participation in the Plyskiv affair in spring Each settlement or an administrative unit with black boards was encircled by armed squads and was subjected to complete food requisitioning In the end 37 out of 392 districts 3 along with at least 400 collective farms where put on the black board in Ukraine more than half of the blacklisted farms being in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast alone 4 Every single raion in Dnipropetrovsk had at least one blacklisted village and in Vinnytsia oblast five entire raions were blacklisted 1 This oblast is situated right in the middle of traditional lands of the Zaporizhian Cossacks Cossack villages were also blacklisted in the Volga and Kuban regions of Russia 1 In 1932 32 out of less than 200 districts in Kazakhstan that did not meet grain production quotas were blacklisted 2 Some blacklisted areas 3 in Kharkiv could have death rates exceeding 40 5 while in other areas such as Vinnytsia blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality 5 The only blacklisted district in the Stalino oblast 3 had a mortality rate that was roughly 2 to 3 times higher than most of the oblast with only 2 districts in the oblast having a comparable death rate 5 Contents 1 Notes 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksNotes edit a b c d e f Andriewsky Olga 2015 01 23 Towards a Decentred History The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography East West Journal of Ukrainian Studies 2 1 18 52 doi 10 21226 T2301N a b Environment Empire and the Great Famine in Stalin s Kazakhstan Niccolo Pianciola a b c Blacklisted Localities Gallery gis huri harvard edu Retrieved Oct 23 2022 Papakin Heorhii 2010 11 27 Chorni doshky Holodomoru ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR SPYSOK Black boards of the Holodomor An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR list Istorychna Pravda in Ukrainian Archived from the original on 2019 01 03 Retrieved 2021 01 25 a b c Population Losses Gallery gis huri harvard edu Retrieved Oct 23 2022 References editPyrih P ed 2007 Postanova Politbiuro TsK KP b U pro zakhody z posylennia khlibozahotivelʹ vid 18 11 1932 r Postanova Politbyuro CK KP b U pro zahodi z posilennya hlibozagotivel vid 18 11 1932 r Holodomor 1932 1933 rokiv v Ukraini Dokumenty i materialy Golodomor 1932 1933 rokiv v Ukrayini Dokumenti i materiali in Ukrainian Kyiv VD Kyievo Mohyliansʹka akademiia Arkush 532 Fond 806 Box opys 1 File sprava 22 Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine Vasylʹiev V Shapoval Yu eds 2001 Komandyry velykoho holodu Poizdka V Molotova ta L Kahanovycha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnyi Kavkaz 1932 1933 r Komandiri velikogo golodu Poyizdka V Molotova ta L Kaganovicha v Ukrayinu ta na Pivnichnij Kavkaz 1932 1933 rr in Ukrainian Kyiv Heneza Pyrih P ed 2007 Postanova TsK KP b U ta RNK USRR pro zniattia z chornoi doshky s Kamiani Potoky Kremenchutskoho raionu Kharkivsʹkoi oblasti 17 10 1933 Postanova CK KP b U ta RNK USRR pro znyattya z chornoyi doshki s Kam yani Potoki Kremenchuckogo rajonu Harkivskoyi oblasti 17 10 1933 Holodomor 1932 1933 rokiv v Ukraini Dokumenty i materialy Golodomor 1932 1933 rokiv v Ukrayini Dokumenti i materiali in Ukrainian Kyiv VD Kyievo Mohyliansʹka akademiia Pokydchenko L A ed 2006 Holodomor 1932 1933 rokiv na Sumshchyni Golodomor 1932 1933 rokiv na Sumshini in Ukrainian Sumy Iaroslavna Spokuta Holodomory na Zaporizhzhi 1921 1922 1932 1933 1946 1947 rr Statti dokumenty spohady Spokuta Golodomori na Zaporizhzhi 1921 1922 1932 1933 1946 1947 rr Statti dokumenti spogadi in Ukrainian Zaporizhzhia Dniprovsʹkyi metalurh 2008 Further reading editPapakin Heorhii 2009 Blacklists as a Tool of the Soviet Genocide in Ukraine PDF Holodomor Studies Vol 1 no 1 Winter Spring 2009 Translated by Marta D Olynyk pp 55 75 Retrieved 2021 01 25 External links editBlacklisted Entities in Ukraine 1932 1933 Serhiy Bilokin The armed man as the first and main enemy of Bolshevism in Ukrainian Ukrainian Institute of National Memory in Ukrainian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blacklisting Soviet policy amp oldid 1177510493, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
