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Perinatal asphyxia

January 01, 1970

"Neonatal asphyxia" redirects here. For the more general term covering inadequate oxygen supply to the fetus, see intrauterine hypoxia.

Perinatal asphyxia (also known as neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia) is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. It remains a serious condition which causes significant mortality and morbidity. It is also the inability to establish and sustain adequate or spontaneous respiration upon delivery of the newborn, an emergency condition that requires adequate and quick resuscitation measures. Perinatal asphyxia is also an oxygen deficit from the 28th week of gestation to the first seven days following delivery. It is also an insult to the fetus or newborn due to lack of oxygen or lack of perfusion to various organs and may be associated with a lack of ventilation. In accordance with WHO, perinatal asphyxia is characterised by: profound metabolic acidosis, with a pH less than 7.20 on umbilical cord arterial blood sample, persistence of an Apgar score of 3 at the 5th minute, clinical neurologic sequelae in the immediate neonatal period, or evidence of multiorgan system dysfunction in the immediate neonatal period. Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs (heart, lungs, liver, gut, kidneys), but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. In more pronounced cases, an infant will survive, but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental, such as developmental delay or intellectual disability, or physical, such as spasticity.

Perinatal asphyxia
Other namesNeonatal asphyxia
SpecialtyPediatrics, obstetrics 

It results most commonly from antepartum causes like a drop in maternal blood pressure or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant's brain during delivery. This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation. Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term, and more for those that are born prematurely.[1] WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia, representing 38% of deaths of children under 5 years of age.[2]

Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraventricular hemorrhage, especially in preterm births. An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color (cyanosis), perfusion, responsiveness, muscle tone, and respiratory effort, as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score. Extreme degrees of asphyxia can cause cardiac arrest and death. If resuscitation is successful, the infant is usually transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit.

There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air.[3] It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals, which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia.[4] Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.[5][6]

There is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth asphyxia due to medicolegal reasons.[7][8] Because of its lack of precision, the term is eschewed in modern obstetrics.[9]

Cause edit

Basically, understanding of the etiology of perinatal asphyxia provides the platform on which to build on its pathophysiology. The general principles guiding the causes and the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia are grouped into antepartum causes and intra partum causes. As these are the various points to which insults can occur to the foetus. [citation needed]

  • Antepartum causes
  • Intra partum causes
    • Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess oxytocin
    • Prolonged delivery
    • Knotting of umbilical cord around the neck of infant

Risk factors edit

  • Elderly or young mothers
  • Prolonged rupture of membranes
  • Meconium-stained fluid
  • Multiple births
  • Lack of antenatal care
  • Low birth weight infants
  • Malpresentation
  • Augmentation of labour with oxytocin
  • Antepartum hemorrhage
  • Severe eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
  • Antepartum and intrapartum anemia[10]

Treatment edit

  • A= Establish open airway: Suctioning, if necessary endotracheal intubation
  • B= Breathing: Through tactile stimulation, PPV, bag and mask, or through endotracheal tube
  • C= Circulation: Through chest compressions and medications if needed
  • D= Drugs: Adrenaline .01 of .1 solution
  • Hypothermia treatment to reduce the extent of brain injury
  • Epinephrine 1:10000 (0.1-0.3ml/kg) IV
  • Saline solution for hypovolemia

Epidemiology edit

 
Disability-adjusted life year for birth asphyxia and birth trauma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002

A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns.[11]

In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death.[12]

Medicolegal aspects edit

There is current controversy regarding the medicolegal definitions and impacts of birth asphyxia. Plaintiff's attorneys often take the position that birth asphyxia is often preventable, and is often due to substandard care and human error.[13] They have utilized some studies in their favor that have demonstrated that, "... although other potential causes exist, asphyxia and hypoxic-ihy affect a substantial number of babies, and they are preventable causes of cerebral palsy."[14][15][16] The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists disputes that conditions such as cerebral palsy are usually attributable to preventable causes, instead associating them with circumstances arising prior to birth and delivery.[17]

References edit

  1. ^ Truwit, C. L.; Barkovich, A. J. (November 1990). "Brain damage from perinatal asphyxia: correlation of MR findings with gestational age". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 11 (6): 1087–1096. PMC 8332119. PMID 2124034. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  2. ^ Aslam, Hafiz Muhammad; Saleem, Shafaq; Afzal, Rafia; Iqbal, Umair; Saleem, Sehrish Muhammad; Shaikh, Muhammad Waqas Abid; Shahid, Nazish (2014-12-20). "Risk factors of birth asphyxia". Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 40: 94. doi:10.1186/s13052-014-0094-2. ISSN 1824-7288. PMC 4300075. PMID 25526846.
  3. ^ Davis, PG; Tan, A; O'Donnell, CPF; Schulze, A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. 364 (9442): 1329–1333. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4. PMID 15474135. S2CID 24825982.
  4. ^ Kutzsche, S; Ilves, P; Kirkeby, OJ; Saugstad, OD (2001). "Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets". Pediatric Research. 49 (6): 834–842. doi:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020. PMID 11385146.
  5. ^ ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
  6. ^ Norwegian paediatrician honoured by University of Athens, Norway.gr
  7. ^ Blumenthal, I (2001). "Cerebral palsy—medicolegal aspects". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94 (12): 624–7. doi:10.1177/014107680109401205. PMC 1282294. PMID 11733588.
  8. ^ Dhar, KK; Ray, SN; Dhall, GI (1995). "Significance of nuchal cord". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 93 (12): 451–3. PMID 8773129.
  9. ^ ACOG. . Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[dead link]
  10. ^ Kaye, D. (2003-03-01). "Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for birth asphyxia among emergency obstetric referrals in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda". East African Medical Journal. 80 (3): 140–143. doi:10.4314/eamj.v80i3.8683. ISSN 0012-835X. PMID 12762429.
  11. ^ Spector J, Daga S. . WHO. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  12. ^ National Center for Health Statistics
  13. ^ Andreasen, Stine (2014). "Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 93 (2): 152–158. doi:10.1111/aogs.12276. PMID 24237480.
  14. ^ (PDF). Colorado Bar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  15. ^ Cohen, Frances M. (2003). "Origin and Timing of Brain Lesions in Term Infants with Neonatal Encephalopathy". The Lancet. 361 (9359): 736–42. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12658-X. PMID 12620738. S2CID 31057958.
  16. ^ Becher, J-C; Stenson, Bj; Lyon, Aj (2007-11-01). "Is intrapartum asphyxia preventable?". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 114 (11): 1442–1444. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01487.x. ISSN 1471-0528. PMID 17877776.
  17. ^ Van Eerden, Peter. "Summary of the Publication, "Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy: Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology," by the ACOG Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy". Medscape. Retrieved April 8, 2016.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
perinatal, asphyxia, neonatal, asphyxia, redirects, here, more, general, term, covering, inadequate, oxygen, supply, fetus, intrauterine, hypoxia, also, known, neonatal, asphyxia, birth, asphyxia, medical, condition, resulting, from, deprivation, oxygen, newbo. Neonatal asphyxia redirects here For the more general term covering inadequate oxygen supply to the fetus see intrauterine hypoxia Perinatal asphyxia also known as neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm usually to the brain It remains a serious condition which causes significant mortality and morbidity It is also the inability to establish and sustain adequate or spontaneous respiration upon delivery of the newborn an emergency condition that requires adequate and quick resuscitation measures Perinatal asphyxia is also an oxygen deficit from the 28th week of gestation to the first seven days following delivery It is also an insult to the fetus or newborn due to lack of oxygen or lack of perfusion to various organs and may be associated with a lack of ventilation In accordance with WHO perinatal asphyxia is characterised by profound metabolic acidosis with a pH less than 7 20 on umbilical cord arterial blood sample persistence of an Apgar score of 3 at the 5th minute clinical neurologic sequelae in the immediate neonatal period or evidence of multiorgan system dysfunction in the immediate neonatal period Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant s organs heart lungs liver gut kidneys but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal In more pronounced cases an infant will survive but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental such as developmental delay or intellectual disability or physical such as spasticity Perinatal asphyxiaOther namesNeonatal asphyxiaSpecialtyPediatrics obstetrics It results most commonly from antepartum causes like a drop in maternal blood pressure or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant s brain during delivery This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion impaired respiratory effort or inadequate ventilation Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term and more for those that are born prematurely 1 WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia representing 38 of deaths of children under 5 years of age 2 Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraventricular hemorrhage especially in preterm births An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color cyanosis perfusion responsiveness muscle tone and respiratory effort as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score Extreme degrees of asphyxia can cause cardiac arrest and death If resuscitation is successful the infant is usually transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100 oxygen or normal air 3 It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia 4 Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010 recommending the use of normal air instead of 100 oxygen 5 6 There is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth asphyxia due to medicolegal reasons 7 8 Because of its lack of precision the term is eschewed in modern obstetrics 9 Contents 1 Cause 2 Risk factors 3 Treatment 4 Epidemiology 5 Medicolegal aspects 6 References 7 External linksCause editBasically understanding of the etiology of perinatal asphyxia provides the platform on which to build on its pathophysiology The general principles guiding the causes and the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia are grouped into antepartum causes and intra partum causes As these are the various points to which insults can occur to the foetus citation needed Antepartum causes Inadequate oxygenation of maternal blood due to hypoventilation during anesthesia heart diseases pneumonia respiratory failure Low maternal blood pressure due to hypotension e g compression of vena cava and aorta excess anaesthesia Premature separation of placenta Placental insufficiency Intra partum causes Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess oxytocin Prolonged delivery Knotting of umbilical cord around the neck of infantRisk factors editElderly or young mothers Prolonged rupture of membranes Meconium stained fluid Multiple births Lack of antenatal care Low birth weight infants Malpresentation Augmentation of labour with oxytocin Antepartum hemorrhage Severe eclampsia and pre eclampsia Antepartum and intrapartum anemia 10 Treatment editA Establish open airway Suctioning if necessary endotracheal intubation B Breathing Through tactile stimulation PPV bag and mask or through endotracheal tube C Circulation Through chest compressions and medications if needed D Drugs Adrenaline 01 of 1 solution Hypothermia treatment to reduce the extent of brain injury Epinephrine 1 10000 0 1 0 3ml kg IV Saline solution for hypovolemiaEpidemiology edit nbsp Disability adjusted life year for birth asphyxia and birth trauma per 100 000 inhabitants in 2002 A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900 000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia making it a leading cause of death for newborns 11 In the United States intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death 12 Medicolegal aspects editThere is current controversy regarding the medicolegal definitions and impacts of birth asphyxia Plaintiff s attorneys often take the position that birth asphyxia is often preventable and is often due to substandard care and human error 13 They have utilized some studies in their favor that have demonstrated that although other potential causes exist asphyxia and hypoxic ihy affect a substantial number of babies and they are preventable causes of cerebral palsy 14 15 16 The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists disputes that conditions such as cerebral palsy are usually attributable to preventable causes instead associating them with circumstances arising prior to birth and delivery 17 References edit Truwit C L Barkovich A J November 1990 Brain damage from perinatal asphyxia correlation of MR findings with gestational age American Journal of Neuroradiology 11 6 1087 1096 PMC 8332119 PMID 2124034 Retrieved 2008 03 27 Aslam Hafiz Muhammad Saleem Shafaq Afzal Rafia Iqbal Umair Saleem Sehrish Muhammad Shaikh Muhammad Waqas Abid Shahid Nazish 2014 12 20 Risk factors of birth asphyxia Italian Journal of Pediatrics 40 94 doi 10 1186 s13052 014 0094 2 ISSN 1824 7288 PMC 4300075 PMID 25526846 Davis PG Tan A O Donnell CPF Schulze A 2004 Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100 oxygen or air a systematic review and meta analysis The Lancet 364 9442 1329 1333 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 04 17189 4 PMID 15474135 S2CID 24825982 Kutzsche S Ilves P Kirkeby OJ Saugstad OD 2001 Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100 or 21 oxygen in newborn piglets Pediatric Research 49 6 834 842 doi 10 1203 00006450 200106000 00020 PMID 11385146 ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010 Norwegian paediatrician honoured by University of Athens Norway gr Blumenthal I 2001 Cerebral palsy medicolegal aspects Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94 12 624 7 doi 10 1177 014107680109401205 PMC 1282294 PMID 11733588 Dhar KK Ray SN Dhall GI 1995 Significance of nuchal cord Journal of the Indian Medical Association 93 12 451 3 PMID 8773129 ACOG Committee Opinion Number 326 December 2005 Inappropriate Use of the Terms Fetal Distress and Birth Asphyxia Archived from the original on April 7 2020 Retrieved June 9 2010 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help dead link Kaye D 2003 03 01 Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for birth asphyxia among emergency obstetric referrals in Mulago Hospital Kampala Uganda East African Medical Journal 80 3 140 143 doi 10 4314 eamj v80i3 8683 ISSN 0012 835X PMID 12762429 Spector J Daga S Preventing those so called stillbirths WHO Archived from the original on November 30 2009 Retrieved 13 December 2013 National Center for Health Statistics Andreasen Stine 2014 Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 93 2 152 158 doi 10 1111 aogs 12276 PMID 24237480 APFEL Handout Birth Asphyxia amp Cerebral Palsy PDF Colorado Bar Association Archived from the original PDF on April 16 2016 Retrieved April 8 2016 Cohen Frances M 2003 Origin and Timing of Brain Lesions in Term Infants with Neonatal Encephalopathy The Lancet 361 9359 736 42 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 03 12658 X PMID 12620738 S2CID 31057958 Becher J C Stenson Bj Lyon Aj 2007 11 01 Is intrapartum asphyxia preventable BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynaecology 114 11 1442 1444 doi 10 1111 j 1471 0528 2007 01487 x ISSN 1471 0528 PMID 17877776 Van Eerden Peter Summary of the Publication Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology by the ACOG Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy Medscape Retrieved April 8 2016 External links edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Perinatal asphyxia amp oldid 1219018299, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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