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Birkhoff (crater)

Birkhoff is a giant lunar walled plain that is located on the far side of the Moon, in the northern hemisphere. This formation is an ancient impact site that has been heavily eroded, and the surface reshaped by multiple craters in the interior and along the rim. The outer wall is bordered by the craters Carnot to the south, Rowland along the west rim, and Stebbins to the north. Just to the northeast is van't Hoff.

Birkhoff
Clementine mosaic
Coordinates58°42′N 146°06′W / 58.7°N 146.1°W / 58.7; -146.1
Diameter345 km
DepthUnknown
Colongitude156° at sunrise
EponymGeorge Birkhoff
Mosaic of oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 images, facing west
Most of the interior of Birkhoff, facing west, also from Lunar Orbiter 5
thamb

What remains of the perimeter is now a rugged sloping rise along the inner wall, and the rim has been worn down until it is level with the irregular external terrain. The rim is pock-marked by small craters of various dimensions. Within the crater are several craters that are notable in their own right. Along the northwest inner rim is the eroded Birkhoff X, while due south in the southwest floor is Birkhoff Q. The later is joined by a low ridge to the double crater formation of Birkhoff K and L in the eastern half of the crater. In the northern interior are the smaller but relatively young Birkhoff Y and Z. The remainder of the floor is flat in places, with rough sections and many tiny craterlets.

Satellite craters edit

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Birkhoff.

Birkhoff Latitude Longitude Diameter
K 57.8° N 144.3° W 58 km
L 56.6° N 144.8° W 37 km
M 54.7° N 144.8° W 23 km
Q 56.6° N 150.8° W 43 km
R 57.5° N 153.0° W 27 km
X 62.1° N 149.7° W 77 km
Y 59.9° N 146.6° W 25 km
Z 61.3° N 145.3° W 30 km

References edit

  • Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
  • Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  • Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
  • Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
  • McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  • Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
  • Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
  • Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
  • Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
  • Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
  • Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
  • Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

birkhoff, crater, this, article, includes, list, references, related, reading, external, links, sources, remain, unclear, because, lacks, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, july, 2011, learn, when, r. This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Birkhoff is a giant lunar walled plain that is located on the far side of the Moon in the northern hemisphere This formation is an ancient impact site that has been heavily eroded and the surface reshaped by multiple craters in the interior and along the rim The outer wall is bordered by the craters Carnot to the south Rowland along the west rim and Stebbins to the north Just to the northeast is van t Hoff BirkhoffClementine mosaicCoordinates58 42 N 146 06 W 58 7 N 146 1 W 58 7 146 1Diameter345 kmDepthUnknownColongitude156 at sunriseEponymGeorge BirkhoffMosaic of oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 images facing westMost of the interior of Birkhoff facing west also from Lunar Orbiter 5thambWhat remains of the perimeter is now a rugged sloping rise along the inner wall and the rim has been worn down until it is level with the irregular external terrain The rim is pock marked by small craters of various dimensions Within the crater are several craters that are notable in their own right Along the northwest inner rim is the eroded Birkhoff X while due south in the southwest floor is Birkhoff Q The later is joined by a low ridge to the double crater formation of Birkhoff K and L in the eastern half of the crater In the northern interior are the smaller but relatively young Birkhoff Y and Z The remainder of the floor is flat in places with rough sections and many tiny craterlets Satellite craters editBy convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Birkhoff Birkhoff Latitude Longitude DiameterK 57 8 N 144 3 W 58 kmL 56 6 N 144 8 W 37 kmM 54 7 N 144 8 W 23 kmQ 56 6 N 150 8 W 43 kmR 57 5 N 153 0 W 27 kmX 62 1 N 149 7 W 77 kmY 59 9 N 146 6 W 25 kmZ 61 3 N 145 3 W 30 kmReferences editAndersson L E Whitaker E A 1982 NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature NASA RP 1097 Blue Jennifer July 25 2007 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Retrieved 2007 08 05 Bussey B Spudis P 2004 The Clementine Atlas of the Moon New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 81528 4 Cocks Elijah E Cocks Josiah C 1995 Who s Who on the Moon A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature Tudor Publishers ISBN 978 0 936389 27 1 McDowell Jonathan July 15 2007 Lunar Nomenclature Jonathan s Space Report Retrieved 2007 10 24 Menzel D H Minnaert M Levin B Dollfus A Bell B 1971 Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU Space Science Reviews 12 2 136 186 Bibcode 1971SSRv 12 136M doi 10 1007 BF00171763 S2CID 122125855 Moore Patrick 2001 On the Moon Sterling Publishing Co ISBN 978 0 304 35469 6 Price Fred W 1988 The Moon Observer s Handbook Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 33500 3 Rukl Antonin 1990 Atlas of the Moon Kalmbach Books ISBN 978 0 913135 17 4 Webb Rev T W 1962 Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes 6th revised ed Dover ISBN 978 0 486 20917 3 Whitaker Ewen A 1999 Mapping and Naming the Moon Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 62248 6 Wlasuk Peter T 2000 Observing the Moon Springer ISBN 978 1 85233 193 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Birkhoff crater amp oldid 1199117753, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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