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Bernay Abbey (abbaye Notre-Dame de Bernay) was a Benedictine abbey in Bernay, Eure, France. The designers of its abbey church were ahead of their time, making it one of the first examples of Romanesque architecture in Normandy.[1] It shows the early evolution of that style, its decorative elements and its building techniques.[2]
Nave of the abbey church
Founded in the 11th century by Judith of Brittany, daughter of Conan I of Rennes and wife of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, the abbey church was listed as a historic monument in 1862, the other abbey buildings in 1965 and the archaeological remains on the site in 1999.[3]
History
When Judith married Richard II of Normany, she received a dowry of her father's lands in Cotentin, Cinglais and Lieuvin. Bernay or 'Bernayum'[4] was the centre of these lands, comprising 13 'charruées' (around 800 acres) of land, 18 mills and 21 churches.[5] Judith decided to devote Bernay to the foundation of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[6]
Construction began in 1010, but Judith died in 1017 before work was completed.[7] In 1025 Richard II had a charter witnessed by the young princes Richard and Robert (the future Richard III and Robert I), the bishops of the province and most of the nobility of Normandy - it granted the abbey a vast estate stretching from Giverville to Courtonne and from Cernières to Beaumont. He also made the new monastery a satellite of Fécamp Abbey, resumed construction and put the Italian architect Guillaume de Volpiano in charge of the building work.[4] The abbot had been a monk at Cluny Abbey and a longtime abbot of Dijon Abbey and was renowned for his work towards the completion of the abbeys at Fécamp, Jumièges and Troarn. After his trip back to Italy around 995, he studied the plans for Dijon Abbey and amended them in collaboration with Upper Italian workers and master masons who were going to work in Burgundy and Normandy. He died in 1031.[5]
For a long while the abbey remained a satellite of Fécamp, without its own abbot and dependent on "guardians" sent from the mother house. The first of these was Thierry, probably also abbot of the abbeys at Jumièges and Mont-Saint-Michel, who died on 17 May 1027. The next was Raoul de Vieilles, also abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, who gave half the burgh of Bernay to Robert I of Montgommery, son of Roger de Montgomery, seigneur of Montgomery and favourite of Duke Robert I - the abbey never got these lands back. He also gave his uncle Onfroy de Vieilles important lands in Saint-Évroult and Beaumont-le-Roger previously owned by Bernay Abbey.
The abbey archives are lost and so the next period of the abbey's history is unclear. The monks certainly profited from their town's prosperity after it became a textile and financial centre in the 12th century. In 1249 a major fire destroyed part of the monastery, reducing it from 35 to 15 monks.[1] In the 15th century the abbey church's north nave aisle and apse were rebuilt in the Gothic style.[4] In 1563, Gaspard II de Coligny sacked the abbey and looted its treasures and archives and it was further damaged by the rural Gauthier uprising in 1589. It was then left almost deserted until 1618, when the cloister was rebuilt.[1] From 1628 it was taken on by the Mauristes, who began major building works in 1686. The refectory dates to 1694.[1] The works also demolished the church's two westernmost bays and two eastern apse chapels.[4] A new classical façade replaced the church's original one[7] and most of the capitals in the nave were plastered in stucco. The central tower was also heavily reworked.
Only nine monks were left in the abbey by 1790, when it was suppressed. It was then re-used as a town hall, tribunal, prison and then as a Sous-Préfecture. The north transept disappeared in 1810 and four years later the abbey church became a wheat market before being subdivided between several different users. The apse was demolished in 1827 and the central tower was also razed at an unknown date. The abbey church was in a very bad state by 1963, when a restoration commenced by the town of Bernay and France's national 'Monuments historiques'. A very fine 12th century arch (probably from the chapter house) was uncovered and in 1965 the capitals of the south transept were rediscovered.[1] Another restoration occurred in 1978, revealing the building's importance to the study of 11th century architecture.[1]
Abbey church
Built at a time when the duchy had not yet really discovered in its way, the Bernay Abbey represents an almost isolated attempt, prepared by a single surviving precedent, the Saint-Pierre church of the Jumièges Abbey, as a little bit premature work of talented minds and evidence of innovative traits decisive for Norman architecture: the adoption of the stepped bedside, composite stacks and the passageway at the upper level of the transept arm is. Most of the solutions of the architectural or decorative details appear without obvious ancestry and without obvious posterity, perhaps they were Burgundian imports, which were badly assimilated, but with a local rooting of traditions born at the end of the Merovingian period on the soil of the future Normandy, preserved and deepened under the Carolingians and having managed to survive the ravages of the Vikings.[1]
References
^ abcdefgh(in French) "Bernay" in Lucien Musset, Normandie romane, volume 2, La Haute-Normandie, Éditions Zodiaque, La Pierre qui Vire, 1974, pages 45-57
^(in French)Base Mérimée: PA00099330, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
^ abcd"(in French) Bernay (Eure): Notre-Dame", in Joseph Decaëns, Le paysage monumental de la France autour de l’an mil, Paris, Picard, 1987, 560-562 p. (ISBN2-7084-0337-0)
^ ab(in French) Chanoine Porée, Congrès archéologique de France, session LXXVe, tenue à Caen en 1908, tome: 2, Paris, A. Picard, 1909, « L'église abbatiale de Bernay - Étude archéologique », p. 589-614.
^(in French) Artur du Moustier: Neustria pia, éditeur: J. Berthelin, 1663, page: 398 (sur gallica).
^ ab« Bernay: abbatiale Notre-Dame », in Maylis Baylé, L’architecture normande au Moyen Âge, tome 2 : les étapes de la création, Luneray, Éditions Charles Corlet/Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2e édition 2001 (ISBN 2-84133-134- 2 et 2-85480-950-5), , p. 27-31.
bernay, abbey, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, january, 2018, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, french, article, machine, translation, like, deepl, goog. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French January 2018 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Abbaye Notre Dame de Bernay see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Abbaye Notre Dame de Bernay to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Bernay Abbey abbaye Notre Dame de Bernay was a Benedictine abbey in Bernay Eure France The designers of its abbey church were ahead of their time making it one of the first examples of Romanesque architecture in Normandy 1 It shows the early evolution of that style its decorative elements and its building techniques 2 Nave of the abbey church Founded in the 11th century by Judith of Brittany daughter of Conan I of Rennes and wife of Richard II Duke of Normandy the abbey church was listed as a historic monument in 1862 the other abbey buildings in 1965 and the archaeological remains on the site in 1999 3 History EditWhen Judith married Richard II of Normany she received a dowry of her father s lands in Cotentin Cinglais and Lieuvin Bernay or Bernayum 4 was the centre of these lands comprising 13 charruees around 800 acres of land 18 mills and 21 churches 5 Judith decided to devote Bernay to the foundation of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary 6 Construction began in 1010 but Judith died in 1017 before work was completed 7 In 1025 Richard II had a charter witnessed by the young princes Richard and Robert the future Richard III and Robert I the bishops of the province and most of the nobility of Normandy it granted the abbey a vast estate stretching from Giverville to Courtonne and from Cernieres to Beaumont He also made the new monastery a satellite of Fecamp Abbey resumed construction and put the Italian architect Guillaume de Volpiano in charge of the building work 4 The abbot had been a monk at Cluny Abbey and a longtime abbot of Dijon Abbey and was renowned for his work towards the completion of the abbeys at Fecamp Jumieges and Troarn After his trip back to Italy around 995 he studied the plans for Dijon Abbey and amended them in collaboration with Upper Italian workers and master masons who were going to work in Burgundy and Normandy He died in 1031 5 For a long while the abbey remained a satellite of Fecamp without its own abbot and dependent on guardians sent from the mother house The first of these was Thierry probably also abbot of the abbeys at Jumieges and Mont Saint Michel who died on 17 May 1027 The next was Raoul de Vieilles also abbot of Mont Saint Michel who gave half the burgh of Bernay to Robert I of Montgommery son of Roger de Montgomery seigneur of Montgomery and favourite of Duke Robert I the abbey never got these lands back He also gave his uncle Onfroy de Vieilles important lands in Saint Evroult and Beaumont le Roger previously owned by Bernay Abbey Vitalis of Creuilly became abbot around 1055 He had been a monk at Fecamp and thanks to him Bernay was granted autonomy and full abbey status He was a confidant of John of Fecamp who also gave him the task of Saint Gabriel Brecy Priory around 1058 Vitalis remained at Bernay until he was made abbot of Westminster Abbey in 1076 by William I of England after the Norman conquest of England he died there in 1082 He carried out considerable building works at Bernay and the conquest also brought Bernay three priories in Suffolk and Northamptonshire Vital was replaced by his brother Osbern 1 The abbey in 1687 The Mauristes buildings The abbey in 1785 The abbey archives are lost and so the next period of the abbey s history is unclear The monks certainly profited from their town s prosperity after it became a textile and financial centre in the 12th century In 1249 a major fire destroyed part of the monastery reducing it from 35 to 15 monks 1 In the 15th century the abbey church s north nave aisle and apse were rebuilt in the Gothic style 4 In 1563 Gaspard II de Coligny sacked the abbey and looted its treasures and archives and it was further damaged by the rural Gauthier uprising in 1589 It was then left almost deserted until 1618 when the cloister was rebuilt 1 From 1628 it was taken on by the Mauristes who began major building works in 1686 The refectory dates to 1694 1 The works also demolished the church s two westernmost bays and two eastern apse chapels 4 A new classical facade replaced the church s original one 7 and most of the capitals in the nave were plastered in stucco The central tower was also heavily reworked Only nine monks were left in the abbey by 1790 when it was suppressed It was then re used as a town hall tribunal prison and then as a Sous Prefecture The north transept disappeared in 1810 and four years later the abbey church became a wheat market before being subdivided between several different users The apse was demolished in 1827 and the central tower was also razed at an unknown date The abbey church was in a very bad state by 1963 when a restoration commenced by the town of Bernay and France s national Monuments historiques A very fine 12th century arch probably from the chapter house was uncovered and in 1965 the capitals of the south transept were rediscovered 1 Another restoration occurred in 1978 revealing the building s importance to the study of 11th century architecture 1 Abbey church EditBuilt at a time when the duchy had not yet really discovered in its way the Bernay Abbey represents an almost isolated attempt prepared by a single surviving precedent the Saint Pierre church of the Jumieges Abbey as a little bit premature work of talented minds and evidence of innovative traits decisive for Norman architecture the adoption of the stepped bedside composite stacks and the passageway at the upper level of the transept arm is Most of the solutions of the architectural or decorative details appear without obvious ancestry and without obvious posterity perhaps they were Burgundian imports which were badly assimilated but with a local rooting of traditions born at the end of the Merovingian period on the soil of the future Normandy preserved and deepened under the Carolingians and having managed to survive the ravages of the Vikings 1 References Edit a b c d e f g h in French Bernay in Lucien Musset Normandie romane volume 2 La Haute Normandie Editions Zodiaque La Pierre qui Vire 1974 pages 45 57 in French Marcel Durliat L art roman Paris Lucien Mazenod 1982 ISBN 2 85088 012 4 p 495 in French Base Merimee PA00099330 Ministere francais de la Culture in French a b c d in French Bernay Eure Notre Dame in Joseph Decaens Le paysage monumental de la France autour de l an mil Paris Picard 1987 560 562 p ISBN 2 7084 0337 0 a b in French Chanoine Poree Congres archeologique de France session LXXVe tenue a Caen en 1908 tome 2 Paris A Picard 1909 L eglise abbatiale de Bernay Etude archeologique p 589 614 in French Artur du Moustier Neustria pia editeur J Berthelin 1663 page 398 sur gallica a b Bernay abbatiale Notre Dame in Maylis Bayle L architecture normande au Moyen Age tome 2 les etapes de la creation Luneray Editions Charles Corlet Presses Universitaires de Caen 2e edition 2001 ISBN 2 84133 134 2 et 2 85480 950 5 p 27 31 Coordinates 49 05 21 N 0 35 54 E 49 0893 N 0 5982 E 49 0893 0 5982 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bernay Abbey amp oldid 1010645017, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
