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J. P. Bemberg

May 08, 2024

J. P. Bemberg was a German rayon manufacturer that produced an unusually fine artificial fiber which became known as Bemberg®. J. P. Bemberg came under the control of Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken and eventually disappeared after a series of mergers and divestitures, but Bemberg™ rayon was still being produced in 2015 by Asahi in Japan,

J. P. Bemberg
J.P. Bemberg AG in Wuppertal
Company typeManufacturer
IndustryArtificial fiber
Founded1792
FoundersJohann Peter Bemberg
Defunct1971
SuccessorVereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken 
Headquarters
Germany

Early years (1792–1897) edit

 
The founder, Johann Peter Bemberg (1758–1838)

Johann Heinrich Bemberg had a wine trading business in Elberfeld towards the end of the 18th century. When he died in 1790 his brother Johann Peter Bemberg (1758–1838) took over the business. In 1792 J. P. Bemberg changed the business to selling Indigo, a red dye, oil, cotton, linen and wool. He married Maria Theresia Scheibler (1774–1843) and they had a son, Julius August Bemberg, and two daughters.[1] The business thrived, and in 1813 Bemberg took his son-in-law Friedrich Platzhoff into the company as a partner. Julius August Bemberg inherited the business when his father died in 1843, but he also died in 1847 and Friedrich Platzhoff continued to run the business on his own.[1]

In 1865 Friedrich Platzhoff founded a new factory in Öhde, a district of Langerfeld. As the business continued to expand new factories were acquired in Barmen, Krefeld and Augsburg.[2] For almost a century the company was known for its "Turkish Red" yarns. It was one of the first companies to engage in mercerisation of cotton yarns and fabrics, and for a long time was a leader in this field.[3]

Growth in rayon production (1897–1945) edit

J. P. Bemberg began to produce artificial textile fiber commercially using the cuprammonium process in 1897.[4] The company went public as J. P. Bemberg AG in 1903.[2] In 1901 Dr Edmund Thiele developed a stretch-spinning system for J. P. Bemberg, which began to produce fine-filament artificial silk under the Bemberg® trademark in 1908.[5] With this process J. P. Bemberg was able to make rayon using the cuprammonium process with filaments of 1–1.5 denier, comparable to Chardonnet silk and physically superior.[6][a] The process did not have the flammability problems of Hilaire de Chardonnet's process, but could not compete with the viscose process except where very fine filament was needed. Costs were higher than with viscose rayon due to the need to use copper salts and cotton for the cellulose.[5]

Bemberg founded a factory using Thiele's process at Ölde, near Barmen (now part of Wuppertal).[9] Around 1911 Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) began to invest in J. P. Bemberg, and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable.[10] In 1916 VGF and Bemberg agreed to exchange technology, and from that time VGF concentrated on viscose production and left cuprammonium to Bemberg.[9] Full-scale production only began after this.[11] Bemberg's production of rayon rose from 440 tonnes in 1922 to 3,468 tonnes in 1935.[12]

 
Plaque on the Bemberg factory in Wuppertal. The picture is from 1928

VGF steadily increased its holdings in Bemberg and gained full control in 1925.[10] In 1925 IG Farben acquired a stake in VGF and Bemberg.[13] In 1927 Bemberg had about 4,000 employees.[2] The joint venture with IG Farben lasted until the latter closed its Hölken rayon plant in 1929.[14] In March 1928 Bemberg agreed to build a rayon factory in Siegburg, and the factory opened in the autumn of 1929. However, the global economic crisis forced closure before production had ramped up, and in the end the plant remained unused.[3] In 1929 a new German-Dutch company was created, Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), through an exchange of shares.[15] The Dutch firm Nederlandsche Kunstzidje (Enka), VGF and Bemberg remained distinct legal entities owned by AKU as a holding company.[16]

During World War II Bemberg concentrated on making parachute silk.[2] 4,400 employees made up to 40 tons of silk per day.[citation needed] The first Polish workers came to Wuppertal to work at the Bemberg factory early in 1940.[17] 70% of the production facilities were destroyed in an air raid on 13 March 1945.[2]

Post-World War II (1945–71) edit

 
Bemberg facility in Wuppertal in 2009

In 1946 the company resumed operations with about 300 employees.[2] VGF acquired 35% of J.P. Bemberg's capital in 1948.[11] In 1955 VGF strengthened its control of Bemberg through an agreement by which it was given control of the Bemberg shares owned by its parent company Algemene Kunstzijde Unie of the Netherlands, giving it 56% of Bemberg's shares. Engineer Funcke, chairman of the Board of Bemberg, noted that efforts to repair war damage and expand production had led Bemberg into fierce competition with its major shareholder. Bemberg was suffering from unstoppable competition from nylon and perlon.[18]

From 1962 production of perlon flourished, and in 1963 there were 3,083 employees. Ownership was VGF 80.8%, AKU 8.7% and others 10.5%. There were about 3,800 employees in 1969.[citation needed] In 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch company Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO), a manufacturer of coatings, drugs and detergents, to form a new company named Akzo.[19] In 1971 Bemberg agreed to merge with Glanzstoff AG to form Enka Glanzstoff AG.[20]

Designer edit

From 1936 till 1938 Heinz Trökes was employed as designer at Bemberg.[21]

American Bemberg edit

The Bemberg technology was licensed to the American Bemberg Corp, founded in Elizabethton, Tennessee in 1925.[11] American Bemberg began manufacturing cuprammonium rayon at Elizabethton in October 1926.[22] There were several small strikes at the plant from 1927 to 1929.[22][23] In August 1928 the VGF subsidiary American Glanzstoff opened a viscose plant in Elizabethton. The two plants had more than 3,000 workers by the end of 1928. Both suffered from labor problems throughout the 1930s, but production grew steadily.[22] In 1933 the American Bemberg Corp. staged a fashion show in which the models wore fabrics woven from Bemberg yarns, or from these yarns combined with silk or other types of rayon.[24]

American Bemberg increased production during World War II, and made parachute cloth. Early in 1942 the Office of Alien Property (OAP) took control of the Elizabethton plants, but did not seize the assets due to the Dutch ownership of the AKU holding company.[22] In 1947 AKU transferred all rights in both plants to the OAP, and in December 1948 they were sold to Beaunit Mills of New York.[22] Demand for rayon dropped after the war. In the 1950s the Bemberg facility began to manufacture polyester.[25] The Bemberg plant was in serious financial trouble by the early 1970s, and could not comply with demands to reduce toxic waste emissions from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The plant was sold and resold, and finally filed for bankruptcy on 16 February 1974.[22]

Other licensed manufacturers edit

The technology developed by Thiele for Bemberg was used in Italy by Bemberg SpA of Gozzano in 1924 and in France by Le Cupro textile of Rennes.[11] Manufacturing of cuprammonium yarn began at British Bemberg in Doncaster, UK, in 1926. The firm was sequestrated by the British government in 1939.[26] In 1928 the technology was licensed to Asahi Bemberg of Nobeoka, Japan.[11] Asahi Kasei started operations at the newly built Bemberg factory in Nobeoka in 1931, and made its first shipment on 27 June 1931.[4] By 1970 a total of four plants were producing rayon with the cuprammonium process. J.P. Bemberg in Wuppertal produced 27 tonnes/day; Beaunit Fibers in Elizabethton produced 25 tonnes/day; Bemberg SpA in Gozzano produced 14 tonnes/day and Asahi Chemical Industries Co in Nobeoka produced 80 tonnes/day. By 2000 only Asahi was still producing rayon in this way.[27] By May 2011 Bemberg SpA was insolvent and the city of Gozzano was struggling to find purchasers for the real estate and machinery.[28] As of 2015 Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation was still producing rayon under the Bemberg™ brand.[4]

Notes edit

  1. ^ In wet spinning, used to make rayon, acrylic and modacrylic fibers, the polymer is dissolved in solution to create what is called "dope". The dope is forced through an aperture into a liquid bath, where the liquid extracts the solvent from the dope and the fibers form.[7] In the Bemberg stretch-spinning process, the cuprammonium dope is forced through holes of 0.6 to 1.6 millimetres (0.024 to 0.063 in) diameter into a funnel filled with warm spinning water that has been degassed and de-ionized. As the dope slowly coagulates it is stretched hydrodynamically as much as several hundred times.[8]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Bemberg 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Eismann 2015.
  3. ^ a b Bemberg AG – TurmCenter Siegburg.
  4. ^ a b c History – Asahi Kasei Fibers.
  5. ^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 5.
  6. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 96.
  7. ^ What is "Wet Spinning".
  8. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 115.
  9. ^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 98.
  10. ^ a b Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 443.
  11. ^ a b c d e Woodings 2001, p. 99.
  12. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 141.
  13. ^ Levy 1966, p. 90.
  14. ^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 584.
  15. ^ James 2004, p. 103.
  16. ^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 523.
  17. ^ Mutz 2012.
  18. ^ Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff 1955-04-28.
  19. ^ Chandler 2009, p. 138.
  20. ^ Eyll & Schwärzel 1994, p. 11.
  21. ^ Thönnissen 1992, p. 120.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Tedesco 2009.
  23. ^ Collection: American Bemberg ... Film.
  24. ^ Field, Senechal & Shaw 2007, p. 249.
  25. ^ Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation.
  26. ^ Jones 1988, p. 449.
  27. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 103.
  28. ^ Trupia 2011.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bemberg AG.

Sources edit

  • . TurmCenter Siegburg. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • "Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation". Carter County History. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Bemberg, Arnold August (2010). (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • "Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff". Die Ziet (in German). 1955-04-28. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Chandler, Alfred Dupont (2009-06-30). Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02937-8. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  • Chandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi (2009-06-30). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02938-5. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  • "Collection: American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film", Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University, retrieved 2021-06-22
  • Eismann (2015). "Untertage-Verlagerung in Wuppertal: Deckname "Trusche"" (in German). Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Eyll, Klara van; Schwärzel, Renate (1994). Deutsche Wirtschaftsarchive. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-06211-4. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Field, Jacqueline; Senechal, Marjorie; Shaw, Madelyn (2007-01-01). American Silk, 1830-1930: Entrepreneurs and Artifacts. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-589-8. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • "History". Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • James, Harold (2004-09-13). The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83874-0. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  • Jones, Geoffrey (August 1988). "Foreign Multinationals and British Industry before 1945". The Economic History Review. New Series. 41 (3). Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society: 429–453. doi:10.2307/2597369. JSTOR 2597369.
  • Levy, Hermann (1966). Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-1336-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  • Mutz, Marina Alice (2012). "Kriegsalltag 1939 bis 1942". ZeitSpurenSuche.de. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Tedesco, Marie (2009-12-25). "North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation". Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Thönnissen, Karin (1992). Johannes Itten und die Höhere Fachschule für textile Flächenkunst in Krefeld. Deutsches Textilmuseum (German Textile Museum, Krefeld.
  • Trupia, Maria Antonietta (2011-05-23). (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2015-09-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • "What is "Wet Spinning"". TextileGlossary.com. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  • Woodings, Calvin (2001). Regenerated Cellulose Fibres. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85573-459-3. Retrieved 2015-09-24.

External links edit

  • Documents and clippings about J. P. Bemberg in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
  • "American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film", Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University, retrieved 2021-06-22

May 08, 2024
bemberg, german, rayon, manufacturer, that, produced, unusually, fine, artificial, fiber, which, became, known, bemberg, came, under, control, vereinigte, glanzstoff, fabriken, eventually, disappeared, after, series, mergers, divestitures, bemberg, rayon, stil. J P Bemberg was a German rayon manufacturer that produced an unusually fine artificial fiber which became known as Bemberg J P Bemberg came under the control of Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken and eventually disappeared after a series of mergers and divestitures but Bemberg rayon was still being produced in 2015 by Asahi in Japan J P BembergJ P Bemberg AG in WuppertalCompany typeManufacturerIndustryArtificial fiberFounded1792FoundersJohann Peter BembergDefunct1971SuccessorVereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken HeadquartersGermany Contents 1 Early years 1792 1897 2 Growth in rayon production 1897 1945 3 Post World War II 1945 71 4 Designer 5 American Bemberg 6 Other licensed manufacturers 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 Sources 10 External linksEarly years 1792 1897 edit nbsp The founder Johann Peter Bemberg 1758 1838 Johann Heinrich Bemberg had a wine trading business in Elberfeld towards the end of the 18th century When he died in 1790 his brother Johann Peter Bemberg 1758 1838 took over the business In 1792 J P Bemberg changed the business to selling Indigo a red dye oil cotton linen and wool He married Maria Theresia Scheibler 1774 1843 and they had a son Julius August Bemberg and two daughters 1 The business thrived and in 1813 Bemberg took his son in law Friedrich Platzhoff into the company as a partner Julius August Bemberg inherited the business when his father died in 1843 but he also died in 1847 and Friedrich Platzhoff continued to run the business on his own 1 In 1865 Friedrich Platzhoff founded a new factory in Ohde a district of Langerfeld As the business continued to expand new factories were acquired in Barmen Krefeld and Augsburg 2 For almost a century the company was known for its Turkish Red yarns It was one of the first companies to engage in mercerisation of cotton yarns and fabrics and for a long time was a leader in this field 3 Growth in rayon production 1897 1945 editJ P Bemberg began to produce artificial textile fiber commercially using the cuprammonium process in 1897 4 The company went public as J P Bemberg AG in 1903 2 In 1901 Dr Edmund Thiele developed a stretch spinning system for J P Bemberg which began to produce fine filament artificial silk under the Bemberg trademark in 1908 5 With this process J P Bemberg was able to make rayon using the cuprammonium process with filaments of 1 1 5 denier comparable to Chardonnet silk and physically superior 6 a The process did not have the flammability problems of Hilaire de Chardonnet s process but could not compete with the viscose process except where very fine filament was needed Costs were higher than with viscose rayon due to the need to use copper salts and cotton for the cellulose 5 Bemberg founded a factory using Thiele s process at Olde near Barmen now part of Wuppertal 9 Around 1911 Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken VGF began to invest in J P Bemberg and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable 10 In 1916 VGF and Bemberg agreed to exchange technology and from that time VGF concentrated on viscose production and left cuprammonium to Bemberg 9 Full scale production only began after this 11 Bemberg s production of rayon rose from 440 tonnes in 1922 to 3 468 tonnes in 1935 12 nbsp Plaque on the Bemberg factory in Wuppertal The picture is from 1928 VGF steadily increased its holdings in Bemberg and gained full control in 1925 10 In 1925 IG Farben acquired a stake in VGF and Bemberg 13 In 1927 Bemberg had about 4 000 employees 2 The joint venture with IG Farben lasted until the latter closed its Holken rayon plant in 1929 14 In March 1928 Bemberg agreed to build a rayon factory in Siegburg and the factory opened in the autumn of 1929 However the global economic crisis forced closure before production had ramped up and in the end the plant remained unused 3 In 1929 a new German Dutch company was created Algemene Kunstzijde Unie AKU through an exchange of shares 15 The Dutch firm Nederlandsche Kunstzidje Enka VGF and Bemberg remained distinct legal entities owned by AKU as a holding company 16 During World War II Bemberg concentrated on making parachute silk 2 4 400 employees made up to 40 tons of silk per day citation needed The first Polish workers came to Wuppertal to work at the Bemberg factory early in 1940 17 70 of the production facilities were destroyed in an air raid on 13 March 1945 2 Post World War II 1945 71 edit nbsp Bemberg facility in Wuppertal in 2009 In 1946 the company resumed operations with about 300 employees 2 VGF acquired 35 of J P Bemberg s capital in 1948 11 In 1955 VGF strengthened its control of Bemberg through an agreement by which it was given control of the Bemberg shares owned by its parent company Algemene Kunstzijde Unie of the Netherlands giving it 56 of Bemberg s shares Engineer Funcke chairman of the Board of Bemberg noted that efforts to repair war damage and expand production had led Bemberg into fierce competition with its major shareholder Bemberg was suffering from unstoppable competition from nylon and perlon 18 From 1962 production of perlon flourished and in 1963 there were 3 083 employees Ownership was VGF 80 8 AKU 8 7 and others 10 5 There were about 3 800 employees in 1969 citation needed In 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch company Koninklijke Zout Organon KZO a manufacturer of coatings drugs and detergents to form a new company named Akzo 19 In 1971 Bemberg agreed to merge with Glanzstoff AG to form Enka Glanzstoff AG 20 Designer editFrom 1936 till 1938 Heinz Trokes was employed as designer at Bemberg 21 American Bemberg editThe Bemberg technology was licensed to the American Bemberg Corp founded in Elizabethton Tennessee in 1925 11 American Bemberg began manufacturing cuprammonium rayon at Elizabethton in October 1926 22 There were several small strikes at the plant from 1927 to 1929 22 23 In August 1928 the VGF subsidiary American Glanzstoff opened a viscose plant in Elizabethton The two plants had more than 3 000 workers by the end of 1928 Both suffered from labor problems throughout the 1930s but production grew steadily 22 In 1933 the American Bemberg Corp staged a fashion show in which the models wore fabrics woven from Bemberg yarns or from these yarns combined with silk or other types of rayon 24 American Bemberg increased production during World War II and made parachute cloth Early in 1942 the Office of Alien Property OAP took control of the Elizabethton plants but did not seize the assets due to the Dutch ownership of the AKU holding company 22 In 1947 AKU transferred all rights in both plants to the OAP and in December 1948 they were sold to Beaunit Mills of New York 22 Demand for rayon dropped after the war In the 1950s the Bemberg facility began to manufacture polyester 25 The Bemberg plant was in serious financial trouble by the early 1970s and could not comply with demands to reduce toxic waste emissions from the United States Environmental Protection Agency The plant was sold and resold and finally filed for bankruptcy on 16 February 1974 22 Other licensed manufacturers editThe technology developed by Thiele for Bemberg was used in Italy by Bemberg SpA of Gozzano in 1924 and in France by Le Cupro textile of Rennes 11 Manufacturing of cuprammonium yarn began at British Bemberg in Doncaster UK in 1926 The firm was sequestrated by the British government in 1939 26 In 1928 the technology was licensed to Asahi Bemberg of Nobeoka Japan 11 Asahi Kasei started operations at the newly built Bemberg factory in Nobeoka in 1931 and made its first shipment on 27 June 1931 4 By 1970 a total of four plants were producing rayon with the cuprammonium process J P Bemberg in Wuppertal produced 27 tonnes day Beaunit Fibers in Elizabethton produced 25 tonnes day Bemberg SpA in Gozzano produced 14 tonnes day and Asahi Chemical Industries Co in Nobeoka produced 80 tonnes day By 2000 only Asahi was still producing rayon in this way 27 By May 2011 Bemberg SpA was insolvent and the city of Gozzano was struggling to find purchasers for the real estate and machinery 28 As of 2015 Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation was still producing rayon under the Bemberg brand 4 Notes edit In wet spinning used to make rayon acrylic and modacrylic fibers the polymer is dissolved in solution to create what is called dope The dope is forced through an aperture into a liquid bath where the liquid extracts the solvent from the dope and the fibers form 7 In the Bemberg stretch spinning process the cuprammonium dope is forced through holes of 0 6 to 1 6 millimetres 0 024 to 0 063 in diameter into a funnel filled with warm spinning water that has been degassed and de ionized As the dope slowly coagulates it is stretched hydrodynamically as much as several hundred times 8 Citations edit a b Bemberg 2010 a b c d e f Eismann 2015 a b Bemberg AG TurmCenter Siegburg a b c History Asahi Kasei Fibers a b Woodings 2001 p 5 Woodings 2001 p 96 What is Wet Spinning Woodings 2001 p 115 a b Woodings 2001 p 98 a b Chandler amp Hikino 2009 p 443 a b c d e Woodings 2001 p 99 Woodings 2001 p 141 Levy 1966 p 90 Chandler amp Hikino 2009 p 584 James 2004 p 103 Chandler amp Hikino 2009 p 523 Mutz 2012 Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff 1955 04 28 Chandler 2009 p 138 Eyll amp Schwarzel 1994 p 11 Thonnissen 1992 p 120 a b c d e f Tedesco 2009 Collection American Bemberg Film Field Senechal amp Shaw 2007 p 249 Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation Jones 1988 p 449 Woodings 2001 p 103 Trupia 2011 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bemberg AG Sources edit Bemberg AG TurmCenter Siegburg Archived from the original on 2015 09 25 Retrieved 2015 09 24 Bemberg and North American Rayon Corporation Carter County History Retrieved 2015 09 24 Bemberg Arnold August 2010 Elberfelder Linie in German Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 09 24 Bemberg geht mit Glanzstoff Die Ziet in German 1955 04 28 Retrieved 2015 09 24 Chandler Alfred Dupont 2009 06 30 Shaping the Industrial Century The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02937 8 Retrieved 2015 09 15 Chandler Alfred Dupont Hikino Takashi 2009 06 30 Scale and Scope The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02938 5 Retrieved 2015 09 14 Collection American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film Archives of Appalachia East Tennessee State University retrieved 2021 06 22 Eismann 2015 Untertage Verlagerung in Wuppertal Deckname Trusche in German Retrieved 2015 09 24 Eyll Klara van Schwarzel Renate 1994 Deutsche Wirtschaftsarchive Franz Steiner Verlag ISBN 978 3 515 06211 4 Retrieved 2015 09 24 Field Jacqueline Senechal Marjorie Shaw Madelyn 2007 01 01 American Silk 1830 1930 Entrepreneurs and Artifacts Texas Tech University Press ISBN 978 0 89672 589 8 Retrieved 2015 09 24 History Asahi Kasei Fibers Corporation Retrieved 2015 09 24 James Harold 2004 09 13 The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 83874 0 Retrieved 2015 09 15 Jones Geoffrey August 1988 Foreign Multinationals and British Industry before 1945 The Economic History Review New Series 41 3 Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society 429 453 doi 10 2307 2597369 JSTOR 2597369 Levy Hermann 1966 Industrial Germany A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 7146 1336 9 Retrieved 2015 09 15 Mutz Marina Alice 2012 Kriegsalltag 1939 bis 1942 ZeitSpurenSuche de Retrieved 2015 09 24 Tedesco Marie 2009 12 25 North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation Nashville Tennessee Tennessee Historical Society Retrieved 2015 09 24 Thonnissen Karin 1992 Johannes Itten und die Hohere Fachschule fur textile Flachenkunst in Krefeld Deutsches Textilmuseum German Textile Museum Krefeld Trupia Maria Antonietta 2011 05 23 Ex Bemberg nuovo bando di vendita in Italian Archived from the original on 2011 06 08 Retrieved 2015 09 24 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help What is Wet Spinning TextileGlossary com Retrieved 2015 09 24 Woodings Calvin 2001 Regenerated Cellulose Fibres Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978 1 85573 459 3 Retrieved 2015 09 24 External links editDocuments and clippings about J P Bemberg in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW American Bemberg Strike of 1929 Film Archives of Appalachia East Tennessee State University retrieved 2021 06 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title J P Bemberg amp oldid 1151825596, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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