fbpx
Wikipedia

Belva Cottier

May 05, 2023

Belva Cottier (June 27, 1920 – May 2, 2000) was an American Rosebud Sioux activist and social worker. She proposed the idea of occupying Alcatraz Island in 1964 and was one of the activists who led the protest for return of the island to Native Americans. She planned the first Occupation of Alcatraz, and the suit to claim the property for the Sioux. Concerned for the health of urban Indians, she conducted a study for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, which resulted in her becoming the executive director of the first American Indian Health Center in the Bay area in 1972.

Belva Cottier
Cottier, 1975
Born
Belva Dale McKenzie

(1920-06-27)June 27, 1920
Todd County, South Dakota, US
DiedMay 2, 2000(2000-05-02) (aged 79)
Livermore, California, US
NationalityAmerican
Other namesBelva Cottier-Satterfield
Occupation(s)Activist, social services administrator
Years active1940s–1980s
Children3

Early life and education

Belva Dale McKenzie was born on June 27, 1920, on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, in Todd County, South Dakota to Virginia B. (née Barker) and Narcisse McKenzie.[1] Her mother was an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux from Nebraska.[2][3] Her maternal grandfather, Alfred Barker, was a minister, married to Elizabeth (née Messer).[2] Her father was Lakota and enrolled as a Rosebud Sioux. He died when McKenzie was five years old and[4][5] after his death, she and her mother lived on various reservations. Her mother worked as a cook at the Cheyenne Agency Boarding School and at Fort Washakie, in Wyoming, later marrying Carl Sneve.[6][7] McKenzie attended boarding school in Pierre, South Dakota and then attended public school, before graduating from Pine Ridge Boarding School[2][7] After her graduation, in 1941, McKenzie married Allen Louis Cottier, an Oglala Sioux from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.[8][9][10]

Career

Cottier's husband joined the Navy during World War II, and Cottier relocated from South Dakota to Alameda County, California in 1943 with her mother and two daughters.[10] They would later have another daughter.[2] After the passage of the Indian Relocation Act of 1956, Cottier became involved in various programs to improve the lives of urban American Indians and served as secretary of the Sioux Club of the Bay Area.[6][10] In 1963, when the government announced it was closing the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary and returning Alcatraz Island to the City of San Francisco, Cottier suggested to her husband that they claim the island based on provisions in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.[8][11] Believing that the treaty provided for lands which had formerly belonged to the Sioux to return to the Sioux if they became surplus property, Cottier and her cousin, Richard McKenzie, began a search for a copy of the treaty.[12] Locating a copy in the Bancroft Library, they contacted attorney Elliott Leighton, who studied it with a team of six researchers for a month and a half.[8][13] Leighton concluded that the treaty allowed non-reservation Sioux to file settlement claims for unspecified-use government lands.[14]

Deciding that Sioux tribal members could claim the island, Allen Cottier, president of the local chapter of the National American Indian Council, led a group of five Sioux men including McKenzie, Martin Martinez, Walter Means, and Garfield Spotted Elk, to stake homestead claims on the island on March 4, 1964.[14][15] They were accompanied by about 35 other people, including Belva Cottier, and brought food sufficient to last 30 days.[8][16] After pounding in wooden stakes and calling out their allotment number, each man completed a claim form and gave it to Leighton, who was to mail them to the Bureau of Land Management the following day.[8][17] Two hours later, the acting warden, Richard J. Willard arrived, and threatened the group with felony charges for trespass. Advised by their lawyer to retreat, the group left after having occupied the island for four hours.[8][18]

Three weeks later, Cottier led the effort to lay claim to the island through the courts.[19] On March 27, McKenzie and other Sioux leaders, filed a legal action to obtain title to the island. In their petition, they asked the government to grant them the property for the purpose of founding a Native American university.[20] The court ruled against them citing a 1934 action by Congress which had revoked permission for Native Americans to claim unused government land.[21] While the government recognized the separate provisions of the 1868 Sioux treaty, the interpretation was that the Sioux had never owned Alcatraz, thus it could not be restored to them.[22] When the government denied the petition, the property was awarded to the General Services Administration,[20] but Cottier's efforts were remembered and served as a catalyst for the 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz.[19][23]

In 1967, Cottier was hired as a volunteer counselor at the Oakland American Indian Association.[6] Her position was initially undefined, but her duties included providing social services and driving Native Americans to appointments.[24] In 1969, she divorced and began working as a paid employee for the Indian Association.[6][25][26] That year, she also met with Richard Oakes and advised him and other students as they drafted a plan for a second occupation of Alcatraz.[27][28]

In 1970, the Urban Indian Health Board was founded to address health needs of Native Americans in the San Francisco Bay area. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare granted funds to evaluate indigenous health needs and Cottier conducted a survey of families in Alameda, Santa Clara and San Francisco counties.[29][30] The study became the basis for establishing a Native American Health Center in San Francisco in 1972 with Cottier serving as its executive director.[30][31] While predominantly serving the American Indian population in the Bay area, the center was not restricted to Native American patients nor in its service area. During the Wounded Knee Occupation, Cottier collected donations and supplies, ensuring their safe delivery to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.[31][32]

Cottier was involved in organizing a conference in 1972 to unite the discussions of needs and the national quest for equality among urban Indians, as well as those living on reservations. The Urban Indian Council which was formed during the conference was opposed by Russell Means and members of the American Indian Movement, but Cottier pressed for a less radical approach to problem solving.[33] She believed the biggest problems facing urban Indians were unemployment and their isolation and invisibility in large cities.[34] In 1975, Cottier married James W Satterfield.[35] She continued working at the Native American Health Center into the 1980s.[36]

Death and legacy

Cottier died at her home in Livermore, California on May 2, 2000, and was buried on May 9 at the Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California. She is remembered for her activism on behalf of Native Americans.[2]

References

Citations

  1. ^ The Oakland Tribune 2000, p. 486; The Rapid City Journal 1969, p. 3; Indian Census 1927, p. 256; The Rapid City Journal 1983, p. 7.
  2. ^ a b c d e The Oakland Tribune 2000, p. 486.
  3. ^ Indian Census 1925, p. 3.
  4. ^ Indian Census 1921, p. 11.
  5. ^ Rosebud Agency Deaths 1925, p. 4.
  6. ^ a b c d The Rapid City Journal 1969, p. 3.
  7. ^ a b Shorris 1971, pp. 203–204.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Kamstra 1969, p. 22.
  9. ^ Indian Census 1929, p. 125.
  10. ^ a b c Shorris 1971, p. 204.
  11. ^ Johnson 1994, p. 64.
  12. ^ Johnson, Champagne & Nagel 1997, p. 25.
  13. ^ Johnson 1996, p. 17.
  14. ^ a b The Progress-Bulletin 1964, p. 4.
  15. ^ Burling 2017, p. 8.
  16. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, p. 15.
  17. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, p. 17.
  18. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, pp. 17–18.
  19. ^ a b Langston 2003, p. 118.
  20. ^ a b Burling 2017, p. 12.
  21. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, p. 16.
  22. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, p. 38.
  23. ^ Fortunate Eagle 1992, p. 18.
  24. ^ Shorris 1971, pp. 202–203.
  25. ^ California Divorces 1969.
  26. ^ Shorris 1971, p. 205.
  27. ^ Johnson 1996, p. 51.
  28. ^ Parham 2007, p. 807.
  29. ^ Minutes 1972, p. 2.
  30. ^ a b Evangelista 1976, p. 6.
  31. ^ a b Fleischer 1973, p. 6.
  32. ^ Synapse 1973, p. 3.
  33. ^ The Argus 1972, pp. 1, 12.
  34. ^ Ross 1974, pp. 1, 9, 11.
  35. ^ Nevada Marriage Registry 1975, p. 284.
  36. ^ California Department of Health Services 1981, p. 17.

Bibliography

  • Burling, Alexis (2017). Occupying Alcatraz: Native American Activists Demand Change. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Abdo Publishing. ISBN 978-1-68079-742-8.
  • California Department of Health Services (1981). Health Facilities Directory. Sacramento, California: California Department of Health, Licensing, and Certification Division. OCLC 2246059.
  • Evangelista, Andy (January 8, 1976). "Indian Health Center: From Warehouse to Clinic". Synapse. Vol. 20, no. 12. San Francisco, California: University of California, San Francisco. p. 6. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • Fleischer, Ann (April 13, 1973). "Health Center Designed for Native Americans". Synapse. Vol. 17, no. 22. San Francisco, California: University of California, San Francisco. p. 6. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • Fortunate Eagle, Adam (1992). Alcatraz! Alcatraz!. Berkeley, California: Heyday Books. ISBN 0-930588-51-7.
  • Johnson, Troy (Autumn 1994). "The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Roots of American Indian Activism". Wíčazo Ša Review. Cheney, Washington: Eastern Washington University. 10 (2): 63–79. doi:10.2307/1409133. ISSN 0749-6427. JSTOR 1409133.
  • Johnson, Troy R. (1996). The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self-determination and the Rise of Indian Activism. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06585-9.
  • Johnson, Troy R.; Champagne, Duane; Nagel, Joane (1997). "American Indian Activism and Transformation: Lessons from Alcatraz". In Johnson, Troy R.; Nagel, Joane; Champagne, Duane (eds.). American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 9–44. ISBN 978-0-252-06653-5.
  • Kamstra, Jerry (December 7, 1969). "The Grim Plight of the .... (pt. 1)". The San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle. San Francisco, California. p. 22. Retrieved August 12, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. and Kamstra, Jerry (December 7, 1969). "Urban Indian (pt. 2)". The San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle. San Francisco, California. p. 23. Retrieved August 12, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Langston, Donna Hightower (Spring 2003). "American Indian Women's Activism in the 1960s and 1970s". Hypatia. New York, New York: Wiley. 18 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00806.x. ISSN 0887-5367. JSTOR 3811016.
  • Parham, Vera (2007). "Oakes, Richard". In Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of American Indian History. Vol. 3: People and Groups in American Indian History, Primary Source Documents. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 806–807. ISBN 978-1-85109-818-7.
  • Ross, David (February 17, 1974). "The City: The Invisible Minority (pt. 1)". California Living Magazine. San Francisco, California: The San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle. p. 1. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. and Ross, David (February 17, 1974). "The City (pt. 2)". California Living Magazine. San Francisco, California: The San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle. p. 9. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. and Ross, David (February 17, 1974). "The City (pt. 3)". California Living Magazine. San Francisco, California: The San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle. p. 11. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Shorris, Earl (1971). The Death of the Great Spirit: An Elegy for the American Indian (3rd ed.). New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20870-5.
  • "1921 Indian Census: Rosebud Reservation, Ponca District, South Dakota". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 30, 1921. p. 11. NARA microfilm series 595, roll #435, lines 4300–4301. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  • "1925 Indian Census: Santee Agency, Nebraska". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 30, 1925. p. 121. NARA microfilm series 595, roll #686, line 51. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  • "1927 Indian Census: Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. 1927. p. 256. NARA microfilm series 595, roll #438, last 3 lines. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  • "1929 Indian Census: Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 30, 1929. p. 126. NARA microfilm series 595, roll #375, lines 1581–1582. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  • "ASUC Sends Medical Supplies to Wounded Knee". Synapse. Vol. 17, no. 21. San Francisco, California: University of California, San Francisco. April 6, 1973. p. 3. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • "California Divorce Index, 1966–1984: Alameda City, California". FamilySearch. Sacramento, California: California Department of Health Services. December 1969. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • "Five Sioux Indians Stake Out Claim to Alcatraz Island". The Progress-Bulletin. Pomona, California. Associated Press. March 9, 1964. p. 4. Retrieved August 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Minutes (Report). San Francisco, California: Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco. July 12, 1973. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • "Nevada Marriage Index, 1956–2005: Satterfield/Cottier". FamilySearch. Reno, Nevada: Washoe County Marriage Registry. August 29, 1975. p. 284. Microfilm #48069 from book #606. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  • "Rosebud Agency Deaths Occurring between the Dates of July 1, 1924 and June 30, 1925". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 30, 1925. p. 4. NARA microfilm series 595, roll #441, last line. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  • "Satterfield". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. May 2000. Retrieved August 12, 2020. Clipping from the Oakland Family History Center, Alameda, California.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) – via FamilySearch (subscription required)
  • "Sioux Leader Rehired". Rapid City Journal. Rapid City, South Dakota. January 24, 1969. p. 3. Retrieved August 12, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "U.S. Indians Begin Drive (pt. 1)". The Argus. Fremont, California. United Press International. March 6, 1972. p. 1. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. and "Indians Launch Equality Drive (pt. 2)". The Argus. Fremont, California. United Press International. March 6, 1972. p. 12. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Virginia Sneve". Rapid City Journal. Rapid City, South Dakota. April 28, 1983. p. 7. Retrieved August 12, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.

May 05, 2023
belva, cottier, june, 1920, 2000, american, rosebud, sioux, activist, social, worker, proposed, idea, occupying, alcatraz, island, 1964, activists, protest, return, island, native, americans, planned, first, occupation, alcatraz, suit, claim, property, sioux, . Belva Cottier June 27 1920 May 2 2000 was an American Rosebud Sioux activist and social worker She proposed the idea of occupying Alcatraz Island in 1964 and was one of the activists who led the protest for return of the island to Native Americans She planned the first Occupation of Alcatraz and the suit to claim the property for the Sioux Concerned for the health of urban Indians she conducted a study for the Department of Health Education and Welfare which resulted in her becoming the executive director of the first American Indian Health Center in the Bay area in 1972 Belva CottierCottier 1975BornBelva Dale McKenzie 1920 06 27 June 27 1920Todd County South Dakota USDiedMay 2 2000 2000 05 02 aged 79 Livermore California USNationalityAmericanOther namesBelva Cottier SatterfieldOccupation s Activist social services administratorYears active1940s 1980sChildren3 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Death and legacy 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 BibliographyEarly life and education EditBelva Dale McKenzie was born on June 27 1920 on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in Todd County South Dakota to Virginia B nee Barker and Narcisse McKenzie 1 Her mother was an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux from Nebraska 2 3 Her maternal grandfather Alfred Barker was a minister married to Elizabeth nee Messer 2 Her father was Lakota and enrolled as a Rosebud Sioux He died when McKenzie was five years old and 4 5 after his death she and her mother lived on various reservations Her mother worked as a cook at the Cheyenne Agency Boarding School and at Fort Washakie in Wyoming later marrying Carl Sneve 6 7 McKenzie attended boarding school in Pierre South Dakota and then attended public school before graduating from Pine Ridge Boarding School 2 7 After her graduation in 1941 McKenzie married Allen Louis Cottier an Oglala Sioux from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 8 9 10 Career EditCottier s husband joined the Navy during World War II and Cottier relocated from South Dakota to Alameda County California in 1943 with her mother and two daughters 10 They would later have another daughter 2 After the passage of the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 Cottier became involved in various programs to improve the lives of urban American Indians and served as secretary of the Sioux Club of the Bay Area 6 10 In 1963 when the government announced it was closing the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary and returning Alcatraz Island to the City of San Francisco Cottier suggested to her husband that they claim the island based on provisions in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie 8 11 Believing that the treaty provided for lands which had formerly belonged to the Sioux to return to the Sioux if they became surplus property Cottier and her cousin Richard McKenzie began a search for a copy of the treaty 12 Locating a copy in the Bancroft Library they contacted attorney Elliott Leighton who studied it with a team of six researchers for a month and a half 8 13 Leighton concluded that the treaty allowed non reservation Sioux to file settlement claims for unspecified use government lands 14 Deciding that Sioux tribal members could claim the island Allen Cottier president of the local chapter of the National American Indian Council led a group of five Sioux men including McKenzie Martin Martinez Walter Means and Garfield Spotted Elk to stake homestead claims on the island on March 4 1964 14 15 They were accompanied by about 35 other people including Belva Cottier and brought food sufficient to last 30 days 8 16 After pounding in wooden stakes and calling out their allotment number each man completed a claim form and gave it to Leighton who was to mail them to the Bureau of Land Management the following day 8 17 Two hours later the acting warden Richard J Willard arrived and threatened the group with felony charges for trespass Advised by their lawyer to retreat the group left after having occupied the island for four hours 8 18 Three weeks later Cottier led the effort to lay claim to the island through the courts 19 On March 27 McKenzie and other Sioux leaders filed a legal action to obtain title to the island In their petition they asked the government to grant them the property for the purpose of founding a Native American university 20 The court ruled against them citing a 1934 action by Congress which had revoked permission for Native Americans to claim unused government land 21 While the government recognized the separate provisions of the 1868 Sioux treaty the interpretation was that the Sioux had never owned Alcatraz thus it could not be restored to them 22 When the government denied the petition the property was awarded to the General Services Administration 20 but Cottier s efforts were remembered and served as a catalyst for the 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz 19 23 In 1967 Cottier was hired as a volunteer counselor at the Oakland American Indian Association 6 Her position was initially undefined but her duties included providing social services and driving Native Americans to appointments 24 In 1969 she divorced and began working as a paid employee for the Indian Association 6 25 26 That year she also met with Richard Oakes and advised him and other students as they drafted a plan for a second occupation of Alcatraz 27 28 In 1970 the Urban Indian Health Board was founded to address health needs of Native Americans in the San Francisco Bay area The Department of Health Education and Welfare granted funds to evaluate indigenous health needs and Cottier conducted a survey of families in Alameda Santa Clara and San Francisco counties 29 30 The study became the basis for establishing a Native American Health Center in San Francisco in 1972 with Cottier serving as its executive director 30 31 While predominantly serving the American Indian population in the Bay area the center was not restricted to Native American patients nor in its service area During the Wounded Knee Occupation Cottier collected donations and supplies ensuring their safe delivery to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 31 32 Cottier was involved in organizing a conference in 1972 to unite the discussions of needs and the national quest for equality among urban Indians as well as those living on reservations The Urban Indian Council which was formed during the conference was opposed by Russell Means and members of the American Indian Movement but Cottier pressed for a less radical approach to problem solving 33 She believed the biggest problems facing urban Indians were unemployment and their isolation and invisibility in large cities 34 In 1975 Cottier married James W Satterfield 35 She continued working at the Native American Health Center into the 1980s 36 Death and legacy EditCottier died at her home in Livermore California on May 2 2000 and was buried on May 9 at the Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno California She is remembered for her activism on behalf of Native Americans 2 References EditCitations Edit The Oakland Tribune 2000 p 486 The Rapid City Journal 1969 p 3 Indian Census 1927 p 256 The Rapid City Journal 1983 p 7 a b c d e The Oakland Tribune 2000 p 486 Indian Census 1925 p 3 Indian Census 1921 p 11 Rosebud Agency Deaths 1925 p 4 a b c d The Rapid City Journal 1969 p 3 a b Shorris 1971 pp 203 204 a b c d e f Kamstra 1969 p 22 Indian Census 1929 p 125 a b c Shorris 1971 p 204 Johnson 1994 p 64 Johnson Champagne amp Nagel 1997 p 25 Johnson 1996 p 17 a b The Progress Bulletin 1964 p 4 Burling 2017 p 8 Fortunate Eagle 1992 p 15 Fortunate Eagle 1992 p 17 Fortunate Eagle 1992 pp 17 18 a b Langston 2003 p 118 a b Burling 2017 p 12 Fortunate Eagle 1992 p 16 Fortunate Eagle 1992 p 38 Fortunate Eagle 1992 p 18 Shorris 1971 pp 202 203 California Divorces 1969 Shorris 1971 p 205 Johnson 1996 p 51 Parham 2007 p 807 Minutes 1972 p 2 a b Evangelista 1976 p 6 a b Fleischer 1973 p 6 Synapse 1973 p 3 The Argus 1972 pp 1 12 Ross 1974 pp 1 9 11 Nevada Marriage Registry 1975 p 284 California Department of Health Services 1981 p 17 Bibliography Edit Burling Alexis 2017 Occupying Alcatraz Native American Activists Demand Change Minneapolis Minnesota Abdo Publishing ISBN 978 1 68079 742 8 California Department of Health Services 1981 Health Facilities Directory Sacramento California California Department of Health Licensing and Certification Division OCLC 2246059 Evangelista Andy January 8 1976 Indian Health Center From Warehouse to Clinic Synapse Vol 20 no 12 San Francisco California University of California San Francisco p 6 Retrieved August 14 2020 Fleischer Ann April 13 1973 Health Center Designed for Native Americans Synapse Vol 17 no 22 San Francisco California University of California San Francisco p 6 Retrieved August 14 2020 Fortunate Eagle Adam 1992 Alcatraz Alcatraz Berkeley California Heyday Books ISBN 0 930588 51 7 Johnson Troy Autumn 1994 The Occupation of Alcatraz Island Roots of American Indian Activism Wicazo Sa Review Cheney Washington Eastern Washington University 10 2 63 79 doi 10 2307 1409133 ISSN 0749 6427 JSTOR 1409133 Johnson Troy R 1996 The Occupation of Alcatraz Island Indian Self determination and the Rise of Indian Activism Urbana Illinois University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 06585 9 Johnson Troy R Champagne Duane Nagel Joane 1997 American Indian Activism and Transformation Lessons from Alcatraz In Johnson Troy R Nagel Joane Champagne Duane eds American Indian Activism Alcatraz to the Longest Walk Urbana Illinois University of Illinois Press pp 9 44 ISBN 978 0 252 06653 5 Kamstra Jerry December 7 1969 The Grim Plight of the pt 1 The San Francisco Examiner amp Chronicle San Francisco California p 22 Retrieved August 12 2020 via Newspapers com and Kamstra Jerry December 7 1969 Urban Indian pt 2 The San Francisco Examiner amp Chronicle San Francisco California p 23 Retrieved August 12 2020 via Newspapers com Langston Donna Hightower Spring 2003 American Indian Women s Activism in the 1960s and 1970s Hypatia New York New York Wiley 18 2 114 132 doi 10 1111 j 1527 2001 2003 tb00806 x ISSN 0887 5367 JSTOR 3811016 Parham Vera 2007 Oakes Richard In Johansen Bruce E Pritzker Barry M eds Encyclopedia of American Indian History Vol 3 People and Groups in American Indian History Primary Source Documents Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO pp 806 807 ISBN 978 1 85109 818 7 Ross David February 17 1974 The City The Invisible Minority pt 1 California Living Magazine San Francisco California The San Francisco Examiner amp Chronicle p 1 Retrieved August 14 2020 via Newspapers com and Ross David February 17 1974 The City pt 2 California Living Magazine San Francisco California The San Francisco Examiner amp Chronicle p 9 Retrieved August 14 2020 via Newspapers com and Ross David February 17 1974 The City pt 3 California Living Magazine San Francisco California The San Francisco Examiner amp Chronicle p 11 Retrieved August 14 2020 via Newspapers com Shorris Earl 1971 The Death of the Great Spirit An Elegy for the American Indian 3rd ed New York New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 20870 5 1921 Indian Census Rosebud Reservation Ponca District South Dakota FamilySearch Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration June 30 1921 p 11 NARA microfilm series 595 roll 435 lines 4300 4301 Retrieved August 12 2020 1925 Indian Census Santee Agency Nebraska FamilySearch Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration June 30 1925 p 121 NARA microfilm series 595 roll 686 line 51 Retrieved August 12 2020 1927 Indian Census Rosebud Reservation South Dakota FamilySearch Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration 1927 p 256 NARA microfilm series 595 roll 438 last 3 lines Retrieved August 12 2020 1929 Indian Census Pine Ridge Reservation South Dakota FamilySearch Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration June 30 1929 p 126 NARA microfilm series 595 roll 375 lines 1581 1582 Retrieved August 12 2020 ASUC Sends Medical Supplies to Wounded Knee Synapse Vol 17 no 21 San Francisco California University of California San Francisco April 6 1973 p 3 Retrieved August 14 2020 California Divorce Index 1966 1984 Alameda City California FamilySearch Sacramento California California Department of Health Services December 1969 Retrieved August 14 2020 Five Sioux Indians Stake Out Claim to Alcatraz Island The Progress Bulletin Pomona California Associated Press March 9 1964 p 4 Retrieved August 13 2020 via Newspapers com Minutes Report San Francisco California Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco July 12 1973 Retrieved August 14 2020 Nevada Marriage Index 1956 2005 Satterfield Cottier FamilySearch Reno Nevada Washoe County Marriage Registry August 29 1975 p 284 Microfilm 48069 from book 606 Retrieved August 14 2020 Rosebud Agency Deaths Occurring between the Dates of July 1 1924 and June 30 1925 FamilySearch Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration June 30 1925 p 4 NARA microfilm series 595 roll 441 last line Retrieved August 12 2020 Satterfield Oakland Tribune Oakland California May 2000 Retrieved August 12 2020 Clipping from the Oakland Family History Center Alameda California a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint postscript link via FamilySearch subscription required Sioux Leader Rehired Rapid City Journal Rapid City South Dakota January 24 1969 p 3 Retrieved August 12 2020 via Newspapers com U S Indians Begin Drive pt 1 The Argus Fremont California United Press International March 6 1972 p 1 Retrieved August 14 2020 via Newspapers com and Indians Launch Equality Drive pt 2 The Argus Fremont California United Press International March 6 1972 p 12 Retrieved August 14 2020 via Newspapers com Virginia Sneve Rapid City Journal Rapid City South Dakota April 28 1983 p 7 Retrieved August 12 2020 via Newspapers com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Belva Cottier amp oldid 1140001996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.