On 14 July 2000 from about 10:03 to 10:43 UTC, GOES satellites detected a very strong, X5.7-class, solar flare[note 1] which peaked in soft X-ray intensity at around 10:24 UTC. This flare originated from the solar active region AR9077 which was located near the center of the Sun's disk (N22 W02) at the time of the flare.[5][6]
Starting at around 10:41 UTC, GOES satellites began detecting a strong, S3, solar particle event[note 2] associated with the ongoing X5.7-class flare.[1] This resulted in high energy protons penetrating and ionizing parts of the Earth's ionosphere and creating noise in various satellite imaging systems such as in the EIT and LASCO instruments.[3] Some of these particles had sufficient energy to generate effects measured on Earth's surface, an event referred to as a ground level enhancement. Although the flare was not extremely large, the associated solar particle event was the fourth largest since 1967.[6]
Geomagnetic stormedit
The detection of the solar flare was also followed by the detection of a halo, or Earth-directed, coronal mass ejection (CME) in coronagraph data starting at 10:54 UTC.[3] This CME reached Earth on 15 July causing a geomagnetic storm on 15-16 July which would reach a peak Kp index of 9+ in the late hours of 15 July corresponding to an extreme-level, or G5, geomagnetic storm[note 3] and register a peak Dst of −301 nT. The storm caused minor damage to power transformers and satellites.[9] It was also one of only three solar storms having registered a maximum Kp of 9+ since the March 1989 geomagnetic storm, the others being the 2003 Halloween solar storms and the May 2024 solar storms.[10]
Aftermathedit
Due to being the first major solar storm since the launch of various solar-monitoring satellites, the Bastille Day event proved important towards helping scientists piece together a general theory of how eruptions on the sun occur as well as protecting the Earth from a larger event, such as a Carrington-class event, some day in the future.[11]
Despite their great distance from the Sun, the Bastille Day event was observed by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.[12]
^The label S3 is assigned to solar particle events which have a flux of protons with energies ≥10 MeV peaking between 103 and 104 proton flux units (or particle cm−2 s−1sr−1).[7][8]
^The label G5 is assigned to geomagnetic storms which reach a peak Kp index of 9 or more.[7] (See K-index § G-scale.)
Referencesedit
^ ab. NASA. 2004-07-14. Archived from the original on 2000-08-15. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
^ "NASA Says Solar Flare Caused Radio Blackouts". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2000-07-14. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
^ abcAndrews, M.D. (2001). "Lasco and eit Observations of the Bastille day 2000 Solar Storm". Solar Physics. 204: 179–196. Bibcode:2001SoPh..204..179A. doi:10.1023/A:1014215923912. S2CID 118618198.
^"SOHO Hotshots". soho.nascom.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^Reiner, M.J.; Kaiser, M.L.; Karlický, M.; Jiřička, K.; Bougeret, J.-L. (2001). "Bastille Day Event: A Radio Perspective". Solar Physics. 204: 121–137. Bibcode:2001SoPh..204..121R. doi:10.1023/A:1014225323289. S2CID 133879595.
^ abWatari, Shinichi; Kunitake, Manabu; Watanabe, Takashi (January 2001). "The Bastille Day (14 July 2000) event in historical large sun-earth connection events". Solar Physics. 204: 425–438. Bibcode:2001SoPh..204..425W. doi:10.1023/A:1014273227639. S2CID 117394988. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ ab"NOAA Space Weather Scales | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center". www.swpc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
^"Solar Radiation Storm | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center". www.swpc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
^"Minor Damage Reported from Geomagnetic Storm" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^"Top 50 Geomagnetic Storms". Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^Moskowitz, Clara (14 July 2011). "Bastille Day Solar Storm: Anatomy of a Gargantuan Sun Tempest". Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^Webber, W. R.; McDonald, F. B.; Lockwood, J. A.; Heikkila, B. (15 May 2002). "The effect of the July 14, 2000 "Bastille Day" solar flare event on >70 MeV galactic cosmic rays observed at V1 and V2 in the distant heliosphere". Geophysical Research Letters. 29 (10): 15–1–15-3. Bibcode:2002GeoRL..29.1377W. doi:10.1029/2002GL014729. S2CID 115950366.
External linksedit
'Bastille Day' Flare Animations 2016-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
Propagation of Bastille Day Event to Voyagers 1 & 2
High-Energy Ions Energized by Bastille Day 2000 Shock Bombardment
May 20, 2024
bastille, solar, storm, powerful, solar, storm, july, 2000, during, solar, maximum, solar, cycle, storm, began, national, france, bastille, involved, solar, flare, solar, particle, event, coronal, mass, ejection, which, caused, severe, geomagnetic, storm, imag. The Bastille Day solar storm was a powerful solar storm on 14 16 July 2000 during the solar maximum of solar cycle 23 The storm began on the national day of France Bastille Day It involved a solar flare a solar particle event and a coronal mass ejection which caused a severe geomagnetic storm 1 2 Bastille Day solar stormIMAGE ultraviolet image of the Aurora Borealis on 15 July 2000TypeGeomagnetic stormFormed14 July 2000 2000 07 14 Dissipated16 July 2000 2000 07 16 DamageMinor satellite and terrestrial power transformer damageAreas affectedWorldwidePart of Solar cycle 23 Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Solar flare and particle event 1 2 Geomagnetic storm 2 Aftermath 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksOverview editSolar flare and particle event edit On 14 July 2000 from about 10 03 to 10 43 UTC GOES satellites detected a very strong X5 7 class solar flare note 1 which peaked in soft X ray intensity at around 10 24 UTC This flare originated from the solar active region AR9077 which was located near the center of the Sun s disk N22 W02 at the time of the flare 5 6 Starting at around 10 41 UTC GOES satellites began detecting a strong S3 solar particle event note 2 associated with the ongoing X5 7 class flare 1 This resulted in high energy protons penetrating and ionizing parts of the Earth s ionosphere and creating noise in various satellite imaging systems such as in the EIT and LASCO instruments 3 Some of these particles had sufficient energy to generate effects measured on Earth s surface an event referred to as a ground level enhancement Although the flare was not extremely large the associated solar particle event was the fourth largest since 1967 6 Geomagnetic storm edit The detection of the solar flare was also followed by the detection of a halo or Earth directed coronal mass ejection CME in coronagraph data starting at 10 54 UTC 3 This CME reached Earth on 15 July causing a geomagnetic storm on 15 16 July which would reach a peak Kp index of 9 in the late hours of 15 July corresponding to an extreme level or G5 geomagnetic storm note 3 and register a peak Dst of 301 nT The storm caused minor damage to power transformers and satellites 9 It was also one of only three solar storms having registered a maximum Kp of 9 since the March 1989 geomagnetic storm the others being the 2003 Halloween solar storms and the May 2024 solar storms 10 Aftermath editDue to being the first major solar storm since the launch of various solar monitoring satellites the Bastille Day event proved important towards helping scientists piece together a general theory of how eruptions on the sun occur as well as protecting the Earth from a larger event such as a Carrington class event some day in the future 11 Despite their great distance from the Sun the Bastille Day event was observed by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 12 See also editList of solar stormsNotes edit The label X5 7 class implies that the solar flare had a peak soft X ray flux of 5 7 10 3 W m2 in the 0 1 to 0 8 nm 1 to 8 A passband See Solar flare Soft X ray classification The label S3 is assigned to solar particle events which have a flux of protons with energies 10 MeV peaking between 103 and 104 proton flux units or particle cm 2 s 1 sr 1 7 8 The label G5 is assigned to geomagnetic storms which reach a peak Kp index of 9 or more 7 See K index G scale References edit a b Space Radiation Storm NASA 2004 07 14 Archived from the original on 2000 08 15 Retrieved 2007 03 09 NASA Says Solar Flare Caused Radio Blackouts The New York Times Associated Press 2000 07 14 Retrieved 2007 03 09 a b c Andrews M D 2001 Lasco and eit Observations of the Bastille day 2000 Solar Storm Solar Physics 204 179 196 Bibcode 2001SoPh 204 179A doi 10 1023 A 1014215923912 S2CID 118618198 SOHO Hotshots soho nascom nasa gov Retrieved 4 November 2021 Reiner M J Kaiser M L Karlicky M Jiricka K Bougeret J L 2001 Bastille Day Event A Radio Perspective Solar Physics 204 121 137 Bibcode 2001SoPh 204 121R doi 10 1023 A 1014225323289 S2CID 133879595 a b Watari Shinichi Kunitake Manabu Watanabe Takashi January 2001 The Bastille Day 14 July 2000 event in historical large sun earth connection events Solar Physics 204 425 438 Bibcode 2001SoPh 204 425W doi 10 1023 A 1014273227639 S2CID 117394988 Retrieved 2 January 2021 a b NOAA Space Weather Scales NOAA NWS Space Weather Prediction Center www swpc noaa gov Retrieved 7 August 2022 Solar Radiation Storm NOAA NWS Space Weather Prediction Center www swpc noaa gov Retrieved 7 August 2022 Minor Damage Reported from Geomagnetic Storm PDF Retrieved 2 January 2021 Top 50 Geomagnetic Storms Retrieved 2 January 2021 Moskowitz Clara 14 July 2011 Bastille Day Solar Storm Anatomy of a Gargantuan Sun Tempest Retrieved 2 January 2021 Webber W R McDonald F B Lockwood J A Heikkila B 15 May 2002 The effect of the July 14 2000 Bastille Day solar flare event on gt 70 MeV galactic cosmic rays observed at V1 and V2 in the distant heliosphere Geophysical Research Letters 29 10 15 1 15 3 Bibcode 2002GeoRL 29 1377W doi 10 1029 2002GL014729 S2CID 115950366 External links edit Bastille Day Flare Animations Archived 2016 12 10 at the Wayback Machine Propagation of Bastille Day Event to Voyagers 1 amp 2 High Energy Ions Energized by Bastille Day 2000 Shock Bombardment Ulysses Observations of Solar Energetic Particles From the Bastille Day Event Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bastille Day solar storm amp oldid 1223332749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
