After a foreshock between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck at around 22:00, and numerous aftershocks followed through that night.[4]Basel experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a 30 km (19 mi) radius of Basel were destroyed.[5]
The seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data[5] suggests that the earthquake's source had an east–west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the Jura Front.[6] On the other hand, recent paleoseismic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a normal fault, oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town.[7] The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town.[8]
Locationedit
Due to the limited records of the event, a variety of epicenters have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include faults beneath the Jura Mountains or along the Basel-Reinach escarpment.[1] Another study placed the epicenter 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Basel.[9]
Intensityedit
The earthquake was felt as far away as Zürich, Konstanz, and even in Île-de-France. The maximum intensity registered on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale was IX–X (Destructive–Devastating). The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.[5][10]
From this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the moment magnitude of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998);[2][5] 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002);[2] 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1;[2] 6.6 (GFZ 2006);[2] and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 ± 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002–2004).[2] There are also different opinions about which faults were involved.[2]
Damageedit
The earthquake destroyed the city of Basel, Switzerland, near the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben, and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from Paris to Prague.[1] Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, intraplate earthquakes are rare events in Central Europe. According to the Swiss Seismological Service, of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the Richter scale.[11]
^ abc(PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2015. The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe
^ abcdefgCentrale Nucléaire de Fessenheim : appréciation du risque sismique July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, pages 12, 13
^"Das Erdbeben von 1356" (in German). Altbasel.ch. 24 October 2006.
^Von Waltenkofen K. (1357). Alphabetum Narrationum.
^ abcdLambert, J.; Winter, T.; Dewez, T. J. B.; Sabourault, P. (2005), "New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland)", Quaternary Science Reviews, 24 (3–4): 381–399, Bibcode:2005QSRv...24..381L, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.019
^Meyer, B., Lacassin, R., Brulhet, J., Mouroux, B., 1994. "The Basel 1356 earthquake: which fault produced it?" Terra Nova6, 54–63.
^Meghraoui, M. (2001). "Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake". Science. 293 (5537): 2070–2073. doi:10.1126/science.1010618. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 3084555. PMID 11557888. S2CID 34852180.
^Ferry, M.; Meghraoui, M.; Delouis, B.; Giardini, D. (2005). "Evidence for Holocene palaeoseismicity along the Basel—Reinach active normal fault (Switzerland): a seismic source for the 1356 earthquake in the Upper Rhine graben". Geophysical Journal International. 160 (2): 554–572. Bibcode:2005GeoJI.160..554F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02404.x. hdl:20.500.11850/33737.
^D. Mayer-Rosa and B. Cadiot (1979). "A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data", Tectonophysics, 53, pp. 325–333.
^Bradley, Simon (18 October 2006). "Switzerland prepares for seismic calamity". SwissInfo. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
Further readingedit
Becker, Arnfried (17 May 2023). "Rockfalls triggered by the Basle earthquake on October 18, 1356". Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins. 105: 257–283. doi:10.1127/jmogv/105/0011. ISSN 0078-2947. S2CID 259059278.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1356 Basel earthquake.
Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Diocese of Basel makes mentions the earthquake
Critical description of the earthquake and its consequences (in German)
Preparing a seismic hazard model for Switzerland: The view from PEGASOS Expert Group 3
May 03, 2024
1356, basel, earthquake, most, significant, seismological, event, have, occurred, central, europe, recorded, history, moment, magnitude, range, this, earthquake, which, occurred, october, 1356, also, known, sankt, lukas, erdbeben, english, earthquake, saint, l. The 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history 1 and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6 0 7 1 2 This earthquake which occurred on 18 October 1356 is also known as the Sankt Lukas Tag Erdbeben 3 English Earthquake of Saint Luke as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist 1356 Basel earthquakeBasel earthquake as envisioned by Karl JauslinLocal date18 October 1356 1356 10 18 Local time22 00Magnitude6 0 7 1 MwEpicenternear Basel47 30 N 7 36 E 47 5 N 7 6 E 47 5 7 6Max intensityMSK 64 IX Destructive MSK 64 X Devastating Casualties1 000 Erdbebenkreuz Earthquake cross in Reinach Contents 1 Earthquake 1 1 Location 1 2 Intensity 1 3 Damage 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksEarthquake editAfter a foreshock between 19 00 and 20 00 local time the main earthquake struck at around 22 00 and numerous aftershocks followed through that night 4 Basel experienced a second very violent shock in the middle of the night The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300 All major churches and castles within a 30 km 19 mi radius of Basel were destroyed 5 The seismic crisis lasted a year The modeling of the macroseismic data 5 suggests that the earthquake s source had an east west orientation a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the Jura Front 6 On the other hand recent paleoseismic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a normal fault oriented NNE SSW and south of the town 7 The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town 8 Location edit Due to the limited records of the event a variety of epicenters have been proposed for the earthquake Some of the proposed locations include faults beneath the Jura Mountains or along the Basel Reinach escarpment 1 Another study placed the epicenter 10 km 6 2 mi south of Basel 9 Intensity edit The earthquake was felt as far away as Zurich Konstanz and even in Ile de France The maximum intensity registered on the Medvedev Sponheuer Karnik scale was IX X Destructive Devastating The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region s 30 to 40 castles 5 10 From this macroseismic data various studies have been conducted to estimate the moment magnitude of the earthquake which have resulted in various values of 6 2 BRGM 1998 2 5 6 0 GEO TER 2002 2 6 9 SED 2004 with a follow up report suggesting a range of between 6 7 and 7 1 2 6 6 GFZ 2006 2 and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts with American involvement in which four sub groups estimated values of 6 9 6 9 6 5 to 6 9 and 6 5 0 5 PEGASOS 2002 2004 2 There are also different opinions about which faults were involved 2 Damage edit The earthquake destroyed the city of Basel Switzerland near the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from Paris to Prague 1 Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey Greece and Italy intraplate earthquakes are rare events in Central Europe According to the Swiss Seismological Service of more than 10 000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6 0 on the Richter scale 11 See also edit nbsp Switzerland portal List of earthquakes in Switzerland Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant Induced seismicity in Basel List of historical earthquakesReferences edit a b c 1356 Basel Earthquake A 650 Year Retrospective PDF Risk Management Solutions 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 7 January 2015 The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe a b c d e f g Centrale Nucleaire de Fessenheim appreciation du risque sismique Archived July 20 2011 at the Wayback Machine RESONANCE Ingenieurs Conseils SA published 2007 09 05 pages 12 13 Das Erdbeben von 1356 in German Altbasel ch 24 October 2006 Von Waltenkofen K 1357 Alphabetum Narrationum a b c d Lambert J Winter T Dewez T J B Sabourault P 2005 New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake Switzerland Quaternary Science Reviews 24 3 4 381 399 Bibcode 2005QSRv 24 381L doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2004 02 019 Meyer B Lacassin R Brulhet J Mouroux B 1994 The Basel 1356 earthquake which fault produced it Terra Nova 6 54 63 Meghraoui M 2001 Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake Science 293 5537 2070 2073 doi 10 1126 science 1010618 ISSN 0036 8075 JSTOR 3084555 PMID 11557888 S2CID 34852180 Ferry M Meghraoui M Delouis B Giardini D 2005 Evidence for Holocene palaeoseismicity along the Basel Reinach active normal fault Switzerland a seismic source for the 1356 earthquake in the Upper Rhine graben Geophysical Journal International 160 2 554 572 Bibcode 2005GeoJI 160 554F doi 10 1111 j 1365 246X 2005 02404 x hdl 20 500 11850 33737 Fah D Gisler M Jaggi B Kastli P Lutz T Masciadri V Matt C Mayer Rosa D Rippmann D Schwarz Zanetti G Tauber J Wenk T July 2009 The 1356 Basel earthquake an interdisciplinary revision Geophysical Journal International 178 1 351 374 Bibcode 2009GeoJI 178 351F doi 10 1111 j 1365 246X 2009 04130 x hdl 20 500 11850 21256 D Mayer Rosa and B Cadiot 1979 A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake basic data Tectonophysics 53 pp 325 333 Bradley Simon 18 October 2006 Switzerland prepares for seismic calamity SwissInfo Retrieved 19 October 2020 Further reading editBecker Arnfried 17 May 2023 Rockfalls triggered by the Basle earthquake on October 18 1356 Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 105 257 283 doi 10 1127 jmogv 105 0011 ISSN 0078 2947 S2CID 259059278 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1356 Basel earthquake Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Diocese of Basel makes mentions the earthquake Das Grosse Beben von Basel im Jahr 1356 Critical description of the earthquake and its consequences in German Preparing a seismic hazard model for Switzerland The view from PEGASOS Expert Group 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1356 Basel earthquake amp oldid 1202693712, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
