Ban Kao (Thai: บ้านเก่า, pronounced [bâːn kàw]; lit: 'old village') is a tambon (sub-district) of Mueang Kanchanaburi District, in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand.[2] In 2017, it had a population of 16,147 people.[1] The tambon contains 15 villages.[2] This network of villages had its origins in northern China and this is reinforced by pottery and ceramic fragments.[3] The pottery and ceramic fragments found at Ban Kao highlight it's archaeological significance in Southeast Asia; some of these fragments are currently being kept at the Ban Kao National Museum.
Ban Kao Subdistrict is in the mountainous area of the Tenasserim Hills, close to the border with Myanmar. Phu Nam Ron,[4] a transnational cross-border point at the western end of the sub-district, is expected to gain in importance if the planned Dawei Port Project goes ahead, along with a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbor.[5]
History
In the year 1961, Per Søresen, a native of Denmark, led a Thai-Danish excavation team in the Ban Kao archaeological expeditions at a site that was approximately 400m off of the southern banks of the Khwae Noi river.[6] Søresen's excavations has led to the recognition of three different cultural phases at the Ban Kao site. These three phases were an Early Neolithic phase, a Late Neolithic phase, and an Iron Age phase. Numerous Neolithic archaeological remains have been found in a big mound at Ban Kao. The burial site yielded many human skeletons[7] and artifacts dating between 200 and 1300 BCE.[8] Some of the items are preserved in a small museum in Ban Kao village. Other findings, like those of the Thai-Danish Prehistoric Expedition who excavated Ban Kao from 1960–62, found skeletons with short ovoid skulls and medium and broad faces. Twenty-six skeletons were recovered majority of people lived an estimated age of less than 30 years and only two lived more than 40 years. Many of these skeletons have similar characteristics of present day inhabitants of Thailand.[9][10] Another example of objects found at the Ban Kao site is the remains of a rhinoceros sondaicus and a rhinoceros sumatraensis which are two animals that heavily populated this region, which leads researchers to believe the inhabitants of this site hunted this animal during the Neolithic period.[11]
The subdistrict was created effective June 1973 by splitting off 7 administrative villages from the subdistrict Chorakhe Phueak of Mueang Kanchanaburi.[2]
The burials found at the Bang Site Settlement of Ban Kao have revealed many animal remains, such as tortoise shells and pig skulls.[12] The use of iron at sites like Ban Kao have been dated from the 1st century BCE onward. This is supported by carbon dating of ceramic and bowl fragments found at the site of Ban Kao and supports the theory of native traditions playing a bigger role in the development of new metals and tools rather then the dominating theory that China had introduced metals like bronze and iron to South East Asian sites like Ban Kao. This is supported by evidence of two iron tools found buried with the forty-five bodies recovered from the Ban Kao site.
Early interpretations of this site focused on cultures through a connection with pottery. From evidence recovered in the original excavation of the Ban Kao site, a migration model was hypothesized. The interpretation drawn from the Thai-Danish excavation team notes that the Lung-Shan migration was the most influential out of many cultures that settled the Ban Kao area. This idea was formulated due to similarities between pottery found at Lung-shan sites and at the Ban Kao site.[13]
Pottery recovered at the Ban Kao site
Camp Ban Khao
Camp Ban Khao[14] was a prisoner of war work camp during World War II on the Burma Railway. In January 1943, the first 700 British prisoners arrived, and were joined by 400 Dutch prisoners in 13 March 1943. The conditions in the camp were reasonable, and there was a shop selling bami, nasi and coffee. Until April 1943, there were no deaths reported from the camp.[15]
Van Heekeren (left) receives an honorary doctorate from Leiden University (1965)
The first Neolithic artefacts were discovered by Hendrik Robert van Heekeren, a Dutch prisoner and amateur archaeologist.[16][17] Van Heekeren managed to hold on the stones when moved to Japan in June 1944, and hid them underneath a wooden floor. After the surrender of Japan, he passed them on to an American professor in Manila.[18] The stones are now in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.[16] In 1960, van Heekeren returned to Thailand as part as of a Danish expedition.[18]
Administration
The border with Myanmar near Ban Phu Nam Ron (2011)
Central administration
The tambon is subdivided into 15 administrative villages (muban).
^ ab"รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2560". Department of Provincial Administration (in Thai). 30 January 2022.
^ abc. Thai Tambon (in Thai). Archived from the original on 8 November 2019.
^Bayard, Donn; Parker, R. H. (1976). "Interpretation of Sai Yok and Ban Kao Sites, Central Thailand". Asian Perspectives. 19 (2): 289–294. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42927925.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^Parker, R. H. (1968). "Review of Archaeological Excavations in Thailand. Volume II, Ban Kao. Part 1". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 77 (3): 307–313. ISSN 0032-4000. JSTOR 20704565.
^Quinnell, M. C.; Sangvichien, S.; Sirigaroon, P.; Jorgensen, J. B. (December 1970). "Archaeological Excavations in Thailand. 3, Ban-Kao: Neolithic Cemeteries... Part 2, The Prehistoric Thai Skeletons". Man. 5 (4): 711. doi:10.2307/2799128. JSTOR 2799128.
^Keat Gin Ooi (ed.), Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 208
^Sangvichien, Sood (1962). "A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON NON-METRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOLITHIC SKELETONS FOUND AT BAN KAO, KANCHANABURi" (PDF). The Siam Society. (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^"Ban Kao National Museum". Tourism Thailand. Retrieved 4 February 2022. Correct name is van Heekeren (see other sources)
^Hatting, Tove (1967). "Animal bones from the tombs of the Bang site settlement, Ban Kao". The Thai-Danish prehistoric expedition 1960-62, Archaeological excavations in Thailand, vol 2: Ban Kao, neolithic settlements with cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province. Copenhagen, Munksgaad(PDF). pp. 1–4.
^Sieveking, G. de G. (June 1974). "Per Sørensen and Tove Hatting: Archaeological excavations in Thailand. Vol. II. BanKao: Neolithic settlements with cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province. Part I: The archaeological material from the burials. The Thai-Danish Prehistoric Expedition 1960–62". Antiquity. 48 (190): 149–151. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00054442. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 163423030.
^Chang, Kwang-Chih (1968). "Review of Archaeological Excavations in Thailand. Volume I: Sai-Yok: Stone-Age Settlements in the Kanchanaburi Province; Archaeological Excavations in Thailand. Volume II: Ban-Kao: Neolithic Settlements with Cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province. Part One: The Archaeological Material from the Burials". American Anthropologist. 70 (5): 1027–1028. doi:10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00770. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 669826.
^"Ban Khao". Far East POW Family. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^"Bankao". Japanse Krijgsgevangenkampen (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^ abCyler Conrad (5 May 2021). "An Archaeologist on the Railroad of Death". Sapiens. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^"Licht op de prehistorie van Thailand". Nieuwe Tilburgse Courant (in Dutch). 7 June 1962. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^ ab"Ontdekking aan de Kwai: Stenen uit de prehistorie". Het vrije volk (in Dutch). 8 October 1960. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
External links
Media related to Ban Kao at Wikimedia Commons
Human remains from archaeological sites in Thailand: legislative and ethical issues (in Thai), Muang Boran Journal(in Thai)
March 13, 2023
thai, านเก, pronounced, bâːn, kàw, village, tambon, district, mueang, kanchanaburi, district, kanchanaburi, province, thailand, 2017, population, people, tambon, contains, villages, this, network, villages, origins, northern, china, this, reinforced, pottery, . Ban Kao Thai baneka pronounced baːn kaw lit old village is a tambon sub district of Mueang Kanchanaburi District in Kanchanaburi Province Thailand 2 In 2017 it had a population of 16 147 people 1 The tambon contains 15 villages 2 This network of villages had its origins in northern China and this is reinforced by pottery and ceramic fragments 3 The pottery and ceramic fragments found at Ban Kao highlight it s archaeological significance in Southeast Asia some of these fragments are currently being kept at the Ban Kao National Museum Ban Kao banekaTambonBan Kao Sub district road to Phu Nam RonBan KaoLocation in ThailandCoordinates 13 52 N 99 9 E 13 867 N 99 150 E 13 867 99 150 Coordinates 13 52 N 99 9 E 13 867 N 99 150 E 13 867 99 150Country ThailandProvinceKanchanaburiAmphoeMueang KanchanaburiPopulation 2017 1 Total16 147Time zoneUTC 7 TST Postal code71000TIS 1099710113Tripod pottery found at the Ban Kao Museum Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 Camp Ban Khao 3 Administration 3 1 Central administration 3 2 Local administration 4 References 5 External linksGeography EditBan Kao Subdistrict is in the mountainous area of the Tenasserim Hills close to the border with Myanmar Phu Nam Ron 4 a transnational cross border point at the western end of the sub district is expected to gain in importance if the planned Dawei Port Project goes ahead along with a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbor 5 History EditIn the year 1961 Per Soresen a native of Denmark led a Thai Danish excavation team in the Ban Kao archaeological expeditions at a site that was approximately 400m off of the southern banks of the Khwae Noi river 6 Soresen s excavations has led to the recognition of three different cultural phases at the Ban Kao site These three phases were an Early Neolithic phase a Late Neolithic phase and an Iron Age phase Numerous Neolithic archaeological remains have been found in a big mound at Ban Kao The burial site yielded many human skeletons 7 and artifacts dating between 200 and 1300 BCE 8 Some of the items are preserved in a small museum in Ban Kao village Other findings like those of the Thai Danish Prehistoric Expedition who excavated Ban Kao from 1960 62 found skeletons with short ovoid skulls and medium and broad faces Twenty six skeletons were recovered majority of people lived an estimated age of less than 30 years and only two lived more than 40 years Many of these skeletons have similar characteristics of present day inhabitants of Thailand 9 10 Another example of objects found at the Ban Kao site is the remains of a rhinoceros sondaicus and a rhinoceros sumatraensis which are two animals that heavily populated this region which leads researchers to believe the inhabitants of this site hunted this animal during the Neolithic period 11 The subdistrict was created effective June 1973 by splitting off 7 administrative villages from the subdistrict Chorakhe Phueak of Mueang Kanchanaburi 2 The burials found at the Bang Site Settlement of Ban Kao have revealed many animal remains such as tortoise shells and pig skulls 12 The use of iron at sites like Ban Kao have been dated from the 1st century BCE onward This is supported by carbon dating of ceramic and bowl fragments found at the site of Ban Kao and supports the theory of native traditions playing a bigger role in the development of new metals and tools rather then the dominating theory that China had introduced metals like bronze and iron to South East Asian sites like Ban Kao This is supported by evidence of two iron tools found buried with the forty five bodies recovered from the Ban Kao site Early interpretations of this site focused on cultures through a connection with pottery From evidence recovered in the original excavation of the Ban Kao site a migration model was hypothesized The interpretation drawn from the Thai Danish excavation team notes that the Lung Shan migration was the most influential out of many cultures that settled the Ban Kao area This idea was formulated due to similarities between pottery found at Lung shan sites and at the Ban Kao site 13 Pottery recovered at the Ban Kao site Camp Ban Khao Edit Camp Ban Khao 14 was a prisoner of war work camp during World War II on the Burma Railway In January 1943 the first 700 British prisoners arrived and were joined by 400 Dutch prisoners in 13 March 1943 The conditions in the camp were reasonable and there was a shop selling bami nasi and coffee Until April 1943 there were no deaths reported from the camp 15 Van Heekeren left receives an honorary doctorate from Leiden University 1965 The first Neolithic artefacts were discovered by Hendrik Robert van Heekeren a Dutch prisoner and amateur archaeologist 16 17 Van Heekeren managed to hold on the stones when moved to Japan in June 1944 and hid them underneath a wooden floor After the surrender of Japan he passed them on to an American professor in Manila 18 The stones are now in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 16 In 1960 van Heekeren returned to Thailand as part as of a Danish expedition 18 Administration Edit The border with Myanmar near Ban Phu Nam Ron 2011 Central administration Edit The tambon is subdivided into 15 administrative villages muban No Name Thai0 1 Ban Kao baneka0 2 Ban Huai Nam Khao banhwynakhaw0 3 Ban Tapo banthaopa0 4 Ban Phu Noi banphunxy0 5 Ban Lam Thahan banlathhar0 6 Ban Thung Sala banthungsala0 7 Ban Nong Ban Kao banhnxngbaneka0 8 Ban To Mai Daeng bantximaedng0 9 Ban Lam Tharai banlathray10 Ban Takian Ngam bantaekhiynngam11 Ban Sam Nong bansamhnxng12 Ban Phu Nam Ron banphunarxn13 Ban Tha Thung Na banthathungna14 Ban Pratu Tan banpratudan15 Ban Mai Huai Nam Khao banihmhwynakhawLocal administration Edit The whole area of the subdistrict is covered by the subdistrict administrative organization SAO Ban Kao xngkhkarbriharswntablbaneka References Edit a b rayngansthiticanwnprachakraelabanpracapi ph s 2560 Department of Provincial Administration in Thai 30 January 2022 a b c khxmultablbaneka xaephxemuxng kaycnburi Thai Tambon in Thai Archived from the original on 8 November 2019 Bayard Donn Parker R H 1976 Interpretation of Sai Yok and Ban Kao Sites Central Thailand Asian Perspectives 19 2 289 294 ISSN 0066 8435 JSTOR 42927925 Phu Nam Ron Border Crossing Table A1 1 1a Prospective projects in Mekong sub region PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 May 2013 Retrieved 13 May 2016 Parker R H 1968 Review of Archaeological Excavations in Thailand Volume II Ban Kao Part 1 The Journal of the Polynesian Society 77 3 307 313 ISSN 0032 4000 JSTOR 20704565 Quinnell M C Sangvichien S Sirigaroon P Jorgensen J B December 1970 Archaeological Excavations in Thailand 3 Ban Kao Neolithic Cemeteries Part 2 The Prehistoric Thai Skeletons Man 5 4 711 doi 10 2307 2799128 JSTOR 2799128 Keat Gin Ooi ed Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia Volume 1 p 208 Sangvichien Sood 1962 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON NON METRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOLITHIC SKELETONS FOUND AT BAN KAO KANCHANABURi PDF The Siam Society Archived PDF from the original on 10 February 2022 Retrieved 9 February 2022 Ban Kao National Museum Tourism Thailand Retrieved 4 February 2022 Correct name is van Heekeren see other sources Hatting Tove 1967 Animal bones from the tombs of the Bang site settlement Ban Kao The Thai Danish prehistoric expedition 1960 62 Archaeological excavations in Thailand vol 2 Ban Kao neolithic settlements with cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province Copenhagen Munksgaad PDF pp 1 4 Sieveking G de G June 1974 Per Sorensen and Tove Hatting Archaeological excavations in Thailand Vol II BanKao Neolithic settlements with cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province Part I The archaeological material from the burials The Thai Danish Prehistoric Expedition 1960 62 Antiquity 48 190 149 151 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00054442 ISSN 0003 598X S2CID 163423030 Chang Kwang Chih 1968 Review of Archaeological Excavations in Thailand Volume I Sai Yok Stone Age Settlements in the Kanchanaburi Province Archaeological Excavations in Thailand Volume II Ban Kao Neolithic Settlements with Cemeteries in the Kanchanaburi Province Part One The Archaeological Material from the Burials American Anthropologist 70 5 1027 1028 doi 10 1525 aa 1968 70 5 02a00770 ISSN 0002 7294 JSTOR 669826 Ban Khao Far East POW Family Retrieved 4 February 2022 Bankao Japanse Krijgsgevangenkampen in Dutch Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b Cyler Conrad 5 May 2021 An Archaeologist on the Railroad of Death Sapiens Retrieved 4 February 2022 Licht op de prehistorie van Thailand Nieuwe Tilburgse Courant in Dutch 7 June 1962 Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b Ontdekking aan de Kwai Stenen uit de prehistorie Het vrije volk in Dutch 8 October 1960 Retrieved 4 February 2022 External links Edit Media related to Ban Kao at Wikimedia Commons Human remains from archaeological sites in Thailand legislative and ethical issues in Thai Muang Boran Journal in Thai Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ban Kao amp oldid 1142899756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
