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Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

April 27, 2024

There were six major officers of the kingdom of Jerusalem: the constable, the marshal, the seneschal, the chamberlain (which were known as the "Grand Offices"), the butler and the chancellor. At certain times there were also bailiffs, viscounts and castellans.

Coat of arms of the kingdom of Jerusalem.

Essentially these offices developed from the typical officials that existed in northern France in the 11th century, the homeland of the first kings of Jerusalem. The offices continued to develop in France and England, but in Jerusalem they tended to develop more slowly or not at all, taking on different roles than their European counterparts.

The lists given below are incomplete, as the specific names and dates of the officers are sometimes unknown. After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the offices were sometimes awarded as honors by the kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

Constables edit

The constable commanded the army, paid mercenaries and judged legal cases pertaining to the military. He was the most important officer in the kingdom, due to the almost constant state of warfare that existed between the Christian and Muslim states. The constable was officially the second-in-command of the army, in which he exercised police authority and commanded a division twice as large as all others. In addition, constables also determined the boundaries and borders of the kingdom.[1] During the coronation the constable would hold the king's horse.[2]

Marshals edit

The marshal was next-in-command (and, apparently, a literal vassal) to the constable. He led the mercenaries and was in charge of the army's horses, and distributed the spoils of a victorious battle.[1] On coronation day the marshal would assist the constable.[2]

Seneschals edit

The office of seneschal in Jerusalem never achieved the prominence of its European counterparts but was important nonetheless. The seneschal administered the coronation ceremony, oversaw the Haute Cour in the king's absence, administered royal castles, and managed the royal finances and revenue. The seneschal's power was over only viscounts and not castellans, and the constable was still superior to the seneschal due in part to the kingdom's constant state of war.[3] During coronations the seneschal would hold the royal sceptre and oversee the coronation feast.[2]

The office was similar to, but not as developed as, the English office of the exchequer.

Chamberlains edit

The Chamberlain administered the royal household and its servants, and had other honorary duties such as administering oaths.[1] On coronation day the chamberlain would robe the king.[2] He had his own fief from which he drew his salary.

  • Strabulon (c. 1099)
  • Geoffrey (c. 1099)
  • Gerard (1108–1115)
  • John (1119–1128)
  • Ralph (1129–1130)
  • Joscelin (c. 1138)
  • Miles (c. 1138)
  • Nicholas (1150–1152)
  • Gauvain de la Roche (c. 1156)
  • Gerard of Pugi (c. 1169)
  • Amalric of Lusignan (1175–1178)
  • John (c. 1179)
  • Raymond (c. 1184)
  • Balian of Ibelin (1183–1185)
  • Thomas (1190–1197)
  • Henry of Canelli (c. 1192)
  • John (c. 1194)
  • Rohard of Caiphas (1201–1220)
  • Renaud of Caiphas (1230–1232)
  • John of Cossie (1232–1250)
  • Philip of Cossie (1250–1269)

Butlers edit

The butler was in charge of the royal table and also administered the kingdom's vineyards.[1]

  • Winric (c. 1099)
  • Gervais (c. 1107)
  • Pagan (1120–1136)
  • Robert Crispin (1145–1146)
  • Odo of St Amand (1164–1167)
  • Miles (1185–1186)

Chancellors edit

The chancellor drew up deeds and charters and managed the kingdom's diplomatic service.[1] The chancellery is an interesting example of the fossilization of 11th century offices. It consisted of only a few secretaries and scribes, and never became the large administrative bureaucracy that had developed elsewhere in Europe. Chancellors tended to be clergymen who often became bishops or archbishops, sometimes while still holding the chancellery. The relative unimportance of the chancellor reflects the relative decentralization of royal authority as compared to states like France or England that were at the same time becoming more centralized.

Bailiffs edit

The bailiff (or bailli) administered the kingdom in the absence or minority of the king, in the capacity of a regent; for example, during the captivity of Baldwin II, and the youth and illness of Baldwin IV. In the 13th century the bailiff ruled essentially as a king himself, and was the most powerful man in the kingdom, as the kings were usually foreign monarchs who did not live permanently in the kingdom.

Viscounts and Castellans edit

These two offices were sometimes held by one person and sometimes held by two separate people; sometimes one or the other was not held at all. They were named by the king and occupied the Tower of David, but their specific duties are mostly unknown and were probably not particularly important; one of the duties of the viscount was apprehending criminals and administering justice in the lower-class burgess court. Like the office of butler, these offices may not have survived the move to Acre.

  • Anselm (castellan, c. 1110)
  • Pisellus (viscount, c. 1110)
  • Anscatinus (viscount, 1120–1135?)
  • Roard the elder (both?, 1135?–1150?)
  • Arnoul (viscount, 1155–1181?)
  • Odo of St Amand (both?, c. 1160)
  • Roard the younger (castellan, 1165–1177?)
  • Peter of Creseto (castellan, c. 1173?)
  • Balian of Jaffa (castellan, c. 1178)
  • Peter of Creseto (castellan, c. 1178)

See also edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Richard, 77.
  2. ^ a b c d Archer, Thomas Andrew; Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). "The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem".
  3. ^ Richard, 76.

Bibliography edit

  • Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, Les Familles d'Outremer, ed. M.E-G. Rey, Paris, 1869.
  • John L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1932. Cf. pp. 252–60.
  • Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford University Press, 1965 (trans. 1972).
  • Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Winfield and Nicholson, 1972.
  • Jean Richard. (1979). The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. North-Holland: New York. ISBN 0-444-85092-9.
  • Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277, Archon Books, London,1973.
  • Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1291, Clarendon Press, 1989.

April 27, 2024
officers, kingdom, jerusalem, there, were, major, officers, kingdom, jerusalem, constable, marshal, seneschal, chamberlain, which, were, known, grand, offices, butler, chancellor, certain, times, there, were, also, bailiffs, viscounts, castellans, coat, arms, . There were six major officers of the kingdom of Jerusalem the constable the marshal the seneschal the chamberlain which were known as the Grand Offices the butler and the chancellor At certain times there were also bailiffs viscounts and castellans Coat of arms of the kingdom of Jerusalem Essentially these offices developed from the typical officials that existed in northern France in the 11th century the homeland of the first kings of Jerusalem The offices continued to develop in France and England but in Jerusalem they tended to develop more slowly or not at all taking on different roles than their European counterparts The lists given below are incomplete as the specific names and dates of the officers are sometimes unknown After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem the offices were sometimes awarded as honors by the kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem Contents 1 Constables 2 Marshals 3 Seneschals 4 Chamberlains 5 Butlers 6 Chancellors 7 Bailiffs 8 Viscounts and Castellans 9 See also 10 Citations 11 BibliographyConstables editThe constable commanded the army paid mercenaries and judged legal cases pertaining to the military He was the most important officer in the kingdom due to the almost constant state of warfare that existed between the Christian and Muslim states The constable was officially the second in command of the army in which he exercised police authority and commanded a division twice as large as all others In addition constables also determined the boundaries and borders of the kingdom 1 During the coronation the constable would hold the king s horse 2 Simon 1108 1115 Hugh Caulis c 1120 Eustace Grenier c 1123 1123 William I of Bures 1123 1141 Manasses of Hierges 1144 1151 Humphrey II of Toron 1152 1179 Amalric of Lusignan 1179 1194 John of Ibelin 1194 1205 Walter of Montbeliard 1206 1211 Odo of Montbeliard 1220 1244 Philip of Montfort c 1244 John of Ibelin 1251 1258 William of Botron 1258 1262 Balian of Arsuf 1268 1277 Richard of Neublans c 1277 Simon of Montolif c 1284 Baldwin of Ibelin c 1286 Amalric of Lusignan 1285 1300 Philip of Brunswick Grubenhagen c 1359 Peter of Lusignan c 1415 Marshals editThe marshal was next in command and apparently a literal vassal to the constable He led the mercenaries and was in charge of the army s horses and distributed the spoils of a victorious battle 1 On coronation day the marshal would assist the constable 2 Sado 1125 1154 Eudes of St Amand 1155 1156 Joscelin III of Edessa 1156 1159 William 1159 1171 Gerard of Pugi 1169 1174 John c 1179 Gerard of Ridefort c 1179 Walter Durus 1185 1192 Hugh Martin c 1191 Arnulf c 1193 John 1194 1200 Aymar de Lairon c 1206 James of Dournai 1211 1217 Riccardo Filangieri 1231 1242 Philip of Cossie c 1250 Geoffrey of Sergines c 1254 John of Gibelet 1261 1262 William Canet 1269 1273 James Vidal c 1277 Seneschals editThe office of seneschal in Jerusalem never achieved the prominence of its European counterparts but was important nonetheless The seneschal administered the coronation ceremony oversaw the Haute Cour in the king s absence administered royal castles and managed the royal finances and revenue The seneschal s power was over only viscounts and not castellans and the constable was still superior to the seneschal due in part to the kingdom s constant state of war 3 During coronations the seneschal would hold the royal sceptre and oversee the coronation feast 2 The office was similar to but not as developed as the English office of the exchequer Hugh of St Omer c 1100 1104 Gervase of Bazoches c 1104 Hugo Chostard c 1112 Anscherius c 1122 Isaac c 1149 John c 1151 Guy le Francois c 1164 Miles of Plancy c 1168 1174 Ralph c 1176 Joscelin III of Edessa 1176 1190 Obertus Nepos 1187 1192 Ralph of Tiberias 1194 1220 Raymond of Gibelet c 1240 Baldwin of Ibelin c 1256 Geoffrey of Sergines 1254 1267 Robert of Cresque c 1269 Olivier de Termes 1269 Jean I de Grailly 1272 1276 Odo Poilechien 1278 1286 Philip of Ibelin Chamberlains editThe Chamberlain administered the royal household and its servants and had other honorary duties such as administering oaths 1 On coronation day the chamberlain would robe the king 2 He had his own fief from which he drew his salary Strabulon c 1099 Geoffrey c 1099 Gerard 1108 1115 John 1119 1128 Ralph 1129 1130 Joscelin c 1138 Miles c 1138 Nicholas 1150 1152 Gauvain de la Roche c 1156 Gerard of Pugi c 1169 Amalric of Lusignan 1175 1178 John c 1179 Raymond c 1184 Balian of Ibelin 1183 1185 Thomas 1190 1197 Henry of Canelli c 1192 John c 1194 Rohard of Caiphas 1201 1220 Renaud of Caiphas 1230 1232 John of Cossie 1232 1250 Philip of Cossie 1250 1269 Butlers editThe butler was in charge of the royal table and also administered the kingdom s vineyards 1 Winric c 1099 Gervais c 1107 Pagan 1120 1136 Robert Crispin 1145 1146 Odo of St Amand 1164 1167 Miles 1185 1186 Chancellors editThe chancellor drew up deeds and charters and managed the kingdom s diplomatic service 1 The chancellery is an interesting example of the fossilization of 11th century offices It consisted of only a few secretaries and scribes and never became the large administrative bureaucracy that had developed elsewhere in Europe Chancellors tended to be clergymen who often became bishops or archbishops sometimes while still holding the chancellery The relative unimportance of the chancellor reflects the relative decentralization of royal authority as compared to states like France or England that were at the same time becoming more centralized Arnoul Pagan 1115 1128 Amelinus c 1130 Franco 1133 1135 Helias 1136 1142 Ralph bishop of Bethlehem 1146 1174 Frederick Archbishop of Tyre c 1150 William archbishop of Tyre 1174 1183 Lambert c 1177 Bandinus for Conrad of Montferrat de jure Conrad I from 1190 in Tyre 1188 1192 Peter bishop of Tripoli 1185 1192 Eudes c 1190 Joscius Archbishop of Tyre 1192 1200 Raoul of Merencourt 1206 1215 Simon of Maugastel 1226 1227 Maregnan c 1234 Bailiffs editThe bailiff or bailli administered the kingdom in the absence or minority of the king in the capacity of a regent for example during the captivity of Baldwin II and the youth and illness of Baldwin IV In the 13th century the bailiff ruled essentially as a king himself and was the most powerful man in the kingdom as the kings were usually foreign monarchs who did not live permanently in the kingdom Eustace Grenier 1123 William I of Bures 1123 1124 Miles of Plancy 1173 Raymond III of Tripoli 1173 1177 Raynald of Chatillon 1177 Guy of Lusignan 1183 1185 Raymond III of Tripoli 1186 John of Ibelin 1206 1210 Odo of Montbeliard 1223 1227 Thomas of Aquino 1227 1228 Richard Filangieri 1231 1242 at Tyre Odo of Montbeliard 1236 1240 at Acre Walter Penenpie 1240 at Acre John of Ibelin 1246 1248 Jean Fuinon 1248 1249 John of Arsuf 1249 1254 John of Ibelin 1254 1256 John of Arsuf 1256 1258 Geoffrey of Sergines 1259 1261 Balian of Ibelin 1276 1277 Roger of San Severino 1277 1281 Odo Poilechien 1281 1286 Baldwin of Ibelin 1286 1287 Viscounts and Castellans editThese two offices were sometimes held by one person and sometimes held by two separate people sometimes one or the other was not held at all They were named by the king and occupied the Tower of David but their specific duties are mostly unknown and were probably not particularly important one of the duties of the viscount was apprehending criminals and administering justice in the lower class burgess court Like the office of butler these offices may not have survived the move to Acre Anselm castellan c 1110 Pisellus viscount c 1110 Anscatinus viscount 1120 1135 Roard the elder both 1135 1150 Arnoul viscount 1155 1181 Odo of St Amand both c 1160 Roard the younger castellan 1165 1177 Peter of Creseto castellan c 1173 Balian of Jaffa castellan c 1178 Peter of Creseto castellan c 1178 See also editVassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus Officers of the Principality of Antioch Officers of the County of Tripoli Officers of the County of EdessaCitations edit a b c d e Richard 77 a b c d Archer Thomas Andrew Kingsford Charles Lethbridge 1894 The Crusades The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Richard 76 Bibliography editCharles du Fresne sieur du Cange Les Familles d Outremer ed M E G Rey Paris 1869 John L La Monte Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1100 1291 Cambridge Massachusetts 1932 Cf pp 252 60 Hans E Mayer The Crusades Oxford University Press 1965 trans 1972 Joshua Prawer The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Winfield and Nicholson 1972 Jean Richard 1979 The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem North Holland New York ISBN 0 444 85092 9 Jonathan Riley Smith The Feudal Nobility in the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174 1277 Archon Books London 1973 Steven Tibble Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 1291 Clarendon Press 1989 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem amp oldid 1184691695, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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