Look up bactericide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance which kills bacteria. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics.[1] However, material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their physical surface structure, as for example biomaterials like insect wings.
heavy metals and their salts, such as colloidal silver, silver nitrate, mercury chloride, phenylmercury salts, copper sulfate, copper oxide-chloride etc. Heavy metals and their salts are the most toxic and environment-hazardous bactericides and therefore their use is strongly discouraged or prohibited
alkalis (sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides), such as of pH > 13, particularly under elevated temperature (above 60 °C), kills bacteria.
Antiseptics
As antiseptics (i.e., germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body, skin, mucoses, wounds and the like), few of the above-mentioned disinfectants can be used, under proper conditions (mainly concentration, pH, temperature and toxicity toward humans and animals). Among them, some important are
properly diluted chlorine preparations (f.e. Dakin's solution, 0.5% sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution, pH-adjusted to pH 7 – 8, or 0.5 – 1% solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide (chloramine B)), some
Aminoglycosidic antibiotics are usually considered bactericidal, although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms.
As of 2004, the distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents appeared to be clear according to the basic/clinical definition, but this only applies under strict laboratory conditions and it is important to distinguish microbiological and clinical definitions.[2] The distinction is more arbitrary when agents are categorized in clinical situations. The supposed superiority of bactericidal agents over bacteriostatic agents is of little relevance when treating the vast majority of infections with gram-positive bacteria, particularly in patients with uncomplicated infections and noncompromised immune systems. Bacteriostatic agents have been effectively used for treatment that are considered to require bactericidal activity. Furthermore, some broad classes of antibacterial agents considered bacteriostatic can exhibit bactericidal activity against some bacteria on the basis of in vitro determination of MBC/MIC values. At high concentrations, bacteriostatic agents are often bactericidal against some susceptible organisms. The ultimate guide to treatment of any infection must be clinical outcome.
Surfaces
Material surfaces can exhibit bactericidal properties because of their crystallographic surface structure.
Somewhere in the mid 2000s it was shown that metallic nanoparticles can kill bacteria. The effect of a silver nanoparticle for example depends on its size with a preferential diameter of about 1-10 nm to interact with bacteria.[3]
In 2013, cicada wings were found to have a selective anti-gram-negative bactericidal effect based on their physical surface structure.[4] Mechanical deformation of the more or less rigid nanopillars found on the wing releases energy, striking and killing bacteria within minutes, hence called a mechano-bactericidal effect.[5]
In 2020 researchers have combined cationic polymer adsorption and femtosecond laser surface structuring to generate a bactericidal effect against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria on borosilicate glass surfaces, providing a practical platform for the study of the bacteria-surface interaction.[6]
^McDonnell, G; Russell, AD (1999). "Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (1): 147–179. doi:10.1128/cmr.12.1.147. PMC88911. PMID 9880479.
^Pankey, GA; Sabath, LD (2004). "Clinical Relevance of Bacteriostatic versus Bactericidal Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections". Clin Infect Dis. 38 (6): 864–870. doi:10.1086/381972. PMID 14999632.
^Morones, Jose Ruben; Elechiguerra, Jose Luis; Camacho, Alejandra; Holt, Katherine; Kouri, Juan B; Ramírez, Jose Tapia; Yacaman, Miguel Jose (2005-10-01). "The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles". Nanotechnology. 16 (10): 2346–2353. Bibcode:2005Nanot..16.2346R. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/059. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 20818017.
^Hasan, Jafar; Webb, Hayden K.; Truong, Vi Khanh; Pogodin, Sergey; Baulin, Vladimir A.; Watson, Gregory S.; Watson, Jolanta A.; Crawford, Russell J.; Ivanova, Elena P. (October 2013). "Selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada Psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (20): 9257–9262. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4628-5. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 23250225. S2CID 16568909.
^Ivanova, Elena P.; Linklater, Denver P.; Werner, Marco; Baulin, Vladimir A.; Xu, XiuMei; Vrancken, Nandi; Rubanov, Sergey; Hanssen, Eric; Wandiyanto, Jason; Truong, Vi Khanh; Elbourne, Aaron (2020-06-09). "The multi-faceted mechano-bactericidal mechanism of nanostructured surfaces". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (23): 12598–12605. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11712598I. doi:10.1073/pnas.1916680117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC7293705. PMID 32457154.
^Chen, C.; Enrico, A.; et al. (2020). "Bactericidal surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser patterning and layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte coating". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 575: 286–297. Bibcode:2020JCIS..575..286C. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.107. PMID 32380320.
February 27, 2023
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Look up bactericide in Wiktionary the free dictionary A bactericide or bacteriocide sometimes abbreviated Bcidal is a substance which kills bacteria Bactericides are disinfectants antiseptics or antibiotics 1 However material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their physical surface structure as for example biomaterials like insect wings Contents 1 Disinfectants 2 Antiseptics 3 Antibiotics 4 Surfaces 5 See also 6 ReferencesDisinfectants EditThe most used disinfectants are those applying active chlorine i e hypochlorites chloramines dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanurate wet chlorine chlorine dioxide etc active oxygen peroxides such as peracetic acid potassium persulfate sodium perborate sodium percarbonate and urea perhydrate iodine povidone iodine Lugol s solution iodine tincture iodinated nonionic surfactants concentrated alcohols mainly ethanol 1 propanol called also n propanol and 2 propanol called isopropanol and mixtures thereof further 2 phenoxyethanol and 1 and 2 phenoxypropanols are used phenolic substances such as phenol also called carbolic acid cresols such as thymol halogenated chlorinated brominated phenols such as hexachlorophene triclosan trichlorophenol tribromophenol pentachlorophenol salts and isomers thereof cationic surfactants such as some quaternary ammonium cations such as benzalkonium chloride cetyl trimethylammonium bromide or chloride didecyldimethylammonium chloride cetylpyridinium chloride benzethonium chloride and others non quaternary compounds such as chlorhexidine glucoprotamine octenidine dihydrochloride etc strong oxidizers such as ozone and permanganate solutions heavy metals and their salts such as colloidal silver silver nitrate mercury chloride phenylmercury salts copper sulfate copper oxide chloride etc Heavy metals and their salts are the most toxic and environment hazardous bactericides and therefore their use is strongly discouraged or prohibited strong acids phosphoric nitric sulfuric amidosulfuric toluenesulfonic acids pH lt 1 and alkalis sodium potassium calcium hydroxides such as of pH gt 13 particularly under elevated temperature above 60 C kills bacteria Antiseptics EditAs antiseptics i e germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body skin mucoses wounds and the like few of the above mentioned disinfectants can be used under proper conditions mainly concentration pH temperature and toxicity toward humans and animals Among them some important are properly diluted chlorine preparations f e Dakin s solution 0 5 sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution pH adjusted to pH 7 8 or 0 5 1 solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide chloramine B some iodine preparations such as iodopovidone in various galenics ointment solutions wound plasters in the past also Lugol s solution peroxides such as urea perhydrate solutions and pH buffered 0 1 0 25 peracetic acid solutions alcohols with or without antiseptic additives used mainly for skin antisepsis weak organic acids such as sorbic acid benzoic acid lactic acid and salicylic acid some phenolic compounds such as hexachlorophene triclosan and Dibromol and cationic surfactants such as 0 05 0 5 benzalkonium 0 5 4 chlorhexidine 0 1 2 octenidine solutions Others are generally not applicable as safe antiseptics either because of their corrosive or toxic nature Antibiotics EditBactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria bacteriostatic antibiotics slow their growth or reproduction Bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis the beta lactam antibiotics penicillin derivatives penams cephalosporins cephems monobactams and carbapenems and vancomycin Also bactericidal are daptomycin fluoroquinolones metronidazole nitrofurantoin co trimoxazole telithromycin Aminoglycosidic antibiotics are usually considered bactericidal although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms As of 2004 the distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents appeared to be clear according to the basic clinical definition but this only applies under strict laboratory conditions and it is important to distinguish microbiological and clinical definitions 2 The distinction is more arbitrary when agents are categorized in clinical situations The supposed superiority of bactericidal agents over bacteriostatic agents is of little relevance when treating the vast majority of infections with gram positive bacteria particularly in patients with uncomplicated infections and noncompromised immune systems Bacteriostatic agents have been effectively used for treatment that are considered to require bactericidal activity Furthermore some broad classes of antibacterial agents considered bacteriostatic can exhibit bactericidal activity against some bacteria on the basis of in vitro determination of MBC MIC values At high concentrations bacteriostatic agents are often bactericidal against some susceptible organisms The ultimate guide to treatment of any infection must be clinical outcome Surfaces EditMaterial surfaces can exhibit bactericidal properties because of their crystallographic surface structure Somewhere in the mid 2000s it was shown that metallic nanoparticles can kill bacteria The effect of a silver nanoparticle for example depends on its size with a preferential diameter of about 1 10 nm to interact with bacteria 3 In 2013 cicada wings were found to have a selective anti gram negative bactericidal effect based on their physical surface structure 4 Mechanical deformation of the more or less rigid nanopillars found on the wing releases energy striking and killing bacteria within minutes hence called a mechano bactericidal effect 5 In 2020 researchers have combined cationic polymer adsorption and femtosecond laser surface structuring to generate a bactericidal effect against both gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Escherichia coli bacteria on borosilicate glass surfaces providing a practical platform for the study of the bacteria surface interaction 6 See also EditList of antibiotics Microbicide VirucideReferences Edit McDonnell G Russell AD 1999 Antiseptics and Disinfectants Activity Action and Resistance Clin Microbiol Rev 12 1 147 179 doi 10 1128 cmr 12 1 147 PMC 88911 PMID 9880479 Pankey GA Sabath LD 2004 Clinical Relevance of Bacteriostatic versus Bactericidal Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Gram Positive Bacterial Infections Clin Infect Dis 38 6 864 870 doi 10 1086 381972 PMID 14999632 Morones Jose Ruben Elechiguerra Jose Luis Camacho Alejandra Holt Katherine Kouri Juan B Ramirez Jose Tapia Yacaman Miguel Jose 2005 10 01 The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles Nanotechnology 16 10 2346 2353 Bibcode 2005Nanot 16 2346R doi 10 1088 0957 4484 16 10 059 ISSN 0957 4484 PMID 20818017 Hasan Jafar Webb Hayden K Truong Vi Khanh Pogodin Sergey Baulin Vladimir A Watson Gregory S Watson Jolanta A Crawford Russell J Ivanova Elena P October 2013 Selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada Psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97 20 9257 9262 doi 10 1007 s00253 012 4628 5 ISSN 0175 7598 PMID 23250225 S2CID 16568909 Ivanova Elena P Linklater Denver P Werner Marco Baulin Vladimir A Xu XiuMei Vrancken Nandi Rubanov Sergey Hanssen Eric Wandiyanto Jason Truong Vi Khanh Elbourne Aaron 2020 06 09 The multi faceted mechano bactericidal mechanism of nanostructured surfaces Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 23 12598 12605 Bibcode 2020PNAS 11712598I doi 10 1073 pnas 1916680117 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 7293705 PMID 32457154 Chen C Enrico A et al 2020 Bactericidal surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser patterning and layer by layer polyelectrolyte coating Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 575 286 297 Bibcode 2020JCIS 575 286C doi 10 1016 j jcis 2020 04 107 PMID 32380320 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bactericide amp oldid 1129074455, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
