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B virus

December 15, 2023

B-virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; McHV-1; formerly Macacine herpesvirus 1,[3] Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1,[1] CHV-1[4]), Herpesvirus simiae, or Herpes virus B[2] is the Simplexvirus infecting macaque monkeys. B virus is very similar to HSV-1, and as such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood.

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1
B virus spread in murine cells with time at 24 and 48-hours post infection (PI)
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Peploviricota
Class: Herviviricetes
Order: Herpesvirales
Family: Orthoherpesviridae
Genus: Simplexvirus
Species:
Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1
Synonyms
  • Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1[1]
  • Herpes virus B[2]
  • Macacine herpesvirus 1[3]

In the natural host, the virus exhibits pathogenesis similar to that of cold sores in humans. Conversely, when humans are zoonotically infected with B virus, patients can present with a severe encephalitis, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients, with a case fatality rate of approximately 80%.[5] Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection.

B virus is the only identified old-world-monkey herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans. There have been a number of accidental infections and fatalities of researchers working with rhesus monkeys (Rhesus macaque). Personal protective equipment is necessary when working with macaques, especially with animals that have tested positive for the virus. Bites, scratches, and exposures to mucous membranes, including the eye, have led to infection when not cleaned immediately.[6][7][8][9]

B virus infection is extremely rare, but it can lead to severe brain damage or death if it is not treated immediately. People typically get infected with B virus if they are bitten or scratched by an infected macaque monkey, or have contact with the monkey's eyes, nose, or mouth. Only one case has been documented of an infected person spreading B virus to another person.[10] As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death.[11] At least 20 of the patients developed some degree of encephalitis.[12][13]

History edit

 
Rhesus monkeys are a natural host of B virus and have on occasion caused fatal infections in researchers

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was first identified in 1932 following the death of William Brebner, a young physician who was bitten by a rhesus monkey while doing research on polio.[14] He had healed from the bite but later developed a febrile illness,[15] resulting in localized erythema, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and, ultimately, transverse myelitis. Neurologic tissues obtained during autopsy revealed the presence of an ultrafilterable agent that appeared similar to HSV-1.[16] This isolate was originally termed "W virus."[14]

Within a year of Brebner's death, Albert Sabin identified a novel virus from the same samples,[17] which he later named B virus.[18] Sabin further described the lethality of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 by showing that infectivity was independent of the route of inoculation.[17] Additionally, it was observed that Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 induced immunologic responses similar to HSV-1[19] and shared similarities to HVP-2 and Langur herpesvirus, two other nonhuman primate alphaherpesviruses.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

By 1959, Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was identified as the causative agent in 17 human cases, 12 of which resulted in death.[25][26][27] Approximately 50 cases had been identified by 2002, although only 26 were well documented. Improvements in handling human cases have been made in the past several decades. Between 1987 and 2004, the mortality rate decreased, largely due to the addition of new forms of treatment and improved diagnosis. There have been a total of five fatalities related to Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in this period.[28]

Researchers working with macaque monkeys continue to face danger from B virus infections. The last identified case of human B virus infection occurred in 2021, when a veterinarian in China became infected while performing two dissections on rhesus monkeys and subsequently died.[7] Two years previously, a researcher working with monkeys at a Japanese pharmaceutical company became infected and critically ill.[8] The last known fatality in the United States occurred in 1997 when researcher Elizabeth Griffin was splashed in the eye by an infected rhesus monkey while working at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center.[29][9]

Traveling to an area where macaques are known carriers of the virus and interacting in close contact in areas such as temples poses a risk of exposure. However, even in endemic areas, human cases are rare. There have been no known cases of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in travelers.[28]

Virology edit

Structure edit

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 is approximately 200 nm in diameter and has a structure almost identical to that of HSV1 and HSV2. It has an icosahedral capsid (T=16) consisting of 150 hexons and 12 pentons formed from 6 proteins. The envelope is loose around the viral capsid and contains at least 10 glycoproteins critical for adsorption and penetration into host cells. The tegument, containing at least 14 proteins, lies between the capsid and the envelope. The tegument proteins are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protein processing. The proteins in the tegument are thymidine kinase, thymidylate synthetase, dUTPase, ribonucleotide reductase, DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, DNA primase, and protein kinases.[30][31]

Genome edit

The B virus genome was fully sequenced in 2003 from an isolate found in a rhesus macaque.[32] Like all herpes viruses, the B virus genome contains double-stranded DNA and is approximately 157 kbp in length. Two unique regions (UL and US) are flanked by a pair of inverted repeats, two of which are found at the termini, with the other two internally located. This arrangement, which is identical in nature to HSV, results in four sequence-oriented isomers. Cytosine and guanine nucleotides represent 75% of the sequence.

Sequence analyses suggest that B virus and HSV types 1 and 2 most likely diverged from a common ancestor during the evolution of these pathogens. Each gene-encoded glycoprotein, including gB, gC, gD, gE and gG, has approximately 50% homology with HSV, with a slightly higher predilection towards HSV-2 over HSV-1.[32] Additionally, glycoprotein sequences have demonstrated that all cysteine residues are conserved, as are most glycosylation sites. One key difference between the B virus and the HSVs is that B virus does not have a homolog of the HSV γ134.5 gene, which codes for a neurovirulence factor.[32] This indicates that B virus has different mechanisms from HSV for replicating inside nerve cells, which could explain the drastically different effects of these viruses on humans.

Treatment edit

Aciclovir has prevented progression of the disease in some patients and may be lifesaving, though it is thought to be only one-tenth as effective against B virus as against HSV1.[33] Prompt treatment is essential to prevent permanent neurological impairment.[34]

Upon potential infection, samples from both the human and, when possible, the macaque should be sent for B virus diagnostic testing.[35]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Davison, Andrew. "TAXONOMIC PROPOSALS FROM THE HERPESVIRIDAE STUDY GROUP" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 2005.061V.04 To rename Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 in the genus Simplexvirus of the family Herpesviridae as Macacine herpesvirus 1
  2. ^ a b ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p210 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
  3. ^ a b Davison, Andrew (27 January 2016). "Rename species in the family Herpesviridae to incorporate a subfamily designation" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  4. ^ "B Virus | Home | Herpes B | CDC". 2019-02-04.
  5. ^ Liu, D. (2014). "4. Cercopithecine herpesvirus1 (B Virus)". Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins. Taylor & Francis. pp. 31–36. ISBN 9781466553965.
  6. ^ Cohen, Jeffrey I.; Davenport, David S.; Stewart, John A.; Deitchman, Scott; Hilliard, Julia K.; Chapman, Louisa E. (2002-11-15). "Recommendations for Prevention of and Therapy for Exposure to B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus1)". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (10): 1191–1203. doi:10.1086/344754. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 12410479.
  7. ^ a b "China reports first human death from Monkey B Virus. All you need to know". Hindustan Times. 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  8. ^ a b . NHK WORLD. Archived from the original on 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  9. ^ a b Bragg, Rick (December 14, 1997). "A Drop of Virus From a Monkey Kills a Researcher in 6 Weeks". The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Herpes B Virus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  11. ^ "B Virus | Cause and Incidence". CDC. January 28, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  12. ^ . Research. Archived from the original on January 6, 2008.
  13. ^ Weigler BJ (1992). "Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 14 (2): 555–67. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.2.555. PMID 1313312.
  14. ^ a b Pimentel, Jason D. (2008-03-11). "Herpes B virus — "B" is for Brebner: Dr. William Bartlet Brebner (1903–1932)". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 178 (6): 734. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071098. PMC 2263097.
  15. ^ Hilliard, Julia (2007). Arvin, Ann; Campadelli-Fiume, Gabriella; Mocarski, Edward; Moore, Patrick S. (eds.). Monkey B virus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82714-0. PMID 21348110. NBK47426. Retrieved 2021-02-05. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Gay PP, Holden M (1933). "Isolation of herpesvirus from several cases of epidemic encephalitis". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 30 (8): 1051–3. doi:10.3181/00379727-30-6788. S2CID 88005854.
  17. ^ a b Sabin AB, Wright WM (1934). "Acute ascending myelitis following a monkey bite, with the isolation of a virus capable of reproducing the disease". J Exp Med. 59 (2): 115–36. doi:10.1084/jem.59.2.115. PMC 2132353. PMID 19870235.
  18. ^ Norris, Melissa Cox (2012-09-07). "The Albert B. Sabin Digitization Project: The Case of William Brebner | LiBlog". Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  19. ^ a b Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus I: The immunological identity of a virus isolated from a human case of ascending myelitis associated with visceral necrosis". Br J Exp Pathol. 15 (15): 248–68. PMC 2065030.
  20. ^ Eberle R, Hilliard J (1995). "The simian herpesviruses". Infectious Agents and Disease. 4 (2): 55–70. PMID 7613729.
  21. ^ Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus II: Properties of the virus and pathogenesis of the experimental disease in rabbits". Br J Exp Pathol. 15 (15): 269–79. PMC 2065027.
  22. ^ Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus III: The experimental disease in macacus rhesus monkeys". Br J Exp Pathol. 15 (15): 321–34. PMC 2065017.
  23. ^ Burnet FM, Lush D, Jackson AV (1939). "The properties of herps B and pseudorabies viruses on the choriollantois". Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 17 (17): 35–52. doi:10.1038/icb.1939.4.
  24. ^ Burnet FM, Lush D, Jackson AV (1939). "The relationship of herpse and B viruses: immunological and epidemiological considerations". Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 17 (17): 41–51. doi:10.1038/icb.1939.5.
  25. ^ Breen GE, Lamb SG, Otaki AT (1958). "Monkey bite encephalomyelitis: report of a case with recovery". Br Med J. 2 (5087): 22–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5087.22. PMC 2025841. PMID 13546633.
  26. ^ Hummeler K, Davidson WL, Henle W, et al. (1959). "Encephalomyelitis due to infection with herpesvirus simiae (herpes B virus): a report of two fatal, laboratory acquired cases". New England Journal of Medicine. 261 (2): 64–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM195907092610203. PMID 13666979.
  27. ^ Pierce EC, Pierce JD, Hull RN (1958). "B virus: its current significance, description and diagnosis of a fatal human infection". Am J Hyg. 68 (68): 242–50. PMID 13594926.
  28. ^ a b "2018 Yellow Book Home | Travelers' Health | CDC".
  29. ^ . www.ergriffinresearch.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  30. ^ Knipe, D.M.; Howley, P.M. (2013). Fields virology (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. ISBN 9781469830667.
  31. ^ Acheson, N.H. (2011). Fundamentals of molecular virology (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470900598.
  32. ^ a b c Perelygina L, Zhu L, Zurkuhlen H, et al. (2003). "Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the genome of herpes b virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) from a rhesus monkey". Journal of Virology. 77 (11): 6167–77. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.11.6167-6177.2003. PMC 155011. PMID 12743273.
  33. ^ Elmore D, Eberle R (2008). "Monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1)". Comp Med. 58 (1): 11–21. PMC 2703160. PMID 19793452.
  34. ^ Ostrowski Stephanie R, et al. (January–March 1998). "B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 4 (1): 117–121. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980117. PMC 2627675. PMID 9452406.
  35. ^ "B Virus | Specimen Collection and B virus Detection". CDC. July 18, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to B virus.
  • CDC/NCID B Virus Page
  • B Virus Resource Laboratory
  • Pimentel JD (2008). "Herpes B virus — "B" is for Brebner: Dr. William Bartlet Brebner (1903–1932)". CMAJ. 178 (6): 734. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071098. PMC 2263097.

December 15, 2023
virus, virus, macacine, alphaherpesvirus, mchv, formerly, macacine, herpesvirus, cercopithecine, herpesvirus, herpesvirus, simiae, herpes, virus, simplexvirus, infecting, macaque, monkeys, very, similar, such, this, neurotropic, virus, found, blood, macacine, . B virus Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 McHV 1 formerly Macacine herpesvirus 1 3 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 1 CHV 1 4 Herpesvirus simiae or Herpes virus B 2 is the Simplexvirus infecting macaque monkeys B virus is very similar to HSV 1 and as such this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1B virus spread in murine cells with time at 24 and 48 hours post infection PI Virus classification unranked VirusRealm DuplodnaviriaKingdom HeunggongviraePhylum PeploviricotaClass HerviviricetesOrder HerpesviralesFamily OrthoherpesviridaeGenus SimplexvirusSpecies Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1SynonymsCercopithecine herpesvirus 1 1 Herpes virus B 2 Macacine herpesvirus 1 3 In the natural host the virus exhibits pathogenesis similar to that of cold sores in humans Conversely when humans are zoonotically infected with B virus patients can present with a severe encephalitis resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients with a case fatality rate of approximately 80 5 Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection B virus is the only identified old world monkey herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans There have been a number of accidental infections and fatalities of researchers working with rhesus monkeys Rhesus macaque Personal protective equipment is necessary when working with macaques especially with animals that have tested positive for the virus Bites scratches and exposures to mucous membranes including the eye have led to infection when not cleaned immediately 6 7 8 9 B virus infection is extremely rare but it can lead to severe brain damage or death if it is not treated immediately People typically get infected with B virus if they are bitten or scratched by an infected macaque monkey or have contact with the monkey s eyes nose or mouth Only one case has been documented of an infected person spreading B virus to another person 10 As of 2020 there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932 21 of which led to death 11 At least 20 of the patients developed some degree of encephalitis 12 13 Contents 1 History 2 Virology 2 1 Structure 2 2 Genome 3 Treatment 4 References 5 External linksHistory edit nbsp Rhesus monkeys are a natural host of B virus and have on occasion caused fatal infections in researchersMacacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was first identified in 1932 following the death of William Brebner a young physician who was bitten by a rhesus monkey while doing research on polio 14 He had healed from the bite but later developed a febrile illness 15 resulting in localized erythema lymphangitis lymphadenitis and ultimately transverse myelitis Neurologic tissues obtained during autopsy revealed the presence of an ultrafilterable agent that appeared similar to HSV 1 16 This isolate was originally termed W virus 14 Within a year of Brebner s death Albert Sabin identified a novel virus from the same samples 17 which he later named B virus 18 Sabin further described the lethality of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 by showing that infectivity was independent of the route of inoculation 17 Additionally it was observed that Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 induced immunologic responses similar to HSV 1 19 and shared similarities to HVP 2 and Langur herpesvirus two other nonhuman primate alphaherpesviruses 19 20 21 22 23 24 By 1959 Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was identified as the causative agent in 17 human cases 12 of which resulted in death 25 26 27 Approximately 50 cases had been identified by 2002 although only 26 were well documented Improvements in handling human cases have been made in the past several decades Between 1987 and 2004 the mortality rate decreased largely due to the addition of new forms of treatment and improved diagnosis There have been a total of five fatalities related to Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in this period 28 Researchers working with macaque monkeys continue to face danger from B virus infections The last identified case of human B virus infection occurred in 2021 when a veterinarian in China became infected while performing two dissections on rhesus monkeys and subsequently died 7 Two years previously a researcher working with monkeys at a Japanese pharmaceutical company became infected and critically ill 8 The last known fatality in the United States occurred in 1997 when researcher Elizabeth Griffin was splashed in the eye by an infected rhesus monkey while working at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center 29 9 Traveling to an area where macaques are known carriers of the virus and interacting in close contact in areas such as temples poses a risk of exposure However even in endemic areas human cases are rare There have been no known cases of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in travelers 28 Virology editStructure edit Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 is approximately 200 nm in diameter and has a structure almost identical to that of HSV1 and HSV2 It has an icosahedral capsid T 16 consisting of 150 hexons and 12 pentons formed from 6 proteins The envelope is loose around the viral capsid and contains at least 10 glycoproteins critical for adsorption and penetration into host cells The tegument containing at least 14 proteins lies between the capsid and the envelope The tegument proteins are involved in nucleic acid metabolism DNA synthesis and protein processing The proteins in the tegument are thymidine kinase thymidylate synthetase dUTPase ribonucleotide reductase DNA polymerase DNA helicase DNA primase and protein kinases 30 31 Genome edit The B virus genome was fully sequenced in 2003 from an isolate found in a rhesus macaque 32 Like all herpes viruses the B virus genome contains double stranded DNA and is approximately 157 kbp in length Two unique regions UL and US are flanked by a pair of inverted repeats two of which are found at the termini with the other two internally located This arrangement which is identical in nature to HSV results in four sequence oriented isomers Cytosine and guanine nucleotides represent 75 of the sequence Sequence analyses suggest that B virus and HSV types 1 and 2 most likely diverged from a common ancestor during the evolution of these pathogens Each gene encoded glycoprotein including gB gC gD gE and gG has approximately 50 homology with HSV with a slightly higher predilection towards HSV 2 over HSV 1 32 Additionally glycoprotein sequences have demonstrated that all cysteine residues are conserved as are most glycosylation sites One key difference between the B virus and the HSVs is that B virus does not have a homolog of the HSV g134 5 gene which codes for a neurovirulence factor 32 This indicates that B virus has different mechanisms from HSV for replicating inside nerve cells which could explain the drastically different effects of these viruses on humans Treatment editAciclovir has prevented progression of the disease in some patients and may be lifesaving though it is thought to be only one tenth as effective against B virus as against HSV1 33 Prompt treatment is essential to prevent permanent neurological impairment 34 Upon potential infection samples from both the human and when possible the macaque should be sent for B virus diagnostic testing 35 References edit a b Davison Andrew TAXONOMIC PROPOSALS FROM THE HERPESVIRIDAE STUDY GROUP PDF International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV p 3 Retrieved 13 March 2019 2005 061V 04 To rename Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 in the genus Simplexvirus of the family Herpesviridae as Macacine herpesvirus 1 a b ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel M H V Fauquet C M Bishop D H L Carstens E B Estes M K Lemon S M Maniloff J Mayo M A McGeoch D J Pringle C R and Wickner R B 2000 Virus taxonomy Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Academic Press San Diego p210 https ictv global ictv proposals ICTV 207th 20Report pdf a b Davison Andrew 27 January 2016 Rename species in the family Herpesviridae to incorporate a subfamily designation PDF International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV Retrieved 13 March 2019 B Virus Home Herpes B CDC 2019 02 04 Liu D 2014 4 Cercopithecine herpesvirus1 B Virus Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins Taylor amp Francis pp 31 36 ISBN 9781466553965 Cohen Jeffrey I Davenport David S Stewart John A Deitchman Scott Hilliard Julia K Chapman Louisa E 2002 11 15 Recommendations for Prevention of and Therapy for Exposure to B Virus Cercopithecine Herpesvirus1 Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 10 1191 1203 doi 10 1086 344754 ISSN 1058 4838 PMID 12410479 a b China reports first human death from Monkey B Virus All you need to know Hindustan Times 2021 07 18 Retrieved 2021 07 20 a b Japan s first human infection with B virus NHK WORLD JAPAN News NHK WORLD Archived from the original on 2019 11 29 Retrieved 2019 11 30 a b Bragg Rick December 14 1997 A Drop of Virus From a Monkey Kills a Researcher in 6 Weeks The New York Times Herpes B Virus CDC www cdc gov 2021 03 18 Retrieved 2021 07 19 B Virus Cause and Incidence CDC January 28 2019 Retrieved April 6 2020 Division of Comparative Medicine DCM Research Washington University in St Louis Research Archived from the original on January 6 2008 Weigler BJ 1992 Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts a review Clinical Infectious Diseases 14 2 555 67 doi 10 1093 clinids 14 2 555 PMID 1313312 a b Pimentel Jason D 2008 03 11 Herpes B virus B is for Brebner Dr William Bartlet Brebner 1903 1932 CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 178 6 734 doi 10 1503 cmaj 071098 PMC 2263097 Hilliard Julia 2007 Arvin Ann Campadelli Fiume Gabriella Mocarski Edward Moore Patrick S eds Monkey B virus Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82714 0 PMID 21348110 NBK47426 Retrieved 2021 02 05 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Gay PP Holden M 1933 Isolation of herpesvirus from several cases of epidemic encephalitis Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 30 8 1051 3 doi 10 3181 00379727 30 6788 S2CID 88005854 a b Sabin AB Wright WM 1934 Acute ascending myelitis following a monkey bite with the isolation of a virus capable of reproducing the disease J Exp Med 59 2 115 36 doi 10 1084 jem 59 2 115 PMC 2132353 PMID 19870235 Norris Melissa Cox 2012 09 07 The Albert B Sabin Digitization Project The Case of William Brebner LiBlog Retrieved 2021 08 01 a b Sabin AB 1934 Studies on the B virus I The immunological identity of a virus isolated from a human case of ascending myelitis associated with visceral necrosis Br J Exp Pathol 15 15 248 68 PMC 2065030 Eberle R Hilliard J 1995 The simian herpesviruses Infectious Agents and Disease 4 2 55 70 PMID 7613729 Sabin AB 1934 Studies on the B virus II Properties of the virus and pathogenesis of the experimental disease in rabbits Br J Exp Pathol 15 15 269 79 PMC 2065027 Sabin AB 1934 Studies on the B virus III The experimental disease in macacus rhesus monkeys Br J Exp Pathol 15 15 321 34 PMC 2065017 Burnet FM Lush D Jackson AV 1939 The properties of herps B and pseudorabies viruses on the choriollantois Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 17 17 35 52 doi 10 1038 icb 1939 4 Burnet FM Lush D Jackson AV 1939 The relationship of herpse and B viruses immunological and epidemiological considerations Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 17 17 41 51 doi 10 1038 icb 1939 5 Breen GE Lamb SG Otaki AT 1958 Monkey bite encephalomyelitis report of a case with recovery Br Med J 2 5087 22 3 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 5087 22 PMC 2025841 PMID 13546633 Hummeler K Davidson WL Henle W et al 1959 Encephalomyelitis due to infection with herpesvirus simiae herpes B virus a report of two fatal laboratory acquired cases New England Journal of Medicine 261 2 64 8 doi 10 1056 NEJM195907092610203 PMID 13666979 Pierce EC Pierce JD Hull RN 1958 B virus its current significance description and diagnosis of a fatal human infection Am J Hyg 68 68 242 50 PMID 13594926 a b 2018 Yellow Book Home Travelers Health CDC Welcome ergriffinresearch org BlueHost com www ergriffinresearch org Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 Retrieved 13 March 2019 Knipe D M Howley P M 2013 Fields virology 6th ed Wolters Kluwer Health ISBN 9781469830667 Acheson N H 2011 Fundamentals of molecular virology 2nd ed Wiley ISBN 9780470900598 a b c Perelygina L Zhu L Zurkuhlen H et al 2003 Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the genome of herpes b virus Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 from a rhesus monkey Journal of Virology 77 11 6167 77 doi 10 1128 JVI 77 11 6167 6177 2003 PMC 155011 PMID 12743273 Elmore D Eberle R 2008 Monkey B virus Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 Comp Med 58 1 11 21 PMC 2703160 PMID 19793452 Ostrowski Stephanie R et al January March 1998 B virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys An Emerging Threat in the United States Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 1 117 121 doi 10 3201 eid0401 980117 PMC 2627675 PMID 9452406 B Virus Specimen Collection and B virus Detection CDC July 18 2014 Retrieved October 6 2014 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to B virus CDC NCID B Virus Page B Virus Resource Laboratory Pimentel JD 2008 Herpes B virus B is for Brebner Dr William Bartlet Brebner 1903 1932 CMAJ 178 6 734 doi 10 1503 cmaj 071098 PMC 2263097 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title B virus amp oldid 1136463361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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